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Waiting for the IRS to process your federal tax return? You might be wondering how long it takes for your tax return to come back. If you file electronically, your tax return will usually be processed within 21 days. A paper return can take six weeks or longer. If you include direct deposit information, your refund will come back much faster.

If you’re concerned because your federal tax return is delayed, you can check its status online or speak to an IRS representative. Keep reading to learn what’s going on behind the scenes at the IRS with your tax return and what factors may affect when you’ll see your refund.

How Long the IRS Takes to Process Your Taxes

The main factor affecting when you get your tax return back is how long the IRS takes to process your information. Processing time will vary depending on whether you file an electronic or paper return. On average, processing for e-file returns takes less than 21 days, whereas paper returns can take more than six weeks.

If you want to get your tax refund early, it’s best to file electronically, include direct deposit information, and file early in the tax season.

How Long a Tax Refund Typically Takes

Once your return is submitted to the IRS, processing can be broken down into three stages: return accepted, refund approved, and refund sent.

For electronic returns, you will typically see an email from the IRS within 24 hours confirming that your return has been accepted. For paper returns, you can expect notification in about four weeks. The acceptance stage just means the IRS has verified your personal information and checked that your dependents haven’t been claimed by someone else.

Next, the IRS will take a closer look at the information you’ve provided and either approve it or send a letter by mail asking for a correction or more information. This is the part that takes less than 21 days if you’ve e-filed.

Paper returns take longer because they must be manually uploaded by a human. Once uploaded, the information you provide can then be compared to data in the IRS system. However, submitting a paper return isn’t the only factor that can slow down a refund.

Factors That Could Slow Down Your Refund

If your return was filed electronically more than 21 days ago and you haven’t seen your refund yet, there could be a number of reasons for the delay, including:

•   The return has incorrect or incomplete information

•   Your personal info has potentially been used in identity theft or fraud

•   The child tax credit or recovery rebate credit may need to be corrected

•   The return qualifies for an additional child tax credit, earned income tax credit, or injured spouse allocation (form 8379)

•   Your bank or credit union needs additional time to post the refund to your account

If the IRS needs more information or wants a corrected return, they will contact you via mail. Many issues can be quickly resolved, especially if your finances are organized, as in a budget app. In the event that you owe money, the IRS will work with you to develop a payment plan.

Recommended: Tax Credits vs. Tax Deductions: What’s the Difference?

How to Track the Progress of Your Refund

The IRS offers two ways you can check the status of your refund: online or with a representative. An online tool called “Where’s My Refund?” allows you to check the status of your federal return. You’ll need the following information on hand:

•   Social Security number

•   Filing status (single, married-filing joint, married-filing separate, head of household, qualifying widower)

•   Expected refund amount

After inputting this information, you should be able to see whether your return has been accepted, processed, or sent back to you.

The IRS also has representatives who can research the status of your refund, either by phone (1-800-829-1040) or in person at a taxpayer assistance center. Note that the IRS probably won’t be able to give you much information if you e-filed less than 21 days earlier or by paper less than six weeks earlier.

As with the online checker, you’ll need to provide the representative with your Social Security number, filing status, and the refund amount you expect.

What to Do If Your Refund Arrives and Has a Mistake

If you receive your refund and realize there’s a mistake, you can file an amended return to correct it. Keep in mind, you can’t electronically file an amended return; you must send it by mail.

Some mistakes are identified by the IRS. In that event, you’ll receive a letter in the mail explaining the issue and how to respond.

If you’re still unsure of what to do, the IRS offers a hotline where you can ask for guidance.

•   Individual taxpayers: 800-829-1040 (TTY/TDD 800-829-4059)

•   Business taxpayers: 800-829-4933

Recommended: My Tax Preparer Made a Mistake. What Can I Do?

How Long the IRS Has to Audit Your Taxes

If the IRS needs to review your tax return in more depth, you may be audited. Generally, the IRS tries to initiate audits as soon as they identify an issue with your tax return, but they may go back as far as three years. In cases where the error is substantial, they can audit up to six years of prior tax returns.

The Takeaway

If you file electronically, your tax return will usually be processed within 21 days. A paper return can take six weeks or longer. If you include direct deposit information, your refund will come back much faster.

Take control of your finances with SoFi. With our financial insights and credit score monitoring tools, you can view all of your accounts in one convenient dashboard. From there, you can see your various balances, spending breakdowns, and credit score. Plus you can easily set up budgets and discover valuable financial insights — all at no cost.

See exactly how your money comes and goes at a glance.

FAQ

When can I expect my 2025 tax refund?

According to the IRS, nine out of 10 tax returns are processed within 21 days. To expedite the process, you can file your return electronically and include direct-deposit information. Paper returns are generally processed within six weeks.

How long does it take to get your tax refund direct deposit?

Most taxpayers who e-file and include direct-deposit info receive their refund in 21 days. If you submitted a paper return with direct-deposit info, you can generally expect your refund within six weeks.

How long does it take taxes to be returned?

Most taxpayers who e-file can expect refunds within 21 days. If you file via paper return, expect processing to take six weeks or more.

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Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

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Form 709 is the way to report to the IRS any gifts made in the prior year that are subject to the gift tax. Don’t worry, though. Most people will never pay any taxes on gifts made over the course of their lives.

The annual gift tax exemption amount is fairly substantial; the lifetime gift tax exemption is stratospheric.

In any given year, you may give gifts under the annual threshold to an unlimited number of people and be free from filling out IRS gift tax Form 709. If you do need to report one or more gifts, again, you’re probably never going to have to pay gift taxes.

What Counts Toward the Gift Tax?

For taxpayers filing in 2026, the gift tax applies to anything worth over $19,000 that they gave another person while receiving nothing, or less than full value, in return.

Whether it’s cash, real estate, stocks, or the use of or income from property, the recipient must be able to have full and immediate access to the gift for the gift to qualify for the annual exclusion.

For gifts of over $19,000 per person, you can apply an amount you gift to the current lifetime estate tax exemption of $13.99 million. (If you’re married, your spouse is allowed the same).

Gifts can include assets in any class or type of income, such as:

•   Real estate (including a down payment gift for a first home)

•   Stocks

•   Bonds

•   Digital assets

•   Cryptocurrencies

•   NFTs

•   Loans made with rates below IRS “applicable federal rates”

•   Transfer of benefits of an insurance policy

•   Student loan payments or other debt payments made for another person

Recommended: My Tax Preparer Made a Mistake. What Can I Do?

What Is the Annual Gift Tax Exemption?

For tax year 2025 (taxes filed in 2026), you could have given any number of people up to $19,000 each without incurring a taxable gift ($38,000 for spouses “splitting” gifts). That is up from $18,000 in tax year 2024.

You do not have to file Form 709 for a gift you made worth up to $19,000.

The annual gift tax exclusion remains at $19,000 per recipient in tax year 2026. However, the lifetime exemption increases to $15 million per individual.

Examples of Gift Tax Rules in Action

Let’s say you gave $119,000 to your mother in 2025 for her birthday. You would report $100,000 of the gift to the IRS, but federal tax law provides you with that unified gift and estate tax exemption ($13.99 million for tax year 2025) to offset any gift tax you may owe.

A married couple you know has three children and five grandchildren they like to shower with generosity. Each spouse may give eight gifts of $19,000 in 2025 to their family members without touching their combined $27.98 million lifetime gift tax exemption or filling out Form 709.

You want to buy a house from a family member in 2026. The sale price must equate to what it would be between strangers unless the seller provides a gift of equity — the difference between the selling price and the home’s current market value.

The relative could give you a gift of equity worth the annual exemption ($19,000 in 2026, or $38,000 for spouses “splitting” gifts) without reporting that sum to the IRS. (Another perk: Most lenders will allow the gift to count as the down payment in a non-arm’s-length transaction.) In this example, the seller must report any gift of over $19,000, or $38,000 for spouses, and apply it to their lifetime gift tax exclusion.

Recommended: How Long Does It Take to Get a Tax Refund?

Does the Giver or Recipient Fill Out Form 709?

Form 709 is filled out by the giver of the gift. The donor is also responsible for paying the tax, whether it’s when the gift was given or after the giver’s death.

However, it is possible that the recipient may have to pay the tax if the donor does not.

How to Fill Out Form 709

Understanding what each part means and how to calculate the tax can be difficult. There are a lot of rules and exceptions to understand. When filling out Form 709, getting help from a tax professional is a good idea.

Form 709 is actually called the Gift (and Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return. The generation-skipping transfer tax (GSTT) exemption applies to certain gifts that skip a generation (or are transferred to anyone more than 37.5 years younger than the donor), such as a gift from a grandparent to a grandchild. It also includes trusts.

The GSTT exemption is separate from the gift and estate tax exemption.

Determine If You Are Required to Fill Out Form 709

You do not need to fill out Form 709 if you made contributions for the following reasons:

•   Payments made that qualify for the medical exclusion

•   Payments made that qualify for the tuition exclusion

•   Payments or transfers made to certain political parties or charities

•   Payments to spouses, except for gifts over $190,000 made to non-U.S. citizen spouses (for 2025) and $194,000 (for 2026)

To reiterate, gifts under the annual exclusion amount ($19,000 per person in tax years 2025 and 2026) do not need to be reported on Form 709.

For couples splitting gifts, if either spouse makes a gift that exceeds the couple’s combined annual gift tax exclusion, or if each spouse makes gifts that exceed the individual annual gift tax exclusion, both spouses will need to file a Form 709. Each will also need to provide consent to split gifts on the other spouse’s return.

Each gift tax return should also disclose one-half of the amount over the combined annual gift tax exemption as a lifetime gift.

Part 1: General Information

The first part to fill out is your general information, which is the same whether you’re filing taxes for the first time or you’ve been filing for years. This includes your name, address, and whether or not you elect to split gifts between you and a spouse.

Schedule A

Head to the next page to fill out Schedule A, a computation of taxable gifts, including transfers in trust.

The filer must include information about the gift recipient, a description of the gift, and the value of the gift. Reporting taxable gifts is divided into:

•   Part 1: Gifts subject only to gift tax

•   Part 2: Direct skips

•   Part 3: Indirect skips and other transfers in trust

•   Part 4: Taxable Gift Reconciliation

Schedules B, C, D

Next, fill out Schedules B, C, and D (if applicable). Schedule B is for gifts from prior periods; Schedule C is for claiming unused amounts of the exclusion for a deceased spouse; and Schedule D is for computation of generation-skipping transfer tax.

Part 2: Tax Computation

You’ll enter amounts from Schedules A, B, C, and D back on the first page of Form 709. Your tax return preparation software or professional will calculate the amount of gift tax owed.

If filing a paper return, you’ll need to use the Table for Computing Gift Tax found in the instructions.

The executor of a decedent’s estate will use Form 706 to decide whether any estate tax is owed. Form 706 is also used to compute the GSTT on direct skips.

The Takeaway

Understanding annual and lifetime gift tax exemptions is easy, but filling out Gift Tax Form 709 may require help from a professional. Remember that you can make an unlimited number of gifts valued at less than the annual limit and skip reporting them to the IRS.

Whether you’re logging gifts you make or figuring out what to do with your tax refund, a money tracker app can help you track your spending, debt, and investments.

Take control of your finances with SoFi. With our financial insights and credit score monitoring tools, you can view all of your accounts in one convenient dashboard. From there, you can see your various balances, spending breakdowns, and credit score. Plus you can easily set up budgets and discover valuable financial insights — all at no cost.

See exactly how your money comes and goes at a glance.

FAQ

Do I file Form 709 with my tax return?

Yes, Form 709 is filed with your federal tax return if you exceeded the annual gift tax exclusion.

What happens if I don’t fill out Form 709?

According to the IRS, filers who are required to fill out Form 709 but do not may be subject to penalties and criminal prosecution.

An audit could reveal a gift not reported. A generous gift might just stick out like a sore thumb. If you’re running behind, file Form 8892 by Tax Day for an automatic six-month extension of time to file Form 709 when you are not applying for an extension to file your individual income tax return.

What should I include with Form 709?

Include all gifts in excess of the annual threshold that were given during the tax year and that need to be reported to the IRS.

Do you have to file Form 709 every year?

IRS Form 709 must be filed every year that gifts worth more than the excluded amount were made. For tax years 2025 and 2026, that’s any gift given by an individual that was over $19,000 in value. Couples may “split” gifts.

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SoFi Relay offers users the ability to connect both SoFi accounts and external accounts using Plaid, Inc.’s service. When you use the service to connect an account, you authorize SoFi to obtain account information from any external accounts as set forth in SoFi’s Terms of Use. Based on your consent SoFi will also automatically provide some financial data received from the credit bureau for your visibility, without the need of you connecting additional accounts. SoFi assumes no responsibility for the timeliness, accuracy, deletion, non-delivery or failure to store any user data, loss of user data, communications, or personalization settings. You shall confirm the accuracy of Plaid data through sources independent of SoFi. The credit score is a VantageScore® based on TransUnion® (the “Processing Agent”) data.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

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Health savings accounts (HSAs) offer a tax-advantaged way to save for healthcare expenses. You may have access to an HSA if you have a high-deductible health plan at work or purchased an HDHP as a self-employed individual.

For those who have HSAs, it can be common to wonder just how much to contribute. Maxing out your annual contribution limit can help you get the most tax benefit from an HSA. However, your personal finances may not allow you to sock that much away. Here, important insights that can help you determine the right amount for your budget.

Understanding Health Savings Accounts (HSAs)

There are several types of medical expense accounts recognized by the IRS (Internal Revenue Service), including Health Savings Accounts. Several characteristics distinguish HSAs from other options, such as Flexible Spending Arrangements (FSAs), Health Reimbursement Arrangements (HRAs), and Archer Medical Savings Accounts (MSAs).

The differences between an HSA vs. FSA, or an HSA vs. HRA lie in who can contribute, how much you can contribute, how your contributions grow, and what happens if you don’t spend down those contributions year-over-year. Here’s a closer look at what HSAs involve.

What Is an HSA?

The IRS defines an HSA as a tax-exempt trust or custodial account you set up with a qualified HSA trustee to pay or reimburse certain medical expenses you incur. To put it more simply, an HSA is a special type of savings account for those with HDHPs and is funded with pre-tax dollars that is designed to help you pay for healthcare.

Here are the main benefits of an HSA:

•   Contributions are tax-deductible, unlike money you put in a savings account.

•   Amounts contributed to an HSA grow tax-deferred.

•   Funds roll over from year to year, so you don’t have to “use it or lose it” in terms of funds that haven’t been spent at the end of the year.

•   Most HSAs include a debit card, similar to what you get with a checking account, that you can use to conveniently pay for healthcare expenses.

•   Withdrawals for qualified medical expenses are tax-free.

Once you turn 65, you can withdraw money from your HSA for any reason, healthcare-related or otherwise. You’ll pay ordinary income tax on withdrawals that are not for medical expenses.

IRS Publication 502 outlines which medical and dental expenses you can use HSA funds to cover. The list is extensive, though it excludes health insurance premiums.

Eligibility Requirements

There’s one simple eligibility requirement you’ll need to meet to contribute to an HSA. You must be enrolled in a high-deductible health plan.

These healthcare plans must, by law, set a minimum deductible and a maximum limit on out-of-pocket costs for covered individuals. Deductibles for HSA-eligible plans are typically much higher than standard health insurance plans, but you get the benefit of a tax-advantaged savings account built in.

Here are the most recent guidelines, according to the IRS:

•   In 2025, the minimum annual deductible for an HDHP was $1,650 for self-only coverage and $3,300 for family coverage.

•   For 2026, the minimum annual deductible for an HDHP is $1,700 for self-only coverage and $3,400 for family coverage.

Note that just because you have an HSA through your high-deductible health plan doesn’t mean you have to make contributions. But you could be missing out on some valuable tax breaks if you don’t contribute and instead just keep the cash in a bank account.

Recommended: Beginner’s Guide to Health Insurance

HSA Contribution Limits

Both employers and employees can contribute to an HSA, similar to the way your job might offer a company-matching contribution to your 401(k).

But that doesn’t mean the sky’s the limit. The IRS sets the annual contribution limits, adjusted for inflation. Your limit is determined by whether you have individual or family coverage.

Here are the HSA contribution limits for 2024:

•   Individual coverage: $4,300 maximum contribution

•   Family coverage: $8,550 maximum contribution

•   An additional $1,000 catch-up contribution is allowed if you’re aged 55 or older.

For 2026, the limits increase to:

•   Individual coverage: $4,400 maximum contribution

•   Family coverage: $8,750.

•   An additional $1,000 catch-up contribution is allowed if you’re aged 55 or older.

Contribution limits apply to both employer and employee contributions. So, if you have individual coverage and your employer contributes $1,150 to your HSA for the year, you could only contribute up to $3,250 in 2026.

Also, note that you cannot contribute to an HSA if you:

•   Have a flexible spending account (FSA) or

•   Are enrolled in Medicare or

•   Can be claimed as a dependent on someone else’s tax return1

To clarify, you can have an HSA before and after you enroll in Medicare. You just can’t make new contributions to it once you’re enrolled in Medicare.

Factors to Consider When Determining HSA Contributions

If you have an HSA, you may have questions about where it might fit into your larger financial plan. For example, you may be asking yourself:

•   How much should I put in my HSA if I’m still young and healthy?

•   What if I have an ongoing health condition or am concerned I might develop one later in life?

•   What amount should I save if I also want to contribute to my 401(k)?

•   Will employer contributions affect how much I should contribute to HSA?

•   Would saving in an HSA make a significant difference to my tax filing?

There’s no right or wrong answer for how much to contribute to HSA savings. It’s a personal decision that’s based on a variety of factors (as noted above), such as your plan coverage, age, financial situation, and anticipated healthcare needs. For instance, a healthy single 35-year-old with minimal family history of disease and an annual salary of $75,000 may opt to put less in an HSA than a married 45-year-old parent of three children, who has a family history of heart disease, and earns $175,000.

HSA tax benefits are a strong incentive to contribute something to your account, even if it’s not the full amount you’re eligible for each year. As your income grows, you could gradually increase contributions until you’re consistently maxing out your plan.

Strategies for Maximizing HSA Contributions

If you have an HSA, it helps to know how you can make the most of it. Here are some tips for making sure every penny you contribute counts.

•   Review your plan and IRS guidelines so you know your annual contribution limit.

•   Find out if your employer makes contributions on your behalf and if so, up to what amount.

•   Review your budget and other payroll deductions to determine how much you could contribute to your HSA per pay period.

•   Max out your annual contribution limit, if possible.

•   Take advantage of investment opportunities inside your HSA, which may include individual stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

•   Review your contributions and asset allocations in other tax-advantaged accounts you may have, such as a 401(k) or IRA, to make sure your holdings are well-balanced.

Here’s one more tip. If you have multiple HSAs from previous employers, consider consolidating them into a single account. That can simplify HSA management and you may be able to save on fees or unlock better investments.

HSA Contribution Scenarios

Here’s how you might handle HSA contributions through different life stages.

•   Young, healthy individuals: You might assume that if you’re young and in good health HSA contributions aren’t a must. But consider this: The earlier you begin making contributions, the longer your money has to grow through the power of compounding vs. simple interest.

•   Families with children: If you have kids, you understand the simple truth that they get sick. Sometimes they get hurt. And even if they stay healthy, they still need regular checkups with doctors and dentists. All of that costs money, and an HSA helps you plan for those expenses while enjoying a tax deduction for contributions.

•   Near retirees: As you approach retirement it’s important to think about how your healthcare needs might change. If you’ve faithfully made HSA contributions and invested them you can use those funds to offset any out-of-pocket healthcare expenses you’re responsible for that aren’t covered by Medicare. Using an HSA for retirement can help you avoid having to drain your 401(k), IRA, or other assets.

Calculating Your Ideal HSA Contribution

Online tools, such as savings account calculators, can make it easier to build your financial literacy and manage your money. The same holds true for deciding how much to put in HSA savings. For example, you can use an HSA calculator to estimate how much tax-deferred growth you could realize based on:

•   Coverage type

•   Average yearly contribution

•   Average annual medical expenses

•   Current tax bracket (federal and state)

•   Expected number of years you’ll make contributions

•   Expected rate of return

For example, if you have family coverage and contribute $8,000 a year for 30 years, earning a 5% annual return, your HSA would grow to more than $523,000 over those three decades. That assumes you spend $500 per year on medical expenses.

Playing with the numbers can give you a better idea of how much you could gain from contribution to an HSA.

Common Mistakes to Avoid with HSA Contributions

HSAs offer plenty of benefits, but only when they’re used correctly. Here are some of the most important missteps to avoid if you have access to a health savings account.

Treating an HSA like a savings account at your bank. If you have a high-yield savings account you could technically withdraw money for anything. The worst penalty you might face is an excess withdrawal fee. HSAs aren’t like that and if you’re under 65, you’ll need to stick to withdrawals for healthcare only if you want to dodge a tax penalty.

Not paying attention to employer contributions. If your employer contributes to your HSA, it’s important to know how much they put in. Otherwise, you could be at risk of making excess contributions if you go over the maximum annual limit allowed based on your coverage type. Excess contributions are subject to a 6% excise tax penalty each year they remain in your account.

Not contributing at all. Perhaps the biggest mistake with HSA contributions is not making them if you’re eligible to do so. If you have an HSA at work, it’s an employee benefit, and it makes sense to use all such privileges and perks granted to you. So you might want to go ahead and set up an HSA account and add some funds.

The Takeaway

If you have a high-deductible health plan, it can be wise to consider setting up an HSA. Even if you don’t fully max out your contributions to start, every dollar you contribute and invest can benefit from compounding interest. Over time, your HSA grows in a tax-advantaged way, and those funds come in handy when you need to pay for healthcare spending.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy 3.30% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings with eligible direct deposit.

FAQ

What happens to unused HSA funds at the end of the year?

Unused HSA funds are not use-it-or-lose-it. If you have funds remaining in your account at the end of the year, they roll over and remain in your HSA until you spend them. That’s a major difference vs. FSAs, which require you to spend down contributions each year or forfeit them.

Can I contribute to an HSA if I’m self-employed?

You can contribute to an HSA if you’re self-employed provided you have a high-deductible health plan. That’s the only requirement to save in one of these accounts; you’re not limited based on your tax-filing status or income. You are, however, excluded if you have an FSA, are enrolled in Medicare or can be claimed as a dependent on someone else’s tax return.

How do HSA contributions affect my taxable income?

HSA contributions reduce your taxable income for the year, similar to the way that 401(k) contributions do. That means you get an instant tax break when you make contributions, even if you don’t plan to use any of your HSA funds right away.

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CN-Q425-3236452-111

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Being self-employed offers many perks, including freedom and flexibility. What it doesn’t offer is an employer-sponsored retirement plan. But when you don’t have access to a 401(k) at work, opening a solo 401(k) can make it easier to stay on track with retirement planning.

Before you establish a solo 401(k) for yourself, it’s important to understand how these plans work and the pros and cons involved.

What Is a Solo 401(k)?

A solo 401(k) is a type of 401(k) that’s designed specifically with self-employed individuals in mind. This retirement savings option follows many of the same rules as workplace 401(k) plans in terms of annual contribution limits, tax treatment, and withdrawals. But it’s tailored to individuals who run a business solo or only employ their spouses.

It’s one of several self-employed retirement options you might consider when planning a long-term financial strategy.

Definition and Overview

A solo 401(k) is a tax-advantaged retirement account that’s for self-employed individuals and business owners who have zero employees, or no employees other than their spouse. This type of 401(k) plan is also known by a few other names:

•   Solo-k

•   Uni-k

•   One-participant plan

Traditional solo 401(k) contributions are made using pre-tax dollars. However, it’s possible to open a Roth solo 401(k) instead. In the case of a Roth solo 401(k), you’d make contributions using after-tax dollars and be able to withdraw the money tax-free in retirement.

A self-employed 401(k) plan works much the same as a regular 401(k). For instance, you may be able to take loans from your savings if needed. Catch-up contributions are also allowed. The biggest difference is that there is no matching contribution from an outside employer.

You can start investing in a solo 401(k) for yourself through an online brokerage. There’s some paperwork you’ll need to fill out to get the process started, but once your account is open you can make contributions year-round.

At the end of the year, the IRS requires solo 401(k) plan owners to file a Form 5500-EZ if the account has $250,000 or more in assets.


💡 Quick Tip: Look for an online brokerage with low trading commissions as well as no account minimum. Higher fees can cut into investment returns over time.

Contribution Limits in Solo 401(k) Plans

Much like workplace 401(k)s, there are annual contribution limits that apply to solo 401(k) plans.

The IRS caps total contributions to a solo 401(k) account at $70,000 for 2025 and $72,000 for 2026 That doesn’t include catch-up contributions for those age 50 and over.

As both the employee and employer of your own business, you can contribute both elective salary deferrals and employer nonelective contributions (you are both the employer and the employee in this scenario). Each has different contribution caps.

Annual Contribution Limits

As an employee, you can contribute up to 100% of your earned income up to the annual contribution limit: $23,500 in 2025 and $24,500 in 2026, plus an additional $7,500 for those age 50+ in elective salary deferrals in 2025 and $8,000 in 2026. In 2025 and 2026, those aged 60 to 63 may contribute an additional $11,250, instead of $7,500 and $8,000 respectively.

In addition, you can make employer nonelective contributions. These come directly from the “employer” (aka you) and are not deducted from the employee’s (your) salary. As an employer, you can contribute up to 25% of your self-employment income (business income – ½ self-employment tax and elective salary deferrals), in pre-tax dollars.

Setting Up a Solo 401(k) Plan

If you’re interested in setting up a solo 401(k) for yourself, you can do so through an online brokerage. Here’s a step-by-step guide for how to open a solo 401(k).

Steps to Establish Your Plan

1. Choose a Plan Administrator

A plan administrator is the person responsible for managing your solo 401(k). It’s their job to make sure the plan is meeting reporting and other requirements established by the IRS. If you’re self-employed, you can act as your own plan administrator or you could choose your accountant instead.

2. Choose a Brokerage

Once you know who’s going to manage the plan, the next step is deciding where to open it. A number of brokerages offer solo 401(k) plans so you may want to spend some time comparing things like:

•   Account setup process

•   Investment options

•   Fees

You may be able to start the solo 401(k) account setup process online, though some brokerages require you to call and speak to a representative first. And you may need to finalize your account opening by mailing or faxing in any supporting documents the brokerage needs to complete the application.

3. Fill Out a Solo 401(k) Application

Before you can start a 401(k) account for yourself, you’ll need to give your brokerage some information about your business. A typical solo 401(k) application may ask for your:

•   First and last name

•   Employer Identification Number (EIN)

•   Plan administrator’s name and contact information

•   Social Security number

•   Mailing address

•   Citizenship status

•   Income information

You’ll also need to disclose any professional associations or affiliations that might result in a conflict of interest with the brokerage. In completing the application, you’ll be asked to name one or more beneficiaries. You may also be asked to provide bank account information that will be used to make your initial contribution to the plan.

4. Choose Your Investments

Once you’ve returned your solo 401(k) account application and it’s been approved, you can choose your investments. The type of investments offered can depend on the brokerage and the plan. But typically, you may be able to choose from:

•   Target-date funds

•   Index funds

•   Actively managed funds

•   Exchange-traded funds (ETFs)

Whether you have access to individual stocks, bonds, CDs, or alternative investments such as commodities can depend on the platform that’s offering the plan.

5. Decide How Much to Contribute

You may choose to schedule automatic investments or make them manually according to a schedule that works for you.

Choosing Between Traditional and Roth Solo 401(k)s

You can opt for a traditional solo 401(k), which is made with pre-tax dollars, or a Roth solo 401(k), which is made with after-tax dollars. Which plan is better for you may depend on what you expect your income to be in retirement.

If you believe your income will be higher in retirement than it is now, in general, a Roth could be a better choice since you can take the distributions tax-free at that time. But if you think your income may be less in retirement than it is now, you might be better off with a traditional solo 401(k), which allows you to take the tax deduction now and have your distributions taxed in retirement.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Solo 401(k) Plans

When considering retirement account options, it can be helpful to look at the pros and cons to determine what works best for your personal situation.

Benefits of Having a Solo 401(k)

There are different reasons why opening a 401(k) for self employed individuals could make sense.

•   Bigger contributions. Compared to other types of self-employed retirement plans, such as a SEP IRA or SIMPLE IRA, solo 401(k) contribution limits tend to be more generous. Neither a SEP IRA or SIMPLE IRA, for instance, allows for catch-up contributions.

•   Roth contributions. You also have the option to open a Roth solo 401(k). If you anticipate being in a higher tax bracket when you retire, you may prefer being able to withdraw contributions tax-free with a Roth.

•   Flexible withdrawal rules. A solo 401(k) can also offer more flexibility with regard to early withdrawals than a SEP IRA, SIMPLE IRA, traditional IRA, or Roth IRA. If your solo 401(k) plan allows it, you could take out a loan in place of an early withdrawal. This could help you to avoid early withdrawal penalties and taxes. An IRA-based plan wouldn’t allow for loans.

Considerations and Potential Drawbacks

There are also a few potential downsides of investing in a solo 401(k).

•   Eligibility restrictions. If you run a small business and you have at least one employee other than a spouse, you won’t be able to open a solo 401(k) at all.

•   Complicated reporting. Calculating contributions and filing can be more complicated with a solo 401(k) vs. a SEP IRA or SIMPLE IRA. If your plan has more than $250,000 in assets you’ll need to file Form 5500-EZ with the IRS each year.

•   Administrative costs. Depending on where you open a solo 401(k) plan, the cost of maintaining it year to year may be higher compared to other self employed retirement plans. And an early 401(k) withdrawal can trigger taxes and penalties.

It’s important to consider the range of investment options offered through a solo 401(k). What you can invest in at one brokerage may be very different from another. The individual cost of those investments can also vary if some mutual funds or exchange-traded funds offered come with higher expense ratios than others.


💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that you must choose the investments in your IRA? Once you open a new IRA and start saving, you get to decide which mutual funds, ETFs, or other investments you want — it’s totally up to you.

Withdrawals and Loan Provisions

There are certain requirements for withdrawals and/or loans from a solo 401(k).

Rules for Withdrawing Funds

You can make withdrawals from a solo 401(k) without penalty at age 59 ½ or older. Distributions may be allowed before that time in the case of certain “triggering events,” such as a disability, but you may owe a 10% penalty as well as income taxes on the withdrawal.

Loan Options and Conditions

Some solo 401(k) plans may be set up to allow loans. If yours does, you could take out a loan in place of an early withdrawal. This could help you to avoid early withdrawal penalties and taxes. Just be sure to find out the loan terms and conditions, which can vary by plan.

Testing and Compliance for Solo 401(k)s

Unlike workplace 401(k)s, solo 401(k)s have no testing compliance requirements involved.

Alternatives to Solo 401(k) Plans

Instead of a solo 401(k), self employed individuals can consider another type of retirement account. Here’s how different options stack up.

Comparing a Solo 401(k) to a SEP IRA and Other Retirement Options

A SEP IRA is designed for small businesses. However, unlike a solo 401(k), a SEP IRA allows no catch-up contributions and there is no Roth version of the plan.

A SIMPLE IRA is for businesses with no more than 100 employees. It has much lower contribution limits than a solo 401(k) and once again, there is no Roth option.

Pros and Cons of a Solo 401(k)

A solo 401(k) has advantages and disadvantages. Here’s a side-by-side comparison of the benefits and drawbacks.

Solo 401(k) Pros	Solo 401(k) Cons
Catch-up contributions may allow older investors to save more for retirement versus a SEP IRA or SIMPLE IRA.	Only self-employed individuals who have no employees or just employee their spouses can contribute.
It’s possible to choose between a traditional solo 401(k) or Roth solo 401(k), based on your investing goals and tax situation.	Annual reporting requirements may be more complicated for a solo 401(k) compared to other self employed retirement plans.
Solo 401(k) plans may allow for loans, similar to workplace plans.	Early withdrawals from a solo 401(k) are subject to taxes and penalties.

The Takeaway

A solo 401(k) can be a worthwhile investment vehicle for self-employed people who want to save for retirement. It has more generous contribution limits than some other retirement options. In addition, there is a Roth version of the plan, and a solo 401(k) plan may also offer flexibility in terms of early withdrawals. For individuals who are self-employed, opening a solo 401(k) is one potential way to start saving for their golden years.

Prepare for your retirement with an individual retirement account (IRA). It’s easy to get started when you open a traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi. Whether you prefer a hands-on self-directed IRA through SoFi Securities or an automated robo IRA with SoFi Wealth, you can build a portfolio to help support your long-term goals while gaining access to tax-advantaged savings strategies.

Easily manage your retirement savings with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

Can I contribute 100% of my salary to a solo 401(k)?

As an employee, you can contribute up to 100% of your earned income to a solo 401(k) up to the annual contribution limit, which is $23,500 in 2025, and $24,500 in 2026 plus, for those 50 and up, an additional $7,500 in 2025 and $8,000 in 2026 in elective salary deferrals. For both 2025 and 2026, those aged 60 to 63 may contribute an additional $11,250, instead of $7,500 and $8,000 respectively.

Is a solo 401(k) taxable income?

You will pay taxes with a solo 401(k), but the type of plan you open determines when you’ll pay those taxes. If you have a traditional 401(k), your contributions are tax-deferred, and they reduce your taxable income for the year in which you make them. However, you will pay taxes on distributions when you take them in retirement. If you have a Roth 401(k), you pay taxes on your contributions when you make them, but your distributions in retirement are tax-free.

What is the average return on a solo 401(k)?

The return on a solo 401(k) depends on the investments in your portfolio. However, in general, a solo 401(k) invested in a mix of bonds, stocks, and cash assets can have an average rate of return ranging between 3% and 8%. But again, it depends on what your investments are, and how much you allocate to those different assets. You may want to compare your plan’s performance to plans with similar funds to get a general sense of what the average return might be.

Who qualifies for a solo 401(k)?

To be eligible for a solo 401(k), you must be self-employed or a small business owner with no employees other than a spouse. To open a solo 401(k) you will need an Employee Identification Number (EIN), which is available from the IRS.

Photo credit: iStock/visualspace

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Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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CN-Q425-3236452-121

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