What Hurts a Home Appraisal?

What Hurts a Home Appraisal?

The main factors that can hurt a home appraisal include undone but needed updates and repairs, the price of comparable properties, market conditions, your home’s location, and whether you hired an inspector to flag issues or necessary repairs. By getting ahead of the factors within your control before an appraisal, you may get a more favorable answer to the all-important question of what your house is really worth.

The more you know and understand about the home appraisal process, the better. Here’s a crash course of sorts on the process and what negatively affects home appraisal.

Key Points

•  Outdated features and deferred maintenance, such as an old kitchen, can lower a home’s appraisal value.

•  Comparable property values in the area influence the home’s appraisal, potentially reducing it if neighbors sell low.

•  An undesirable location, like being near a noisy street, can negatively impact the home’s appraisal value.

•  Providing records of upgrades and repairs can help appraisers recognize the added value of home improvements.

•  Maintaining the home’s appearance and making required updates can potentially improve the appraisal value.

A Primer on Home Appraisals

A home appraisal reveals the fair market value of a home, which is important whether you’re buying, selling or refinancing a mortgage. An appraisal can also be used to determine property taxes. Lenders require appraisals because they ensure that the lender won’t offer you a loan that’s more than what the home is appraised value is worth.

So, what do appraisers look for when they do a home appraisal? A real estate appraiser, who is a third party licensed or certified by the state, will review a home inside and out, looking at a home’s age, size, foundation, appliances and neighborhood, among other things. They will then compare the house to similar homes in the area to assess its value.

An appraisal is usually required by a lender when a buyer is getting a mortgage or when someone is refinancing their mortgage. If an appraisal is for a home sale, neither the buyer nor the homeowner can be present.

When someone is refinancing a mortgage, on the other hand, the homeowner is permitted to attend. That no doubt is a plus as it’s an opportunity for the homeowner to ensure the appraiser takes note of any upgrades and new features that could increase their home’s worth.

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Things That Can Hurt Your Home Appraisal

Much hinges on the home’s appraisal itself, so you’ll want it to go as smoothly as possible. Start by knowing what hurts a home appraisal so you can avoid any hiccups that could prevent you from getting the highest value for your home.

1. Much-Needed Updates That Never Happened

If you’ve been putting off any needed upgrades, this is when it could come back to bite you. Say you’ve been meaning to renovate your kitchen and somehow just didn’t get around to it. A kitchen that looks pretty much like it did 30 years ago isn’t going to wow anybody, least of all an appraiser who will wonder what else is in decline.

While it can be helpful to take care of some common home upgrades that can net you a return on your investment, you don’t necessarily want to go crazy updating either. Not only could it be tougher to recoup all the money you put into home improvements, you may find that while you love the changes you’ve made, your taste may not have universal appeal. It’s a delicate balance to make upgrades that will get two thumbs up from the appraiser and the potential buyers.

2. Comparable Properties

When it comes to housing, you do kind of have to keep up with the Joneses. With appraisals, it’s all about sales of comparable homes over the last 12 months. What are homes similar to yours on your street or a few blocks over selling for? If they are getting top dollar that will push up the price of your home. On the flip side, if those homes are hanging around on the market for months and selling at prices below expected, that could put a drag on what you can get for yours.

Comparable sales help determine the market, which is why both your real estate and your appraiser will look at them. Ideally, the appraiser, as much as possible, is comparing apples to apples so you get a fair appraisal. The other properties should be similar in size, age and amenities, among other factors. It’s a losing proposition for you if the appraiser goes for the extreme, say a house that sold at a bargain because someone was in a hurry to bail for whatever reason.

Recommended: Should I Sell My House Now or Wait?

3. Skipping a Home Inspection

When it comes to your house, ignorance is not bliss. While you may know when you need to make a repair to a leaky roof, for instance, there can be plenty wrong that’s not obvious to you. That’s why it’s a good idea to have a home inspection before you put your house on the market.

A home inspector can suss out all manner of malfunctions that could be plaguing your house, particularly things you may be clueless about. If you get bad news, think of it as good news since you’ll now have the opportunity to make necessary home repairs before you put your house on the market and an appraiser comes with a magnifying glass of sorts looking for signs of trouble.

4. An Undesirable Location

Few things matter more in the real estate market than location. If you’re in a neighborhood that’s seen as flawed or your house is on a busy or noisy street, that could all come into play when it comes to the value of your property.

Location also counts within your home. If your layout is dated — say it’s old-fashioned and highly compartmentalized instead of today’s more in-demand open layout concepts — that could be less attractive to buyers. Or, they might only be interested in knocking down walls and reconfiguring the space, which likely means they’ll want to pay less for the house if they are going to have put money into it to bring it in line with what they’re looking for.

Recommended: Biweekly Money Saving Challenge

4 Ways to Prevent Low Home Appraisals

Just like there are some things you can get out ahead of before they hurt your home appraisal, there are also some moves you can make to prevent your home appraisal coming in lower than you’d like.

1.   Hire your own appraiser: Typically, the lender hires the appraiser. However, there’s no reason you can’t hire your own appraiser before the sale. Your realtor should have a handle on someone who is experienced and has a reputation for giving fair estimates. You then can ask the buyer or lender’s appraiser to review what your appraiser produced.

2.   Provide records: If you have records of repairs and upgrades that’s the kind of proof that works in your favor. It also doesn’t hurt to have documentation like photos — before and afters aren’t just for an Instagram post of your new haircut.

3.   Prepare for the appraiser’s visit: Don’t dismiss the importance of maintaining curb appeal. Your home should be clean inside and outside before the appraiser comes over. Strive to get as close to an interior design catalog as you can.

4.   Dig up property comparables on your own: You don’t have to leave it to the appraiser and real estate agents to do all the homework. Go the extra mile and consider calling real estate agents with homes in escrow to get the sales prices. Create a list that you can pass along to the appraiser.

Checking Your Home Value Without an Appraisal

You can get a sense of what your home is worth even if you don’t get an appraisal. There are several websites that can give you valuable insight into your home’s potential value, including Zillow, Trulia, Redfin, Realtor.com and Eppraisal, among others.

Another option is to use a house price index (HPI) calculator, which relies on data from mortgage transactions over time to estimate a home’s value. Projections are based on both the purchase price of the home and the changing value of other homes nearby. This tool can help you see how much a house has appreciated over time. You’ll also get a glimpse of estimated future changes in mortgage rates.

You might also try a property tracking app (your financial institution may offer one) to keep tabs on pricing.

Recommended: Does Net Worth Include Home Equity?

The Takeaway

Because the appraisal value of your home is likely your biggest asset, it’s worth putting the time and effort into the appraisal process. The payoff could be huge if you tend to the major factors that hurt an appraisal or get proactive about preventing a low appraisal. Managing your real estate investment is a key component of monitoring and even growing your wealth over time.

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FAQ

What should you not tell an appraiser?

When talking with an appraiser, it can be wise to avoid expressing personal opinions about the property’s value, pushing them to reach a specific valuation, or suggesting that they are wrong. Rather, focus on providing factual information.

What hurts a home appraisal most?

There’s no one factor that is most damaging to a home appraisal. It could be the location (say, next to the town recycling center or in a less well-regarded school district), or it might be deferred maintenance, a dated kitchen, or an issue like mold or termites. The issue can be as unique as the house. While you can’t change your property’s location, you can keep on top of maintenance and design problems.

What will fail a home inspection?

Typically, problems that cause a bad inspection are structural issues: a foundation in poor repair, roof damage, improper plumbing or electrical work, or the presence of mold, asbestos, radon, or termites.


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FAFSA for Grad School and How It Differs from Undergrad

Guide to FAFSA for Graduate Students

Graduate school can help you pursue your academic and professional interests, expand your connections, improve your marketability, and increase your earnings. But it often comes with a high price tag.

If you’re thinking about investing in your future by attending graduate school, you may be wondering, does FAFSA cover graduate school?

In short, yes. Just like undergrads, graduate students can fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) every year in order to qualify for federal grants, work-study, and federal student loans.

Read on to learn more about getting financial aid — and other types of funding — to help pay for graduate school.

Key Points

•   Graduate students can apply for federal financial aid using the FAFSA, which may include grants, work-study, and loans.

•   Unlike undergraduates, graduate students are considered independent on the FAFSA, so parental financial information isn’t required.

•   For the 2026-27 academic year, the FAFSA form will be rolled out in stages. The form will be available to select students on October 1, 2025, with the remainder getting access on or before December 1, 2025.

•   Graduate students are eligible for Direct Unsubsidized Loans and Grad PLUS Loans, with fixed interest rates set annually.

•   Financial aid for graduate school may also include institutional grants, fellowships, and assistantships offered by the school.

Do You Have to Fill Out FAFSA for Graduate School?

While filling out the FAFSA is not required to attend graduate school, students who are interested in receiving federal student aid as graduate students will need to fill out and submit the form.

You may be familiar with the FAFSA from your years as an undergraduate student. The process of getting financial aid for graduate school is basically the same, with eligibility largely determined by financial need.

However, there is one notable difference: Graduate students are considered independent students for FAFSA purposes, so you aren’t required to provide any information about your parents’ finances. Another difference: For the 2025–26 FAFSA form, if you’re married, you’ll need to provide your spouse’s information.


💡 Quick Tip: You can fund your education with a low-rate, no-fee private student loan that covers all school-certified costs.

Grad School Financial Aid Eligibility

To be eligible for financial aid in graduate school you must meet basic FAFSA requirements. These include being a U.S. citizen (or qualifying noncitizen) enrolled or accepted in an eligible degree or certificate program. If you have any criminal convictions, have previously defaulted on a student loan, or owe a Pell Grant overpayment, that could affect your eligibility for federal aid.

FAFSA doesn’t have a maximum income cutoff, so it’s worth applying even if you have a steady income. There is also no age cutoff for financial aid, so you can complete and submit the form whether you graduated college recently or many years ago.

Some financial aid is awarded on a first-come, first-served basis, so it’s generally a good idea to fill out the FAFSA as soon as possible after its release. Due to an overhaul of the form, the FAFSA for the 2025-26 academic year will be released in stages: The first group of students will get access on October 1, 2024, with the remaining applicants receiving access on or before December 1, 2024. Be sure to submit your FAFSA form by the earliest financial aid deadline of the schools to which you are applying, which is typically early February.

Here’s a look at what type of financial aid you may be eligible for as a graduate student.

Grants

Your financial aid package for graduate school may include federal and state grants based on your field of study, interest, or type of school.

For example, if you’re studying education, you might be eligible for the Teacher Education Assistance for College and Higher Education, or TEACH Grant. The TEACH grant provides up to $4,000 a year to education students who will teach in a low-income school or high-needs field after graduation.

Graduate students can also qualify for federal Fulbright Grants and Iraq and Afghanistan Service Grants. However, grad students are generally not eligible for the Pell Grant or Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (FSEOG) Grant, which are largely reserved for undergraduates.

You can learn about state-based grant opportunities by contacting the department of education for your state, as well as the state where the graduate school is located.

Many graduate schools also offer grants based on financial need or academic excellence. These grants generally don’t need to be repaid, although there may be specific stipulations, such as maintaining a certain GPA.

Recommended: Grants For College – Find Free Money for Students

Work-Study

You may be familiar with work-study programs from your time as an undergraduate student. Graduate students are also eligible for the Federal Work-Study Program, which provides part-time jobs to students who demonstrate financial need.

Work-study is available to both full- and part-time students, though your graduate school must participate in the Federal Work-Study Program. Your school’s financial aid office can give you more details about the work-study program and the types of jobs available to you. Your program may also offer assistantships or teaching roles to help you pay for school (more on that below).

Federal Student Loans

The federal student loans you can access in graduate school are slightly different from those you can take out in undergraduate school. For example, you cannot take advantage of Direct Subsidized Loans, which are loans in which the government pays the interest while you are in college and during the six month grace period after you graduate. Direct Subsidized Loans are only available to undergraduate students with demonstrated need.

Here’s a look at the two types of federal loans available to grad students.

Direct Unsubsidized Loans

Federal Direct Unsubsidized Loans are loans made to eligible undergraduate, graduate, and professional students, but eligibility is not based on financial need. And, unlike a Direct Subsidized Loan (which is need-based), the government does not pay the interest while you’re in school or for six months after graduation. Interest will accrue while you are attending grad school and get added to your loan balance.

The interest rate is higher on Direct Unsubsidized student loans for graduate students than it is for undergraduate students.

If you are a graduate or professional student, you can borrow up to $20,500 each year in Direct Unsubsidized Loans. The interest rate is fixed at 8.08% for loans first disbursed between July 1, 2024, and July 1, 2025.

Grad PLUS Loans

If you need to borrow more than the annual limit for Direct Unsubsidized Loans to pay for grad school, you can also access a Federal Grad PLUS loan, which is also called a Direct PLUS Loan.

These federal loans are exclusively for graduate/professional students and parents of dependent undergraduate/professional students. Eligibility is not based on financial need, but a credit check is required. Borrowers who have an adverse credit history must meet additional requirements to qualify.

Grad Plus Loans are the most costly type of federal loan. For loans disbursed between July 1, 2024, and July 1, 2025, the interest rate is a fixed 9.08%. You’ll also pay a one-time disbursement fee of 4.228%.

Grad Plus Loans come with higher borrowing limits than other types of federal loans. You can borrow up to the cost of attendance of your graduate school program minus other financial assistance you get.

To apply for a Grad PLUS Loan, you need to fill out the Direct PLUS Loan Application.

Tips on Filling Out FAFSA as a Grad Student

Filling out the FAFSA as a graduate student is similar to filling out the form as an undergrad. However, your dependency status will differ because you’re no longer considered a dependent student. As a result, you typically do not need to input your parents’ information onto the FAFSA. You’ll only need to supply information about your (and if, you’re married, your spouse’s) income and assets, the graduate schools you want to receive your FAFSA information, and then sign and submit your form.

When Will You Hear Back?

It typically takes the education department three to five days to process the FAFSA if you submitted electronically; seven to 10 days if you mailed in a paper form.

If you provided a valid email address, you’ll receive an email notification that includes a link to your electronic Student Aid Report (SAR) at fafsa.gov. You’ll get a paper SAR through postal mail if you didn’t provide a valid email address. You’ll want to review your SAR carefully to make sure it’s complete and accurate and correct/update information if necessary.

The graduate schools you apply to will then review your FAFSA information and other documents and send you a financial aid award letter that details the scholarships, grants, and federal student loans you are eligible to receive. You may receive your financial aid award not long after you receive your acceptance letter to the graduate school. However, every school is different, so it’s a good idea to ask the admission or financial aid office of your school for more information.

Average Disbursed Amount

The average graduate student loan debt balance (from graduate school alone) is $78,118, according to the Education Data Initiative.

The maximum amount you can borrow under the Federal Direct Unsubsidized Loan program for graduate school is $20,500 a year, with a maximum lifetime limit of $138,500 (including undergraduate loans).

In comparison, a Grad PLUS Loan allows you to borrow up to the cost of attendance, minus any other financial aid received.

FAFSA for Grad School vs Undergrad

Graduate school financial aid is similar to undergraduate financial aid, but there are a few key differences. Here’s a look at how the two compare.

Graduate Student Financial Aid

Undergraduate Student Financial

FAFSA Status Independent Dependent (typically)
Use financial information for Student (and, if applicable, spouse) Student and parents
Federal loans eligible for Unsubsidized Direct Loans and Grad Plus Loans Unsubsidized and Subsidized Direct Loans
Interest rate for Federal Direct Unsubsidized loans 8.08% 6.53%
Eligible for work-study? Yes Yes
Pell and FSEOG grant eligible? No Yes

Alternatives to Federal Aid

Federal aid isn’t the only way to pay for graduate school. Here’s a look at some other sources of funding.

Private Student Loans

Private student loans are offered by banks, credit unions, and online lenders. Unike federal student loans for graduate students (which come with fixed interest rates), private student loans may have fixed or variable rates.

Interest rates are set by the lender, so it can pay to shop around to find the best deal on a private student loan for grad school. Generally borrowers with excellent credit qualify for the lowest rates.

Similar to Grad Plus loans, you can usually borrow up to the full cost of attendance from a private lender. However, Grad Plus Loans come with a disbursement fee, while private lenders generally don’t charge this fee. If you have excellent credit (or can recruit a cosigner who does), you could potentially pay less with a private graduate student loan than a Grad Plus Loan. Keep in mind, though, that private student loans don’t offer the same protections (like access to forgiveness programs and income-based repayment plans) that come with federal student loans.


💡 Quick Tip: Master’s degree or graduate certificate? Private or federal student loans can smooth the path to either goal.

Grants and Scholarships

You’ll be eligible for federal, state, and institutional grants by filling out the FAFSA. However, there are also funding opportunities available outside this system. Many private organizations have created grants and scholarships to help graduates pursue an education in the fields they support.

Look for scholarships and grants from professional associations in your field. Your graduate school department or career department can often help you find scholarships based on your qualifications. There are also several scholarship websites to help you find money for graduate school, including Fastweb and Scholarships.com.

Fellowships and Assistantships

Graduate fellowships and assistantships can both help you pay for graduate school but they work in different ways.

A fellowship is like a scholarship that you can use for any costs you incur as a student. These programs are often available from professional organizations relating to your major. With a fellowship, you may perform research activities on campus or outside of your school.

An assistantship, on the other hand, is typically school-based and more likely to directly provide full or partial tuition waivers. Some assistantships also come with living stipends. An assistantship typically involves doing work on campus, usually related to your major. You might get a research job, which often entails assisting a tenured professor on an upcoming study, or you could secure a teaching job, which gives you the chance to serve as an assistant or professor at the school.

Employer Tuition Assistance

If you work for an employer that offers tuition assistance, your company may cover some or all of the costs of your graduate or professional education as long as you meet the program’s eligibility requirements.

You may even be able to access tuition assistance through a part-time job. Your human resources office will have details about tuition assistance, qualifications, and reimbursement procedures.

The Takeaway

Just like undergrads, grad students can qualify for financial aid to pay for school. Your grad school aid package might include grants, work-study, and federal loans.

As a grad student, you can take out more in federal loans than you could as an undergrad, which may make it easier to attend a more expensive school. It’s generally a good idea to tap lower-cost Direct Unsubsidized Loans before considering PLUS Loans.

Other sources of funding for grad school include: private grants, scholarships, fellowships, assistantships, and private student loans.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

How much can FAFSA disburse for graduate school?

As a graduate student, you can borrow up to $20,500 in unsubsidized federal loans each year. Grad PLUS Loans are also an option, and allow students to borrow up to the cost of attendance for graduate school.

Graduate students may also qualify for grants (which don’t need to be repaid) and work-study by filling out the FAFSA.

Is it harder to qualify for financial aid as a graduate student?

Not necessarily. While there are fewer need-based aid options for graduate students, your university or graduate program might provide merit- or research-based assistance. In addition, many private and nonprofit organizations offer scholarships and grants for graduate students.

Do you need to make a new FAFSA account for graduate school?

No, you do not need to make a new FAFSA account for graduate school. If you created an FSA ID as an undergraduate, you can use the same ID to apply for financial aid for graduate school.


About the author

Melissa Brock

Melissa Brock

Melissa Brock is a higher education and personal finance expert with more than a decade of experience writing online content. She spent 12 years in college admission prior to switching to full-time freelance writing and editing. Read full bio.



Photo credit: iStock/sturti

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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What Is the FAFSA Dependency Override?

When you file the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), you’ll answer questions that will determine your status as a dependent or an independent student.

Most students under the age of 24 are considered dependent students. However, students in certain exceptional situations can apply for a dependency override for FAFSA from their school’s financial aid office. The override allows a student to be considered an independent student for financial aid purposes and to exclude parental information on the FAFSA form. This means that only the student’s income and assets will be reported on the FAFSA.

A dependency override can result in more financial aid for a student. Learn about the FAFSA dependency override, the criteria to qualify, and how to apply.

Key Points

•   On the FAFSA, a student’s status is deemed dependent or independent. Dependent students must include their parent’s income on the FAFSA, independent students do not.

•   Students in specific situations may qualify for a FAFSA dependency override that allows them to be considered independent so they don’t need to include their parents’ assets on the FAFSA.

•   A FAFSA dependency override has strict requirements and may be difficult to qualify for.

•   Students must contact their school’s financial aid office to find out about applying for a FAFSA dependency override and the documentation that is required.

•   Schools have up to 60 days after a student enrolls to make a decision about whether the student qualifies for a FAFSA dependency override.

Understanding Dependency Status

A student’s dependency status determines the information they must report when filling out the FAFSA. As part of the steps to complete the FAFSA, dependent students include their parents’ information as well as their own information on the form. Independent students report only their own information on the FAFSA.

According to FAFSA requirements, a dependent student is someone who does not meet any of the criteria of an independent student.

Independent students must be at least one of following:

•   24 or older

•   Married

•   Graduate or professional student

•   Veteran

•   Member of the armed forces

•   An orphan

•   Ward of the court

•   In foster care

•   Someone with legal dependents other than a spouse

•   Emancipated minor

•   Homeless or at risk of becoming homeless

If you meet one or more of the conditions above you are considered an independent student and you’re not required to report information about your parents, including their income, on the FAFSA.

If you don’t meet any of the criteria, but you are unable to include your parents’ information on the FAFSA for very specific reasons, such as cases of abuse or neglect or a parent who is absent from your life or incarcerated, you can file for a FAFSA dependency override. In general, the requirements to qualify for an override are strict.

If you cannot get a dependency override, don’t be discouraged. There is other financial aid you may be eligible for through the FAFSA, including grants, scholarships, and federal student loans.

And keep this in mind: In the future, you can choose to refinance student loans if you can qualify for better rates and terms, which might help make it easier to repay your student loan debt. In other words, you have options.

Recommended: FAFSA Facts for Parents

Eligibility for Dependency Override

As mentioned, the criteria to determine eligibility for a FAFSA dependency override can be strict. That said, don’t be deterred from applying if you think you may qualify.

Qualifying Circumstances

A FAFSA dependency override might be granted to you by your school’s financial aid office if certain circumstances apply to your situation, including the following:

•   An abusive family environment, including sexual, physical, or mental abuse, or domestic violence

•   Abandonment or estrangement by your parents

•   Parents are incarcerated or institutionalized

•   Parents cannot be located

•   Parents are physically or mentally incapacitated

•   Parents are hospitalized for an extended period

What doesn’t qualify for dependency override? Circumstances that are not considered FAFSA dependency override qualifications include:

•   Parents who refuse to help pay for your education

•   Parents who are unwilling to provide information on the FAFSA

•   Parents who refuse to complete FAFSA verification

•   Parents who do not claim the student as a dependent on their taxes

•   Students who are self-supporting and live on their own

Recommended: FAFSA Guide

Documentation Required

Each school has different documentation requirements for the FAFSA dependency override, so it’s best to contact your school directly to find out exactly what’s needed. You may be asked to provide various types of documentation depending on your situation, including:

•   Parental incarceration information such as jail records and sentencing documents

•   Missing person’s reports or police reports for parents who can’t be located

•   Records from homeless shelters or homeless youth centers, and signed statements from counselors or teachers verifying that you’re experiencing homelessness

•   Police, court, medical, and child welfare records that indicate an abusive situation

It’s important to note that if you have been declared homeless or at risk of homelessness by a homeless youth Basic Center, an emergency shelter funded by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, or a school district homelessness liaison, you can qualify as an independent student without applying for a dependency override.

Likewise, if you were in foster care for even one day after the age of 13, you can also qualify as an independent student without applying for an override.

Applying for a Dependency Override

In addition to the FAFSA, your college or university will require you to submit additional information about your situation, including documents, letters, and proof that explains your situation as described above, to apply for a dependency override.

Here are the actions to take as well as some FAFSA tips:

On the FAFSA form, fill out Steps 1, 2, and 3. For Step 4, if you can’t provide parental information due to one of the qualifying circumstances above, leave the step blank and contact your school’s financial aid office immediately to explain your situation and find out how to proceed.

A financial aid officer will give you information about what’s required for the FAFSA dependency override, the documentation you need to provide, and a timeline of how long it might take for your application to be reviewed. Schools have up to 60 days after the student enrolls to make a decision.

It’s vital for students to contact their financial aid office about an override as soon as possible so as not to miss any deadlines for state or institutional aid. In some states and at some schools, the FAFSA must be fully completed in order to determine the student’s FAFSA amount and for students to be considered for these aid opportunities.

The Takeaway

A student may qualify for a FAFSA dependency override in certain situations such as having a parent who is incarcerated or incapacitated. The override allows students to exclude their parents’ information on the FAFSA form and helps determine the amount of financial aid they may receive from their school.

Dependency overrides have specific requirements and may be difficult to qualify for. If you are ineligible, the FAFSA can still help you access student aid, including federal student loans, grants and scholarships.

You can also take out private student loans to help pay for college. You could then refinance them later on if you can qualify for lower rates and better terms.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

What are the reasons for a FAFSA dependency override?

A dependency override for FAFSA can help students in exceptional situations qualify as independent and report only their own financial information, and not their parents’, on the FAFSA form. Students who come from situations of abuse or abandonment, or whose parents are incarcerated, hospitalized for an extended time, or institutionalized, among other situations, may qualify.

How often can you request a dependency override?

Thanks to the FAFSA Simplification Act, which went into effect in the 2025-2026 academic award year, students who qualify for the dependency override no longer need to request or recertify their status each year unless their situation changes. Students must still submit the FAFSA each year, however.

Can the dependency override decision be appealed?

If you’re denied a dependency override, these decisions are final at many colleges and cannot be appealed. However, reach out to your school’s financial aid office to find out if it’s possible to appeal. If it is, get specific instructions from them about how to proceed.


About the author

Melissa Brock

Melissa Brock

Melissa Brock is a higher education and personal finance expert with more than a decade of experience writing online content. She spent 12 years in college admission prior to switching to full-time freelance writing and editing. Read full bio.



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Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

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Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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FAFSA Delay: 5 Steps to Ensure Your State and College Aid Aren’t Affected

The Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), an online form that helps determine the amount of federal student aid given to current and prospective college students, has historically launched every year on October 1.

However, the FAFSA for the 2024-2025 school year wasn’t available until December 31, 2023. Ironically, the delay was due to an initiative to simplify the lengthy form, eliminating two-thirds of the questions.

The holdup is affecting other aspects of college admissions and financial aid. Take a look at a few ways to ensure it doesn’t impact your state and college aid, and tips for how to approach the new FAFSA application.

How Might the FAFSA Delay Affect Students?

While the federal deadline to complete the FAFSA is June 30, students are encouraged to submit their application much earlier. One reason is that state and college-based financial aid, which use the FAFSA application and disburse aid on a first-come first-served basis, have earlier deadlines.

For example, Texas and Connecticut students must file the FAFSA by March 15, 2024, for priority consideration. Filing by your state’s deadline ensures that students receive maximum consideration for limited financial aid resources. You can check the deadline for your state on the FAFSA website .

The FAFSA delay may also affect a student’s college search. After all, if you don’t hear about financial aid from a school early in the year, you may have difficulty deciding the right fit. Fortunately, many colleges recognize this issue and have pushed their acceptance deadline — typically May 1 — to May 15 or even June 1.

Recommended: What Percentage of Parents Pay for College?

3 Steps to Hit All Your Financial Aid Deadlines

Meeting your financial aid deadlines ensures that you take advantage of all opportunities.

1. Submit the FAFSA as Soon as Possible

How do you prepare for filing the FAFSA? You can look at our FAFSA 101: How to Complete the FAFSA to learn how to complete the current form. Also consider looking into college financial aid terms for parents.

Submit the FAFSA as soon as you can. Current students need to submit the FAFSA every year, and so will current high school students who plan to apply for federal, state, and institutional aid using the FAFSA.

The new version will include the following changes:

•   Fewer questions. The new FAFSA features fewer questions, decreasing application completion times.

•   Automated tax data retrieval. The new IRS Direct Data Exchange (DDX) will pull in parents’ and students’ tax information — no manual completion needed.

•   More colleges. Students can list up to 20 colleges on the FAFSA, a change from the previous maximum of 10 colleges.

•   No benefit from overlap. Previously, families with more than one child in college received additional benefits. The new FAFSA will decrease aid eligibility for middle- and high-income families with multiple children in college.

•   Types of income. The FAFSA will no longer ask about some types of untaxed income, such as cash support (from grandparents, for example) or money from a grandparent’s 529 plan.

•   Increase in Pell Grant eligibility. Pell Grants typically go to undergraduate students with exceptional financial need. More than 174,000 students will now be eligible for the grant. Students could be eligible for an additional $1.6 billion.

•   Divorced or separated parents. Currently, students who have divorced or separated parents list the parent they live with the majority of the time on the FAFSA. However, the FAFSA changes indicate that a student should list the parent that provides the most financial support.

2. Look out for Financial Aid Communications

Keep checking in for news about financial aid deadlines. Remember that you should still file the FAFSA even if you miss your state’s deadline. You may still qualify for federal aid.

School counselors and college access professionals will have information about college deadlines. If you have any questions about the FAFSA, ask your preferred college’s financial aid administrators for direction, whether you’re a prospective or current student.

Recommended: 31 Facts About FAFSA for Parents

3. Learn About Financial Aid Options

Parents should have the college money talk with their student to explain what they can and can’t afford.

Seek out scholarships and grants that are not dependent on the FAFSA.

And use a student loan calculator to decide how much you want to borrow.

The Takeaway

If you haven’t yet submitted your FAFSA form, do so as soon as possible. Some state and college financial aid deadlines are earlier than the federal deadline. Research your state deadline and stay in contact with your preferred colleges and universities.

Once you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.


About the author

Melissa Brock

Melissa Brock

Melissa Brock is a higher education and personal finance expert with more than a decade of experience writing online content. She spent 12 years in college admission prior to switching to full-time freelance writing and editing. Read full bio.



Photo credit: iStock/hobo_018

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.
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Central Banks Defined and Explained

Unlike the local bank where you may keep your checking account, central banks are responsible for implementing monetary policy and regulating other banks. Some of the main activities of central banks include setting interest rates and controlling the money supply.

These are important responsibilities: Central banks aim to promote financial stability within a country or group of countries. They play an important role in the economy and within consumer banking. Without central banks, other banks couldn’t exist and operate.

While a lot of the work that central banks do happens behind the scenes, it can have far-reaching impacts on how you personally manage your money. Here’s a closer look at what central banks do and how they work.

Key Points

•   Central banks play a key role in managing a nation’s economy by setting interest rates, controlling money supply, and regulating banks.

•   The central bank of the U.S. is the Federal Reserve.

•   The Federal Reserve uses monetary policy to promote employment, manage inflation, and maintain financial stability in the U.S.

•   Central banking originated in the 1600s with the Swedish Riksbank and the Bank of England.

•   Actions of central banks can have downsides, like raising interest rates for consumer and business loans, currency devaluation, and increasing national debt.

What Is a Central Bank?

Central banks are public institutions that use monetary policy to navigate and manage economic changes. While commercial banks are largely concerned with providing banking products — such as checking accounts, savings accounts, and loans — to customers, central banks take a broader focus.

So, what do central banks do?

The specific powers a central bank has may vary from one country to another. Generally speaking, central banks are responsible for:

•   Effecting interest rate changes to manage monetary policy

•   Setting targets for inflation rates to achieve price stability within an economy

•   Adjusting the money supply, which can occur through the sale or purchase of securities on the open market

•   Regulating interbank activities

•   Loaning money to commercial banks in order to maintain solvency during a financial crisis

Most central banks operate independently of the government, which is intended to keep political influence out of decision-making processes. Understanding their function is important when establishing a working central bank definition.

What Is the Central Bank of the United States?

The Federal Reserve System or “Fed” is the central bank of the United States. The Fed operates to manage the economy and promote public interests. In terms of what the Federal Reserve does, its duties are concentrated in five distinct areas:

•   Monetary policy. The Fed uses monetary policy to promote employment, create pricing stability, and manage interest rates. For example, when the economy is in danger of overheating, the Fed may raise its target range for the federal funds rate, an interest rate for overnight borrowing by banks that impacts other interest rates (including rates on consumer/business loans and savings accounts). This can reduce borrowing and spending and, in turn, help to cool off inflation.

•   Financial system stability. Risk management is another important task the Fed carries out. This is done through active monitoring of systemic risks that may endanger the U.S. economy, both domestically and abroad.

•   Supervision and regulation. The Federal Reserve is also concerned with ensuring the safety and stability of individual financial institutions. It takes an active role in monitoring and regulating banks to minimize negative impacts on the financial system.

•   Payment systems. Payment systems allow money to move through an economy. The Fed monitors payments systems to ensure that they’re safe and efficient so financial transactions can be facilitated.

•   Consumer protection and community development. The Federal Reserve is also concerned with ensuring that consumers are protected against unfair banking processes and that attention is given to issues that may hinder consumers’ ability to get the financial services they need.

The Federal Reserve has three main parts: the Board of Governors, the Reserve Banks, and the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). While the Fed is independent, it works in conjunction with other agencies to manage economic policy, including the Department of the Treasury and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). There are 12 Federal Reserve banks with 24 branches that operate throughout the U.S.

Recommended: What Is a National Bank?

History of Central Banks

Historically, central banking dates back centuries. A few highlights:

•   In the 1600s, the Swedish Riksbank was founded. The bank, which was chartered in 1668, was designed to operate as a joint stock bank. Its functions included lending money to the government and acting as a clearinghouse for commercial transactions.

•   In 1694, the Bank of England was founded for a similar purpose. This joint stock bank purchased government debt. These early central banks were soon followed by other central banks in other European countries, including the Banque de France which was established by Napoleon in 1800.

•   The history of the Fed begins a little later, with its founding in 1913 through the passage of the Federal Reserve Act. The Act was passed in response to widespread instability within the banking system and the greater economy. Earlier attempts had been made to centralize banking following the end of the Revolutionary War but that goal was only fully realized with the creation of the Fed.

•   Since its initial inception, the Federal Reserve’s powers and duties have expanded and evolved. The latest change occurred in 2010 with the passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The Dodd-Frank Act expanded the Fed’s supervisory responsibilities while also making its operations more transparent.

Today, central banks operate in countries around the world. For example, the European Central Bank manages monetary policy for countries that are part of the European Union and use the euro as their currency. The Reserve Bank of Australia is the central bank that controls monetary policy for the states and territories of Australia.

Recommended: What Is a Bank Reserve?

Are Central Banks Effective?

Whether central banks are effective ultimately depends on the scope of powers they have, how they approach monetary policy, and the outcomes of that approach. If a central bank’s policies produce the intended result then, yes, they can be considered effective. On the other hand, if the end result is significantly different from what was intended, that could be an argument against the bank’s effectiveness. In other words, there is much variation in making this assessment.

In the U.S., for example, economists have argued for and against the effectiveness of the Federal Reserve’s decision to raise or cut interest rates at different points in time. The Fed’s rate hikes may attempt to curb inflation and keep the economy from burning out and plunging into what is known as a recession. Rate cuts, on the other hand, are designed to encourage spending and stimulate the economy.

Consider a specific example: In March 2022, the Fed began a series of rate hikes in an attempt to put the brakes on rising inflation. At that point in time, inflation hovered around 8%. By April 2023, the inflation rate had fallen to 5%. Based on the numbers, it would seem that the Fed’s policy has been effective. In general, the greater transparency there is around central banking, the more effective it may be.

Are There Downsides to Central Banks?

Central banks are not perfect, and there are some potential disadvantages associated with a central banking system. Here’s a look at some potential downsides to central banks:

•   How a central bank uses interest rates to control monetary policy can have a direct impact on consumers and businesses. When the central bank raises rates, borrowing becomes more expensive. On one hand, that’s a good thing if the end goal is to rein in consumer spending. However, if you’re trying to get a mortgage or you need a business loan to cover expenses, you’re going to pay more in interest for the convenience of borrowing.

•   The money supply is another issue. If a central bank has the authority to print money at will and artificially inflate the money supply, that can lead to devaluation of the currency. When a central bank also has the ability to purchase assets that can lead to an increase in a country’s national debt.

•   Finally, there’s the question of regulation and accountability. If central banks are established and operated independent of government agencies, it can be difficult to draw a line on what the bank can or cannot do. That can open the door for central banks to take risks they might otherwise avoid when there’s no government oversight to keep them in check.

The Takeaway

Central banks help to keep economies balanced and stable, while providing a safe banking environment for consumers. The next time you’re swiping your debit card or logging in to online banking to pay bills, remember that central banking makes those activities possible.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy 3.30% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings with eligible direct deposit.

FAQ

What is the difference between a bank and a central bank?

A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits and makes loans. Banks make it possible for their customers to move money from point A to B, and they can also pay interest on deposits. Central banks, however, play a larger role, overseeing monetary policy to ensure the smooth operation of a country’s economy.

What is the difference between a federal and a central bank?

A federal bank is a bank that operates under the regulation of a federal government. They receive their charter from the federal government, rather than a state government. Central banks typically operate independently of any government agency or institution.

What is a central bank and its function?

A central bank is a public institution that directs monetary policy within a country, state, or territory, or within a group of countries, states, and territories. The main function of a central bank is to promote financial and economic stability. Central banks do that by controlling the money supply and adjusting interest rates.


About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.



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