What Is ESG Reporting?

Key Points

•   ESG reporting is separate from financial reporting, but formal ESG disclosures are more common owing to the relevance of ESG standards to business outcomes.

•   Over time, many organizations have sought to establish ESG criteria and metrics that would enable companies to be evaluated in terms of their progress toward ESG goals.

•   Although a single set of ESG standards doesn’t exist, there are over a dozen frameworks that companies use for ESG reporting worldwide.

•   ESG reporting is important because it helps companies to be accountable for their progress, and can enable investors to compare companies in terms of how well they meet ESG standards.

When a company decides to embrace certain environmental, social, and governance (ESG) standards, ideally the company will adhere to a set of ESG criteria and metrics that help the organization report its progress toward these ESG goals.

ESG reporting is considered separate from standard financial reporting. But investors are increasingly interested in understanding a company’s progress and risk mitigation efforts in light of ESG factors.

Investors can use a company’s ESG reporting to gauge whether it is indeed making positive changes in these areas. Unfortunately, while there are more than a dozen ESG frameworks that can be used for corporate ESG reporting, no one system has been universally adopted.

However, there are a handful of ESG frameworks that are commonly used for ESG reporting. By understanding the current state of ESG reporting and how it works, investors can be in a better position to decide which investments reflect their own values.

ESG Basics

Like many types of sustainable investing, ESG may be referred to in different ways, including green investing, socially responsible investing (SRI), and impact investing.

The three pillars of ESG are based on specific environmental, social, and governance factors. Environmental standards help assess the ways a company works to preserve and protect the physical environment. Social factors include the treatment of workers, communities, customers, suppliers, and vendors. Governance criteria track issues of leadership, fraud prevention, accounting practices, data privacy, and more.

Common ESG Criteria Companies Use

As a rule of thumb when learning about ESG frameworks and metrics, it’s important for those interested in green investing to consider how these may or may not apply to different companies across various industries. A retail company may commit to reporting certain metrics that are relevant to its products and manufacturing, whereas a biotech firm would likely embrace other standards.

Following are some ESG factors commonly used as standards in in ESG frameworks:

Environmental factors: These can help ESG investors assess a company’s energy use and carbon emissions; management of air, water, and ground pollutants; efforts to preserve biodiversity (e.g., limiting deforestation); environmental initiatives, and more.

Social factors: These reflect a company’s commitment to fair labor practices; safe working conditions; equitable hiring; engagement with local communities; product safety; sustainability throughout the supply chain (e.g., sustainable material sourcing, green shipping), and more.

Governance factors: These can include fair and transparent accounting methods; committing to a diverse board and management; avoiding conflicts of interest in leadership; being accountable to shareholders; upholding shareholder rights, and so forth.

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ESG Reporting Frameworks

As mentioned above, there are more than a dozen ESG reporting frameworks. These have been created by business organizations, nonprofits, and others. It’s not mandatory that companies use these frameworks when doing ESG reporting, although there are ongoing efforts by the Securities and Exchange Commission as well as the European Union to create required reporting standards.

Existing frameworks are generally voluntary guidelines for which metrics should be reported, how they should be disclosed, and how often.

Recommended: Sustainable Investing Guide for Beginners

Although the frameworks can be useful tools, the fact that there are so many of them means it’s hard to compare companies to one another and gauge which data and ESG metrics are most meaningful.

Nonetheless, a number of governmental and non-governmental organizations have worked to develop standards to help companies be more transparent about their commitment to meeting certain ESG criteria. Here is a summary of three of the most commonly used ESG frameworks:

Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)

GRI is an independent entity that helps businesses, and also governments, evaluate and report their progress in terms of certain ESG standards.

Although this is a voluntary framework, according to a 2022 report by global accounting firm KPMG, some 78% of the world’s biggest companies by revenue have adopted the GRI reporting standards, making it the most widely adopted framework.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Sustainability Disclosure Standards

The IFRS Foundation set up the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) in 2021, largely because a growing number of companies were looking for a more efficient method for ESG reporting. The ISSB then built upon several existing sustainability standards, in order to create the voluntary IFRS Sustainability Disclosure Standards that many companies now follow.

Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) Standards

Related to the IFRS Sustainability Disclosure Standards are the SASB Standards, which were established in 2018 to provide a way for companies across 77 different industries to report key ESG metrics. Although the SASB Standards were absorbed by the IFRS Foundation, they are still maintained as a separate set of standards by the ISSB, for companies that prefer to use this method.

Benefits of ESG Metrics

There are several upsides of ESG reporting for both companies and investors. These include:

•   Companies can track and report their progress towards ESG goals using a common set of standards.

•   This layer of transparency incentivizes companies to be accountable for their progress (or lack thereof).

•   Companies may save money by adhering to certain ESG standards, which may improve efficiency or reduce waste.

•   Companies that abide by ESG standards may help mitigate certain risk factors.

•   Adhering to an ESG framework helps build trust and a positive image with investors, communities, and other stakeholders.

Key ESG Metrics

Environmental, social, and governance standards encompass a large number of potential issues that companies can be responsible for. Here are a few:

Carbon Footprint

Measuring a company’s carbon footprint and their progress toward reducing it is one of the most common ESG metrics. Lowering carbon emissions can help companies become more efficient, compliant with emissions regulations, lower pollutants, and more.

Steps that a company might be taking to reduce their footprint include:

•   Switching factories and offices to renewable energy

•   Switching to electric transport or reducing the use of conventional transport

•   Reducing waste

•   Switching to raw materials that result in fewer emissions

•   Reusing and recycling materials

•   Purchasing carbon offsets and carbon removal to cancel out any emissions they aren’t able to eliminate.

Energy Efficiency

Another important ESG metric is energy efficiency. Energy efficient companies not only seek to minimize the use of fossil fuels and conventional forms of energy, but to shift to a meaningful use of renewable energy sources.

In addition to the environmental benefits, companies using less energy may save money, which may increase profits and benefit both the companies and investors.

Ways that companies can improve their energy efficiency include:

•   Using energy-efficient bulbs; utilizing natural light when possible

•   Turning off lights and appliances/equipment when not in use

•   Increasing the reliance on electric or hybrid vehicles

•   Minimizing air travel and shipments; investing in green shipping options

•   Managing the use of heat, refrigeration, and air conditioning

Employee and Worker Health and Safety

The health and safety of workers is a key social metric in light of ESG standards. Companies that go beyond legal compliance with federal Occupational Health and Safety Standards (OSHA) may demonstrate a deeper commitment to protecting its workforce in terms of total worker health, physically, mentally, and environmentally.

Efforts may include providing:

•   Proper equipment and training

•   Fire protection and emergency procedures

•   Abatement of safety hazards

•   Psychological support systems

Evaluations of employee health and safety can indicate to investors how good a company is at managing risk and operational procedures that can impact the bottom line. But it also includes a holistic take on how the workforce is faring, in order to ensure low turnover and avoid burnishing a company’s reputation.

Product Manufacturing and Safety

The way products are made and their safety are also important ESG metrics. There is greater awareness of whether materials are sourced responsibly, as well as a focus on supply chain transparency. In addition to meeting standards for sourcing and supply chain transparency, reporting can include:

•   Number of product recalls

•   Product certifications

•   Adherence to federal and state regulations

•   Disclosing any fines or legal action related to product manufacturing

Product safety is also essential in a financial sense, because a commitment to reliable products builds consumer trust and fosters bottom line stability.

Composition of the Board of Directors

The structure, makeup, and practices of the board of directors are a vital ESG metric relating to governance. Having a diversity of voices and opinions on the board, and checks and balances in place to prevent corruption, is key to the success and sustainability of a business.

Companies that disclose their leadership practices may be more accountable than those that don’t. Either way, it’s incumbent on investors to consider a company’s governance structure within a meaningful context: i.e., the relevant industry, as well as the company’s mission and goals.

Diversity and Inclusion

In terms of meeting social standards, companies must foster diversity amongst employees, as well as leadership. Adhering to clear standards around equitable hiring and labor practices can support a stronger, potentially more effective workforce.

Establishing a positive and inclusive company can range from hiring to education to including multiple languages in the workplace.

The Takeaway

ESG standards and reporting frameworks, while far from perfect, can provide investors with metrics for evaluating companies’ ability to uphold certain environmental, social, and governance factors.
Although there isn’t one set of standards for ESG reporting as yet, thousands of companies worldwide use various ESG frameworks to support their disclosures. It’s important for investors to look into the metrics companies report, and make decisions for themselves about the criteria that are important to them.

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For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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What Is Sustainable Shipping?

Sustainable shipping refers to the practice of reducing carbon emissions and environmental pollutants that are typically the result of maritime shipping and transportation.

Although maritime shipping tends to have a lower carbon footprint than shipping via air, rail, or road, it still accounts for about 2.1% of global CO2 emissions because most vessels still rely on fossil fuels. In addition, shipping via the ocean is responsible for pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and particulate matter.

Sustainable shipping practices seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through fuel efficiency, use of renewable energy sources, and redesigning ocean-going vessels of all types. The use of sustainable packaging and containers also plays a role in sustainable shipping.

Key Points

•   Sustainable shipping aims to lower carbon emissions and environmental pollutants that often result from maritime shipping and transportation.

•   Maritime shipping tends to have a lower carbon footprint than other types of shipping, but it still accounts for about 2.1% of global CO2 emissions.

•   Shipping via the ocean is also responsible for pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and particulate matter, in addition to disrupting species’ natural habitats.

•   There is a growing interest from global shipping concerns and financial institutions in supporting sustainable shipping technologies, but there are also obstacles.

•   Sustainable packaging can be a factor in green shipping: the use of renewable and biodegradable packaging options may support efficient and environmentally responsible shipping practices.

Why Does Green Shipping Matter?

In light of global warming trends, the need to reign in greenhouse gases from all sources has emerged as a priority across industries, and shipping is no exception.

Investors who take an interest in green investing goals are likely aware that shipping emits a small but significant amount of the world’s CO2, which contributes to global warming, ocean acidification, loss of biodiversity, and climate change.

In addition to these emissions, shipping can cause air and water pollution, harm wildlife and destroy habitats through dredging, collisions, oil spills, and vessel routes.

Green shipping practices matter because they may help mitigate some of these climate risk factors. Sustainable shipping may also help protect the oceans themselves, which have long been part of the earth’s natural system for absorbing excess carbon dioxide.

Also, making maritime vessels more energy efficient and sustainable overall has certain business implications. Green shipping practices may help shipping companies lower operational costs and become more competitive, perhaps generating some reputational benefits as well.

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Green Shipping Initiatives

Mirroring socially responsible investing (SRI) trends across many industries today, the maritime shipping sector has seen a steady interest in making shipping more environmentally responsible. Consumer demand for greenhouse gas emissions reduction and decarbonization has accelerated in recent years, which has put pressure on the shipping and transportation sector, and created some momentum.

New Technology, New Targets

For example, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set a target of reducing carbon emissions from global shipping by 50% by 2050 versus 2008 levels. Reaching this ambitious goal will require the development and implementation of zero-carbon vessels by 2030, according to the World Shipping Council (WSC).

To accelerate what is in effect a technological revolution in shipping, WSC itself has proposed a $5 billion research and development program that would be funded by key players in the industry.

The Role of Financial Institutions in Green Shipping

Financial institutions are likewise finding ways to get on board with green shipping. For instance, 35 financial institutions have adopted the Poseidon Principles, a framework designed to meet the decarbonization goals of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Collectively the 35 signatories represent 80% of the global portfolio of ship financing.

Recommended: What Is ESG Investing?

Barriers to the Adoption of Green Shipping

Although there is considerable interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the shipping industry, there are also barriers that make implementation difficult. There can be hurdles when it comes to investment and financing in green shipping options, as well as challenges around ESG reporting and sustainability targets.

Some examples:

•   Maritime shipping vessels are expensive, making it hard for companies to build or switch to new ones with lower carbon emissions. Also, there are emissions associated with manufacturing new vessels, canceling out a certain amount of the emissions reduction.

•   Shipping is a cyclical and volatile market, making it hard to have a stable cash flow available for investment into decarbonization.

•   The cost of R&D and developing new technologies to make shipping more sustainable is often high, and there’s no guarantee of commercial adoption.

•   There is an increased shipping demand in developing countries, but it’s more difficult to get financing for green shipping. Investments in green shipping in developing nations tend to come with currency risks, cash flow risks, and other potential risk factors.

•   The shipping sector has traditionally kept its data private, but stakeholders are now demanding more data and sustainability disclosures. Given the inconsistencies of ESG disclosure frameworks, it remains difficult to assess progress in terms of sustainability factors, and thus instituting regulations for widespread adoption is challenging.

•   There is a lot of focus on easy or short-term improvements, such as using renewable energy, but less focus on the harder areas to decarbonize, such as steel and concrete production, which are material to vessel manufacturing and port construction.

•   Used vehicles and vessels are often sent to developing countries. So although developed nations may be adopting lower-emission vessels, those high-emission vehicles may still be in use.

Recommended: Sustainable Investing Guide for Beginners

What Is Sustainable Packaging?

Sustainable packaging refers to the shift away from materials that are considered toxic for the environment (e.g., traditional petroleum-based plastics, non-recyclable cardboard, styrofoam), toward recyclable, reusable, and biodegradable types of packaging.

Sustainable packaging can include:

•   Recyclable packaging such as paper, glass, and recyclable cardboard.

•   Packaging made from reusable materials like recyclable paper, bamboo, wood, and others.

•   Biodegradable and compostable materials like polylactic acid (PLA)-based bioplastics, often made from corn, potato, and other organic substances that biodegrade.

Why Sustainable Packaging Matters

Reducing carbon emissions is challenging in any industry owing to the various channels, direct and indirect, that can contribute to emissions. For example, the use of packaging in the shipping sector is also responsible for various types of waste and pollution.

First, because traditional packaging materials are often not biodegradable or recyclable they can add to the environmental impact of maritime shipping and other industries. While it’s nice to imagine a container ship sailing from one port to another, loading and unloading goods without any mishaps, accidents can and do occur — putting plastics, styrofoam, and other toxic materials in waterways.

Also, some materials and packaging that are labeled as recyclable or compostable don’t really get recycled, and can only degrade under specific conditions.

Thus, sustainable packaging may offer additional benefits to the shipping industry, in that recyclable and biodegradable packaging options may support greater efficiency in shipping products overall.

Sustainable Packaging Initiatives

The good news is that there are proposals to increase transparency in packaging labels, as well as the development of new materials and packaging options that are more environmentally friendly. Some ways that packaging can become more sustainable are:

•   Transparent labeling

•   Eliminating single-use plastic from packaging

•   Removing toxic chemicals such as dyes, fragrances, and solvents

•   Shipping in bulk when possible

•   Switching to refillable packaging options

💡 Quick Tip: It’s smart to invest in a range of assets so that you’re not overly reliant on any one company or market to do well. For example, by investing in different sectors you can add diversification to your portfolio, which may help mitigate some risk factors over time.

Opportunities in the Green Shipping Sector

Individuals interested in ESG investing strategies can explore various investment options in the green shipping sector. Categories of green stocks to look for within the shipping sector include:

•   Low- or zero-emission fuels such as green hydrogen, biodiesel, ammonia, and methanol

•   Renewable energy technologies such as solar energy and wind energy.

•   Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and index funds that are focused on sustainable or ESG investments.

•   In addition to investing in stocks and ETFs, choosing consumer or commercial end products from companies that are embracing sustainable or ESG principles.

•   Investing in companies that use sustainable packaging, such as recycled packaging and alternative materials to plastic.

•   Investors looking for fixed-income options can consider green bonds.

The Takeaway

As one of the biggest sectors in the world, there are both significant challenges and opportunities for green shipping and decarbonization of transportation. As an individual, you can participate in green shipping by investing in companies working to embrace sustainable fuel, technology, infrastructure, and supply chain alternatives.

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INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or by emailing customer service at [email protected]. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.

Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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What to Know About Debit Card PINs: Security, Usage, and Best Practices

A debit card PIN is its personal identification number or code that allows you to securely conduct transactions, such as ATM withdrawals and purchases at retail locations.

A debit card is tied directly to a bank account. When you make a transaction with your debit card, the money is withdrawn from your account’s available balance. Read on to learn more about how PINs are used, how they can help keep your money safe, and other important details.

Key Points

•  A debit card PIN is a short numeric code used for secure transactions, such as ATM withdrawals and retail purchases.

•  Debit cards can be used without a PIN on credit networks, typically requiring a signature instead.

•  You can create or change your PIN through your bank’s website, app, or branch.

•  Protect your PIN to prevent unauthorized access to your bank account, and report any suspicious activity immediately.

•  If someone knows your PIN, change it promptly to safeguard your account.

Understanding Debit Card PINs

A debit card is a card that is tied to a traditional or online bank account, usually a checking account, that allows you to conduct transactions in person and online.

When you use a debit card, you will usually be required to enter a numeric PIN, usually four digits long. PIN stands for personal identification number, and it is used as an extra level of security for making transactions with your debit card. Because the “n” in PIN stands for “number,” it is technically incorrect to talk about your debit card PIN number, since that would be “personal identification number number,” though many people still commonly refer to a PIN as a “PIN number.”

What Is a PIN and Why It’s Important

A PIN, again, is typically a four-digit number that is used when processing a debit card transaction through the debit network. A PIN helps to ensure the security of transactions used with your debit card. If you lose your debit card, nobody will be able to withdraw money from an ATM without also having your PIN.

How PINs Work With Debit Cards

As noted above, it’s possible to use most debit cards as either a debit card or a credit card, the latter of which can typically be processed without a PIN.

•  If you use your debit card at an ATM, you will need to enter your PIN to withdraw money, check your balance or access your account.

•  When you are using your debit card at a brick-and-mortar merchant, you typically need to enter your PIN. Many locations simply ask you to sign, as detailed below, but others will require you to enter your pin. If you want to get cashback as part of your transaction, you’ll also need to enter your PIN.

•  It’s possible to use your debit card without a PIN, processed through the credit card processing network associated with your card — usually either Mastercard or Visa. While you don’t need to enter your PIN, you will probably be required to sign to complete the transaction if you’re at a brick-and-mortar retailer. Or you might need to type in your address information if you are conducting an online transaction.

•  An important debit card fact: Choosing the “credit” option for your debit card transaction doesn’t mean that you are making a credit card purchase and potentially accruing interest. The transaction is just “put through” in a different way that may take a bit longer to clear. The funds still come straight out of your bank account.

•  However, the fact debit transactions can be processed as credit does mean that if you lose your debit card, you will want to contact your bank to report it lost as soon as possible. That can prevent someone from making unauthorized transactions simply by signing your name.

As you see, how PINs are used with debit cards can vary depending on the location and kind of transaction you are completing.

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Creating and Managing Your PIN

You’ll usually create the PIN for your debit card when you first open your bank account.

•  Sometimes you will choose your own PIN, and in other cases the bank will assign you a PIN. If the bank sends you your PIN, it will often come in an unmarked envelope separate from your debit card. This reduces the risk that both your card and PIN will be intercepted in the mail on their way to you.

•  While you may create or be assigned a debit card PIN when your account is created, you typically have the ability to change your PIN at any time (often via the financial institution’s website or app). When you create or change your PIN, you’ll want to make sure to choose a secure PIN. Don’t choose common PINs like repeated numbers (such as 8888), alternating numbers (as in 2424), your birthdate or anniversary, or the last four digits of your account or card number.

•  If you forget your debit card PIN (yes, it happens), your bank may offer a way to access it via their website or app. If not, you could call customer service for assistance or visit a branch, if your financial institution has them.

One last note about PINs: You should avoid choosing the same PIN for multiple different accounts.

Recommended: How to Deposit a Check

PIN Safety and Security Measures

If someone has access to both your debit card and your PIN, they can access your bank account. That’s why protecting your PIN is one of the most important things that you can do to keep your bank account safe to avoid unauthorized transactions and bank fraud. Follow these guidelines:

•  Never give your PIN out to anyone (or if you have to, quickly change it afterwards).

•  When you’re at an ATM, make sure you physically block anyone that happens to be nearby from being able to see your PIN.

•  If you do think that someone may have access to your PIN or you suspect fraudulent activity, you should change your PIN and contact your bank immediately.

•  If you experience the loss of your card or any unauthorized transactions using your debit card, notify your bank as soon as possible. If you alert them within two business days, you are only responsible for the amount of unauthorized transactions or $50, whichever is less. If you notify your financial institution after those two business days, you could be responsible for up to $500. If you notice unauthorized transactions on your statement, it’s important to contact your bank within 60 days, or you could be liable for the transactions.

These steps can help you to keep your debit card and PIN secure and to avoid loss.

Using Your PIN: ATMs, Point-of-Sale, and Online Transactions

There are different scenarios where your PIN may or may not be required.

•  If you are using a debit card as a credit card, your PIN may not be required. This is because most online transactions are processed using the credit processing network associated with your card (such as Visa or Mastercard). You may be required to sign or, if conducting an online transaction, add other personal details, such as your address.

•  At an ATM, your PIN will be required before you can use your debit card to withdraw cash, check your balance or access your account.

•  If you are making a cardless withdrawal, however, you may or may not need your PIN; the app you are using may have you, say, scan a QR code to get cash at the ATM.

•  If you are using your debit card at a physical point-of-sale terminal at a merchant, your debit card PIN may or may not be required. If you enter your PIN, your transaction will be processed as a debit card, and you likely will not be required to sign the receipt.

•  If you bypass the PIN, your transaction could be processed over the credit network, and you may be asked to sign the receipt to verify the transaction. (A reminder: This doesn’t mean it’s added to your credit card bill; the funds still come from your bank account.)

Understanding the different kinds of transactions you can make with a debit card and its PIN can help you manage your money better and optimize its security.

Recommended: Emergency Fund Calculator

The Takeaway

A debit card PIN is usually a 4-digit number that helps to ensure the security of your account. In most cases, you can either use a debit card with your PIN (say, at retail locations or to withdraw funds from an ATM) or possibly by signing. Your PIN helps to keep your account secure. If you forgot your debit card PIN or suspect someone else has access to it, contact your bank’s customer service department immediately.

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FAQ

Can I use my debit card without a PIN?

Yes, you can often use your debit card without a PIN. Most debit cards are part of a credit card processing network (such as Visa or Mastercard). That means that you can “run” your card on these networks, without having to enter your PIN. You may be required to sign if completing a transaction in person or, if online, you might have to enter other details, such as your address.

How often should I change my debit card PIN?

One of the main purposes of having a debit card PIN is to help make sure that no unauthorized purchases are made to your account. You’ll typically change your debit card PIN if you lose your card or if you think someone might know your PIN.

What should I do if I think someone knows my PIN?

If you think that someone else knows your debit card PIN, it’s a good idea to change your PIN right away. You may be able to change your PIN through your bank’s website, app, or, if your account is at a brick-and-mortar bank, at a branch. In some situations, your bank may also send you a new debit card with new card numbers to safeguard your account.


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Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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What Is the BRRRR Method in Real Estate? A Comprehensive Guide

If you’re into real estate investing, and you’re thinking about expanding your portfolio to include multiple rental properties, you may have seen the acronym BRRRR and wondered what it means.

BRRRR — which stands for Buy, Rehab, Rent, Refinance, Repeat — is kind of like house flipping, but on steroids. Instead of reselling a newly rehabbed home for a one-time profit, a BRRRR investor keeps the property and rents it with the goal of generating income while also building equity to make another purchase, and another, and so on.

Read on to learn more about this complicated investing strategy, how it works, and some pros and cons.

Understanding the BRRRR Method

Don’t let the “cool” and easy-to-remember acronym fool you: Successfully executing each step of the BRRRR method can require time and effort, and knowledge about how to invest in real estate, especially in your local market. Here are some BRRRR real estate basics:

BRRRR Meaning

BRRRR is a strategy real estate investors use to keep adding rental homes to their property portfolio. Each of the five letters stands for a step in the process:

•  B – Buy a property that you expect to gain significant value but that may need a substantial amount of work.

•  R – Rehab that property to gain equity and make it appealing to renters.

•  R – Rent the property to provide an income source.

•  R – Refinance the property with a cash-out refinance to provide money for your next investment property.

•  R – Repeat the process with another property that needs help and keep building your portfolio.

Origin and Evolution of the Strategy

Investors have been following these steps for years in an effort to maximize the profits from their rental properties. But podcaster and blogger Brandon Turner of BiggerPockets.com gets credit for the catchy BRRRR acronym, which is now a common term in the real estate lexicon.

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Breaking Down the BRRRR Method

Each step in the BRRRR process presents its own challenges, which may become easier as you develop your own systems and go-to sources. Here’s a look at what to expect.

Buy

Finding the right property to purchase is critical to making the whole strategy work. Many experienced BRRRR investors recommend buying a distressed property that’s in need of renovations, so you can get in cheap and secure the biggest return on your investment. If you have the wherewithal to manage this type of project without getting in over your head, you may be able to quickly add to your equity. And if the property is in a sought-after area, you may find you can charge more for rent.

Rehab

A distressed property may be a good buy, but major repair costs can cut into your profit. And unless you plan to do the work yourself, you’ll need a reliable contractor to help you renovate. Budgeting is a big factor at this stage. It can help to know the market, so you don’t over- or under-improve the property. And since you may be the person who gets the calls when things need to be repaired or replaced, you’ll want to make sure everything is solid and safe.

Rent

Finding the right renter can be difficult — so you may want to hire a trusted property management service to take on this step of the BRRRR strategy. You’ll likely want to check on each applicant’s employment, review their credit score, and perhaps do a criminal background check. Having a reliable renter can cut your overall costs (the place won’t sit empty, you’ll get paid, and you won’t have to worry about damages). And you may need to have a signed lease when you go to do your cash-out refinance. It’s also critical to factor in all your costs and current rent prices for comparable homes in the area when deciding how much to charge.

Refinance

Once you begin collecting rent, you can use it to pay off some of your current costs and prepare for your next purchase. Then, as soon as you have enough equity in the property, you can start the ball rolling on your cash-out refinance. The goal here is to swap your original mortgage for a new loan, preferably with better terms, and to come away with a portion of your equity in cash to put toward your next project. Lenders may have different rules regarding how long you have to own the property, or how much equity you must have to qualify, so it can be helpful to build a relationship with a reliable lender who becomes your go-to source for this step.

Repeat

With the cash from your refinance in hand, it’ll be time to start another property search — or, better yet, to move on a property you’ve already found. If the strategy works, an investor could potentially purchase multiple rental properties and continue making money through rent and equity.

Benefits of the BRRRR Method

As with any investment, there are benefits and risks associated with the BRRRR method. Some of the pros include:

•  You can build equity. If you buy multiple properties, renovate them, hold on to them, and maintain them so they keep their value, you can expect to keep building equity.

•  You can generate a reliable flow of cash. If you buy multiple properties, renovate them, hold on to them, and maintain them so they keep their value, you can expect to keep building equity.

•  You can diversify your investment portfolio Adding real estate investments that provide passive income can further diversify your portfolio, which can help protect you during market fluctuations.

•  You can take advantage of certain tax breaks. As a property owner who earns rental income, you may be able to deduct some of your expenses (mortgage interest, property taxes, repair and management costs, etc.) on your tax return each year.

Challenges and Risks

Some of the drawbacks to the BRRRR strategy can include:

•  You may experience market fluctuations. Although property values and rent prices always seem to be going up, there’s the chance they could slip and (at least temporarily) affect your profit. And if you can’t make your payments, you could lose the property.

•  You may run into renovation overruns. If you’ve ever watched a home renovation show, you know how easy it can be to go over budget. Solid planning, a thorough home inspection, and a contingency fund are must-haves for the rehab stage of this strategy.

•  You may lose rental income if there’s vacancy. Finding reliable tenants can be challenging — and unreliable tenants can mean lost income and/or added costs.

•  You may have trouble refinancing. Depending on the market, lender criteria, and your own creditworthiness, it may be harder than you expected to get a loan, or to get the terms you hoped for when buying or refinancing.

Financial Considerations

Before jumping on the BRRRR bandwagon, there are several financial considerations to keep in mind, including:

Initial Capital Requirements

Unless you’ve saved up a pile of cash to buy your first property, you’ll need to find financing. That could mean:

•  Taking out a mortgage — which can require coming up with a down payment and closing costs.

•  Borrowing against the equity in your own home — which can put your home at risk of foreclosure if your BRRRR business isn’t profitable.

•  Taking out a hard money loan — which is common for this type of real estate investing, but typically comes with high interest rates and short repayment terms — can be risky. Hard money loans are generally offered by individual investors and investment firms that can provide fast funding and usually care more about the value of the asset than the borrower’s creditworthiness.

Rehab Costs

When looking at investment properties — particularly distressed properties — it’s important to calculate the estimated value of the home after renovations and repairs. This is known as the after-repair value (ARV = current property value + value added from renovations). For the BRRRR method, it can be useful to consider how improvements will affect the value of the home for equity and rental income. A common BRRRR rule of thumb is that you should avoid paying more than 70% of the ARV when purchasing the property. So, for example, if a home’s ARV is $400,000, you wouldn’t pay more than $280,000 for the home.

It can also be helpful to carefully prioritize the renovations you plan to make. Making the home safe is critical, but your costs will also include improvements that add value, such as updating appliances, installing new windows, and adding curb appeal.

Cash-Out Refinancing

Cash-out refinancing is a critical part of the BRRRR strategy, since you’ll use the money to buy another property to rehab and rent. You may want to spend a little time researching and comparing lenders to get the best interest rate and other loan terms for your needs and goals. Be prepared: Qualifying for a cash-out refinance and the mortgage refinancing costs (loan fees and other closing costs) can be similar to a home purchase.

Return on Investment Calculations

Calculating return on investment (ROI) can help you make smarter decisions about the properties you own and those you hope to add to your real estate portfolio. Some things to consider when estimating your ROI include:

•  Purchase price and financing terms. If you pay too much for a property or the loan, your returns are likely to disappoint. Negotiating a good deal is a key to making the BRRRR strategy work.

•  Profitable and reliable rental income. Finding the sweet spot between charging competitive rental prices and keeping vacancies low is also essential.

•  Operating expenses. Keeping your property running smoothly can lower your operating costs in the long term. But things like maintenance costs, property management fees, insurance premiums, and the property taxes included in mortgage payments can all directly impact ROI. Again, finding the right balance between efficiency (getting things done) and economy (keeping things affordable) can help you maximize your profit.

•  Property appreciation. Speaking of the long term, a property’s potential to increase in value can also be an important factor when determining ROI.

•  Tax advantages. Investors can reduce their taxable income each year by claiming depreciation, mortgage interest deductions, and other tax benefits related to their rental properties.

Recommended: Mortgage Calculator with Taxes

BRRRR vs Traditional Real Estate Investing

Risk vs. reward is a common theme in all types of investing — and it’s definitely something to look at when comparing the BRRRR method to traditional real estate investing.

While investors using the BRRRR method have the potential to expand their portfolio — and grow their wealth — at a faster clip than traditional real estate investors, they’re also taking on more risk. Which is why choosing between the two approaches can boil down to knowing yourself: How much time and effort do you want to put in? How much do you really know about real estate, renovating, rentals, and the market where you would purchase the home? What is your tolerance for risk (emotionally and financially)?

If you’re relatively new to real estate investing, you may want to seek out some advice from someone who’s a BRRRR veteran. It may make sense to hone your skills and get to know your market better before diving in. Or you may decide that taking a more hands-off approach with REIT investing (investing in a real estate investment trust) is a better fit for you.

Recommended: Real Estate vs. Stocks: Pros and Cons

Tips for Successful BRRRR Implementation

Think you may be ready to tackle the BRRRR method? Here are some planning tips:

•  Use your contacts. If you’ve been investing in real estate for a while, it’s likely you have a go-to group of pros you work with on a regular basis. Tap those folks — real estate professionals, contractors, workers — for advice and assistance as you search for a property to purchase and rehab.

•  Stick to a budget. The key to BRRRR is to keep costs manageable all through the process. That means figuring out your costs before you buy, and sticking to a budget as you renovate, rent, and maintain the property.

•  Be picky about tenants. Choosing good tenants can help you avoid problems with vacancies, missed rent payments, maintenance problems, and other issues. Paying a professional service to vet potential renters could end up saving you money later on.

•  Don’t forget the importance of refinancing. Finding the right lender and home mortgage loan terms as you prepare for your cash-out refinance can help you confidently move on to the next property.

•  Learn from your wins and losses. When you hit the “repeat” stage of the BRRRR method, you can use what you learned along the way to keep improving your process and the team of people you work with.

The Takeaway

The BRRRR method of real estate investing can be profitable: Investors who make it work can enjoy passive income from their rentals and build equity in a portfolio of properties. But BRRRR also can be time-consuming and risky. Newer investors may want to wait until they have more experience with traditional real estate investing before they jump into this strategy.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

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FAQ

How long does a typical BRRRR cycle take?

A BRRRR cycle can vary based on several factors (property selection and closing, renovation schedule, cash-out refinance timeline), but it generally takes a few months to a year.

What types of properties work best for the BRRRR method?

BRRRR investors typically look for distressed properties that can be purchased for a low price. This allows them to add value faster, and to turn their equity into cash to use for their next purchase.

How does BRRRR affect taxes and depreciation?

BRRRR investors can reduce their taxable income over the long term by claiming mortgage interest deductions as well as deductions for property taxes, operating expenses, repairs and depreciation on their rental properties.

Can BRRRR be used in any real estate market?

Yes, the BRRRR method can be used in any real estate market. But it requires finding the right property at the right price, as well as having a manageable rehab budget and reasonable financing and refinancing terms to make it a success.


Photo credit: iStock/Rockaa

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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Venmo vs PayPal

Payment apps can make sending money to others, buying things online, or splitting the cost of a meal out with friends quicker and easier. There’s no need to enter your credit card details or deal with the hassles that cash and checks can present. That said, you may wonder about the difference between two popular options, Venmo vs. PayPal, and which one better suits your needs at a given moment.

Perhaps surprisingly, Venmo is owned by PayPal, so these apps share many convenient features. Learn how they differ and which one may be right for your financial needs.

Key Points

•   Venmo enables peer-to-peer transactions within the U.S. and features social elements to share transaction details.

•   PayPal supports both personal and business transactions globally, available to both U.S. and international users.

•   PayPal also offers certain social features, such as a “Sell on Social” option that allows users to share items for sale with their social network.

•   Both Venmo and PayPal impose fees on credit card transactions and instant bank transfers.

•   Security measures include encryption and fraud protection, among others, though users should remain vigilant against phishing scams.

Key Features Comparison

Here are a few of the key features of Venmo and PayPal, and how they compare to each other:

Venmo

PayPal

Transactions must be initiated through the mobile app Transactions can be initiated through the mobile app or PayPal’s website
Primarily used for peer-to-peer payments, though can be used for business as well Can be used either for peer-to-peer or business transactions
Can both send and request money Can both send and request money
No fee to pay with a savings or checking account or debit card; currently a 3% fee for using a credit card No fee to pay with a bank account; currently 2.99% plus a fixed fee to use either debit and credit cards
Spending limit of $7,000 a week and sending limit of $60,000 a week for verified accounts No limit on spending or sending, though potentially up to $60,000 per single transaction for verified accounts
Domestic transactions only Domestic and international transactions

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*Earn up to 4.00% Annual Percentage Yield (APY) on SoFi Savings with a 0.70% APY Boost (added to the 3.30% APY as of 12/23/25) for up to 6 months. Open a new SoFi Checking and Savings account and pay the $10 SoFi Plus subscription every 30 days OR receive eligible direct deposits OR qualifying deposits of $5,000 every 31 days by 3/30/26. Rates variable, subject to change. Terms apply here. SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC.

Fee Structures

Both PayPal and Venmo charge fees for sending and receiving money in many different situations.

•   Personal transfers with both Venmo and PayPal are free, though there are some limitations to the amount and frequency you can send money to or from friends for free (see general guidelines above). These limits can vary depending on whether your account has been identity-verified or not.

◦   If you are transferring money from the app to your bank account/debit card, both payment services will do that for free within a few days. If you want to have that transaction completed instantly, comparing Venmo vs. PayPal fees again find they are equal (at the time of publication). Each charges 1.75% of the transaction amount, with a minimum of $0.25 and maximum of $25. PayPal may add currency conversions for international transactions.

◦   Note that there may be limits on how much you can transfer in this way in a single transaction or specific time period.

•   Business transactions may also come with a fee for the business that is accepting payments as well as for consumers (as noted above) who pay with a credit card. Venmo doesn’t charge a fee when you pay with a debit card, but PayPal typically does.

•   International transactions are not currently supported by Venmo. If you use PayPal to send payments to someone in another country, there is an international fee of 5% of the transaction, in addition to possible currency conversion and other fees.

Costs to Be Aware of

While both PayPal and Venmo are upfront about their fee structures, there are still a few costs that may seem unexpected if you are new to these platforms. A couple of common fees to note:

•   Both platforms will charge you if you send money using a credit card. You can avoid this fee by sending money from a checking or savings account or your existing balance. (As mentioned previously, PayPal often charges a fee if you use your debit card as well.)

•   Another cost to watch out for is that both PayPal and Venmo charge a 1.75% fee for instant transfers from your account in the app to your bank. To avoid this fee, select a normal bank transfer, which generally takes a few days to process.

Recommended: 10 Personal Finance Basics

Security and Fraud Protection

Both PayPal and Venmo work to protect their users. A few points to consider:

•   Encryption: Both PayPal and Venmo use encryption to protect their users’ data. It’s important, however, to understand that there are many phishing scams where criminals pretend to be reaching out on behalf of either Venmo or PayPal. Be vigilant about any communication you receive that says they are from either PayPal or Venmo, and check the payment app itself to see if you are being contacted by the providers.

•   Fraud protection: Venmo and PayPal both offer purchase protection for certain transactions which can help prevent fraud when you shop. You may be able to get refunded in the event that a purchase does not arrive or is not as described.

•   Dispute resolution: PayPal has a Resolution Center where you can flag any transaction you don’t recognize and otherwise dispute charges. Venmo allows users to open a dispute about a transaction within the app.

Recommended: APY Calculator

Social Features

Like many payment apps, PayPal and Venmo encourage interaction with friends, family, and others in your social network. PayPal has a “Sell on Social” feature that allows people to easily share items for sale with their social networks.

Venmo is widely seen as having robust social features. (Using emojis is popular on the platform, for instance.) Depending on your privacy settings, you may be able to see the purchases and other transactions of your friends on Venmo. Make sure that you adjust your privacy settings to reflect what you feel comfortable sharing.

International Capabilities

When it comes to PayPal vs. Venmo and international capabilities, there are major differences.

•   Supported countries: Currently, Venmo is only supported in the U.S. If you have moved outside the U.S. and need to access any funds you have in your Venmo account, you’ll need to contact Venmo support. PayPal, on the other hand, is supported in more than 200 countries and regions. In this way, in a Venmo vs. PayPal comparison, PayPal would be the better option if you want to conduct international transactions.

•   Currency conversion: PayPal typically charges the retail rate of exchange, plus a currency conversion fee of 4.5% of the transaction.

•   Cross-border fees: If you send or receive payments internationally with PayPal, you will likely pay a cross-border fee. This will vary depending on the location involved, but is typically a percentage of the total transaction.

Recommended: How to Wire Money in 5 Steps

The Takeaway

Venmo and PayPal are two of the largest companies that help people send and receive money, both for purchases as well as between friends and family. There are some significant differences between PayPal and Venmo (such as Venmo only being supported in the U.S.). While there are ways to use these apps to send money for free, charges with certain types of transactions — such as those where you use a debit card — and fees may vary. Educating yourself about PayPal vs. Venmo can help you decide when to use which payment apps.

Another way to send funds is using tools that your bank account offers.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy 3.30% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings with eligible direct deposit.

FAQ

Can businesses use both Venmo and PayPal?

Businesses can use Venmo and PayPal to receive or send money online. A business needs to set up either a Venmo Business or PayPal for Business account, which may come with additional processing fees. You’ll also want to make sure that you are aware of the different refund policies before accepting Venmo or PayPal for business transactions.

Are there transaction limits on Venmo and PayPal?

Yes, both Venmo and PayPal have transaction limits in place. Venmo has a weekly spending limit of $299.99 if you have not verified your account. If you have verified, you can send up to $60,000 per week and also spend a combined $7,000 a week on purchases with Venmo. If you have a verified PayPal account, there is generally no limit to the total amount of money that you can send, however PayPal may limit the amount that you can send in one transaction. Without verification, you can make a one-time payment of up to $4,000.

How do refunds work on each platform?

With PayPal, you can request a refund, which will be returned to your original payment form (say, credit card or bank account). Keep in mind with PayPal is that if you send money via “Friends & Family” instead of as “Goods & Services,” your transaction is not covered by PayPal’s Purchase Protection, so you may not be able to get a refund if the seller chooses not to issue one. Refunds on Venmo work similarly: The Purchase Protection program covers certain transactions. You must contact the vendor you sent money to, who can refund you via your original form of payment.


Photo credit: iStock/MStudioImages

SoFi Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. The SoFi® Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 12/23/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network every 31 calendar days.

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

See additional details at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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