What Is the Due Diligence Tax Preparer Penalty?

The due diligence tax preparer penalty is a fine for income tax preparers who fail to meet due diligence requirements when preparing tax returns that claim certain credits or head of household filing status.

The IRS takes due diligence very seriously because fraudulent claims are becoming increasingly common. The agency even conducts “Knock and Talk” visits as part of its Preparer Compliance Program to educate preparers, discuss errors, and explain the risks of not providing accurate tax returns.

Let’s take a closer look at what due diligence for tax preparers means, how preparers should perform it, and the penalties for not following the rules.

What Is Due Diligence for Tax Preparers?

People use tax experts to prepare their income taxes for them because the experts know how to take advantage of tax rules. By claiming all possible tax credits or tax deductions, clients keep more of the money they earn rather than handing it over to the IRS.

U.S. income tax preparers must adhere to tax laws and conduct due diligence when they prepare tax returns for taxpayers who claim certain tax credits or head of household (HOH) filing status. HOH status gives an unmarried filer with a qualifying dependent tax advantages that a single filer does not have.

The IRS requires due diligence from tax preparers to make sure their clients really do qualify for the credits or HOH status because they will pay less tax to the IRS.

The credits that fall under due diligence are the following:

•   Earned income tax credit (EITC)

•   Child tax credit (CTC), additional child tax credit (ACTC), credit for other dependents (ODC)

•   American opportunity tax credit (AOTC)

•   Head of household (HOH) filing status

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Recommended: What Are the Different Types of Taxes?

What Is the Due Diligence Tax Preparer Penalty for 2023?

Each failure on a return filed in 2023 carries a penalty of $560. If a preparer claims all four benefits on a return and fails to perform due diligence for each benefit, the penalty for that return is $2,240. The preparer can also be referred to the Office of Professional Responsibility, or even the IRS Criminal Investigation Unit, if their failure to comply is deemed willful. It’s also possible that the IRS may request the Department of Justice to seek an injunction to stop the preparer from preparing any future returns.

What Are the Four Due Diligence Requirements?

To comply with due diligence and avoid a penalty, the IRS requires a tax preparer to do the following:

Complete and Submit Form 8867

The form must be based on information obtained from the client. It can be submitted to the IRS with the e-Filed return or claim, or included in the filed return or claim.

Compute the Credits

The preparer must complete the appropriate worksheets for each applicable credit (such as those found in the instructions for Form 1040 or Form 8863) and keep records of the information and calculations used.

Conduct the Knowledge Test

The preparer must interview the client to verify that the information on income tax withholdings, earnings, dependents, and all relevant data are correct, consistent, and complete. The preparer must also keep a record of the interview.

Keep the Records for Three Years

Documents can be held in electronic or paper format.

Recommended: Your 2023 Tax Season Prep List

What Are Examples of a Due Diligence Penalty?

Let’s say a taxpayer who is preparing for tax season wants to claim the earned income tax credit (EITC). This credit is calculated by multiplying the taxpayer’s income by a percentage determined by the IRS. The amount of the credit phases out above certain income levels that vary depending on the number of qualifying children the taxpayer has. A due diligence penalty might be levied if the tax preparer makes one of the following common errors:

•   The tax preparer fails to verify if a child qualifies under the EITC in terms of their age, relationship, or residency requirements.

•   The tax preparer files claiming the client is single or head of household even though the taxpayer is married.

•   The tax preparer reports inaccurate income or expenses for the client.

The IRS gives more specific guidelines to tax preparers in Publication 4687. The publication gives specific examples of situations where the practitioner should ask further questions to fulfill the due diligence requirement. For example, “A 22-year-old client wants to claim two sons, ages 10 and 11, as qualifying children for the EITC.”

In this case, the IRS recommends the tax preparer does some further checking because the children’s ages are so close to the client’s age. The preparer is expected to make reasonable inquiries to verify the children’s relationship with the client.

Another example from the IRS: “A client has two qualifying children and wants to claim the EITC. She claims to have earned $20,000 in income from her Schedule C business and had no business expenses.”

The IRS considers it unusual for someone who is self-employed to have no business expenses. Due diligence expects the preparer to ask additional reasonable questions to determine whether their client is carrying on a business and whether the information about her income and expenses are correct.

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Pros and Cons of the Due Diligence Penalty

The due diligence requirements demand extra work for tax preparers, such as conducting in-depth interviews and storing documents. However, preparers can establish policies and procedures with checklists and consistent practices, which should keep them organized and prevent them from falling foul of the IRS.

Pros

•   If the tax preparer can show they have “reasonable cause” for an understatement on the return, and the preparer acted in “good faith” while preparing the return, the preparer generally will not be penalized.

•   Following a due diligence checklist for every tax return ensures office procedures to minimize mistakes.

•   If a checklist is always followed, it is more likely that the preparer acts in good faith while preparing returns and will not be penalized.

Cons

•   Tax preparers may need to develop a system and a checklist for due diligence cases and follow it consistently.

•   Tax preparers need to keep meticulous records of interviews and documents.

•   Tax preparers must stay up to date with current and new requirements related to due diligence, as the IRS rulings change frequently to help reduce tax fraud and abuse.

The Takeaway

The IRS takes due diligence seriously when taxpayers are claiming certain tax benefits or head of household status. Therefore, it’s critical that tax preparers follow the due diligence rules and develop consistent processes and checklists to ensure they comply. Due diligence penalties are significant, and a preparer may even be referred to the Department of Justice and prevented from practicing. The due diligence requirements may mean extra work for tax preparers, such as conducting in-depth interviews, creating checklists, and storing documents. However, the extra work is well worth it to keep them organized and on the right side of the IRS.

It’s also important to make sure your finances are in order during tax season and beyond, and a money tracker app can help. The SoFi app connects your accounts in one convenient dashboard, allowing you to see your balances, spending breakdowns, and credit score monitoring. You also get valuable insights that can help you make progress toward your financial goals.

Stay up to date on your finances by seeing exactly how your money comes and goes.

FAQ

What is the due diligence penalty for 2023?

The penalty for returns filed in 2023 is $560 for each failure on a return. If a preparer claims all four benefits on a return and fails to perform due diligence for each benefit, the penalty for that return is $2,240.

What happens to a paid preparer who fails to meet the due diligence requirements IRC 6695 G?

Under IRC 6695 G, the penalty in calendar year 2022 is $545 for each failure of a tax preparer to meet due diligence requirements and determine a taxpayer’s eligibility for the head of household filing status or the following credits:

•   Any dependent credit, including the Additional Child Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit

•   American Opportunity Credit

•   Earned Income Tax Credit

•   Lifetime Learning Credit

What happens if a tax preparer doesn’t meet the due diligence requirements?

In addition to facing penalties, a tax preparer who does not do due diligence will be referred to the Office of Professional Responsibility. If the failure is deemed willful, the preparer can be referred to the IRS Criminal Investigation, and the Department of Justice may take away the right for the preparer to work on any future returns.


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Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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10 Entry-level Jobs with Little Human Interaction

An entry-level position can help you get your foot in the door of a new industry or provide experience and on-the-job training to help you move up the ladder. Depending on the job, you may be required to work closely with colleagues, vendors, customers, or the general public. If you’re an introvert, all that face-to-face interaction could sound overwhelming and downright exhausting.

Luckily, there are a variety of entry-level jobs that require little human interaction and can still set you on the path to a satisfying career.

What Is an Entry-Level Job?

Entry-level jobs are roles that typically require minimal education or prior experience. They may be designed specifically for individuals just graduating from college who have higher academic qualifications, or they may not require any post-secondary education at all. Jobs that require a college education may offer a higher starting wage, though there are also high-paying trade jobs.

Some companies will require new entry-level hires to participate in on-site training to bring them up to speed on the skills they’ll need to complete the tasks required of them. Jobseekers may find an entry-level position in every industry, and they could land a fulfilling job that pays well.

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When to Start Applying for Entry-Level Jobs

It’s common for recent high school or college graduates to apply for entry-level jobs. If you want to start work as soon as you finish school, you may consider applying to jobs a couple of months in advance of your graduation date.

But entry-level jobs aren’t only for people fresh out of school. Those hoping to switch career paths may want to apply for entry-level jobs to gain experience in their new field. Some retirees may also look for a part- or full-time role to pick up extra income, including work-from-home jobs.

Once you begin earning a wage, consider using a spending app to help you set a budget and track your income and spending.

Pros and Cons of an Entry-level Job With Little Human Interaction

The potential advantages and disadvantages of entry-level jobs for introverts will depend largely on your personality. As you’re hunting for a job, ask yourself what you want and need from a position. Here’s a look at some potential pros and cons.

Pros

•   A quiet workspace allows you to focus on the tasks at hand.

•   Fewer interruptions from bosses and coworkers who want your attention.

•   There’s less potential to get wrapped up in office politics.

•   Having fewer interactions with people can create a calmer atmosphere for those who get anxious interacting with others.

Cons

•   There’s potentially less opportunity to learn from bosses and coworkers.

•   You may spend more time troubleshooting issues on your own.

•   If you’re a people person, positions with little human interaction can feel isolating.

•   If you’re out of sight, you may be out of mind and miss out on opportunities that could advance your career.

Tips to Finding an Entry-level Job

Begin your job hunt by getting to know yourself. What industries are you interested in? And what skills do you already bring to the table?

Next, use an online job search engine. Some are quite large and will help you explore jobs across the country in many industries. But if you’re looking for something specific, you might try specialty job boards.

When applying for a job, send a resume that explains your education, experience, and skills. It’s also a good idea to write a cover letter that’s customized to the job you’re applying for.

Though it may not be appealing if you’re not a people person, you can also network with colleagues in your field of interest. The connections you make could help you find positions that may be available in your area, including jobs that pay daily.

10 Entry-level Jobs With Little Human Interaction

Looking for some ideas for potential jobs for antisocial people or roles that allow you to work with as few interactions as possible? Here’s a list of some possible careers to explore.

Accountant

Accountants are responsible for keeping and interpreting financial records and may help clients as they prepare for tax season.

Requirements: Accountants typically have a bachelor’s degree in accounting or a related field. They may also get licensed in certain fields to improve job prospects.

Annual median salary: $77,250

Job outlook: Employment is expected to grow 6% through 2031, which is nearly average for all occupations.

Actuary

Actuaries usually work with insurance companies, and they use mathematics, statistics, and financial theory to help analyze the potential cost of risk.

Requirements: You typically must have a bachelor’s degree with a strong background in math and statistics to become an actuary. And you must pass a series of exams to get certified.

Median annual salary: $105,900

Job outlook: Employment is expected to grow 21% through 2031, much faster than average.

Computer Programmer

Computer programmers write, change, and test code that applications and software need to run and function properly.

Requirements: Programmers generally need a bachelor’s degree as well as proficiency in one or more programming languages.

Median annual salary: $93,000

Job outlook: Employment is expected to decline 10% through 2031, though an estimated 9,600 jobs are projected to open up each year.

Graphic Designer

Graphic designers usually use software to create visuals that communicate ideas to consumers.

Requirements: Graphic designers may need a bachelor’s degree in graphic design and a portfolio that demonstrates their work.

Median annual salary: $50,710

Job outlook: Employment is expected to grow 3% through 2031, which is slower than average.

Medical Records Specialist

A medical records specialist processes, compiles, and maintains patient records.

Requirements: A high school diploma may be sufficient, but medical records specialists typically need a post-secondary certificate to enter the profession. Some might need an associate’s or bachelor’s degree.

Annual median salary: $46,660

Job outlook: Employment is expected to grow 7% through 2031, which is about as fast as average.

Surveyor

Surveyors use measurements to determine property boundaries. They may work in the office and the field, alone or in small teams.

Requirements: Surveyors typically need a bachelor’s degree, and they must be licensed.

Median annual salary: $61,600

Job outlook: Employment outlook is expected to show little or no change through 2031.

Technical Writer

As a technical writer, you write journal articles, instructional manuals, and other documents to communicate technical information clearly.

Requirements: Technical writers typically need a bachelor’s degree and some experience in science or engineering.

Median annual salary: $78,060

Job outlook: Employment is expected to grow 6% through 2031, which is about average for all occupations.

Truck Driver

If you long for the open road, you might consider becoming a truck driver who transports goods from one place to another.

Requirements: Truck drivers usually need to have a high school diploma and have attended truck driving school. They must also acquire a commercial driver’s license.

Median annual salary: $48,310

Job outlook: Employment is expected to grow 4% through 2031, which is nearly average for all occupations.

Veterinary Technologist or Technician

If you’d rather work with animals than people, you might consider becoming a veterinary technician. People in this position help run tests and may help diagnose animal injuries and illness.

Requirements: Veterinary technologists typically must complete a four-year post-secondary program, while technicians need a two-year associate’s degree. Both must take an exam to get credentialed, and they may need to be registered, licensed, and certified in the state where they work.

Median annual salary: $36,850

Job outlook: Employment is expected to grow 20% through 2031, which is much faster than average.

Web Developer

Web developers create and maintain websites for a variety of clients.

Requirements: Web developers may need only a high school diploma, while others benefit from having a bachelor’s degree.

Annual median salary: $77,030

Job outlook: Employment is expected to grow 23% through 2031, which is much faster than average.

The Takeaway

An entry-level position can help people new to a field gain valuable experience and training. These jobs are generally available in every industry, and some require little to no human interaction. If you’re an introvert or prefer to work alone, you have an array of options, including working as a computer programmer, accountant, graphic designer, surveyor, truck driver, or medical records specialist.

Regardless of the career you choose, you may find it helpful to use a money tracker app to organize your finances. With the SoFi Insights app, you can see all of your accounts in one convenient dashboard, including your balances, spending breakdowns, and credit score. You also get valuable financial insights that can help you make progress toward your goals.

Stay up to date on your finances by seeing exactly how your money comes and goes.

FAQ

Is there a job where I don’t have to talk to people?

Yes, there are jobs where you can limit your interaction with other people, especially if you freelance or work for yourself.

What are the easiest jobs to get with no experience?

Entry-level positions are often designed for jobseekers with little to no prior experience. Frequently, these jobs will offer some sort of on-the-job training.

What are good jobs for people with social anxiety?

Jobs such as graphic designers, veterinary technicians, technical writers, and others that require little interaction with other people may be good for those with social anxiety.


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*Terms and conditions apply. This offer is only available to new SoFi users without existing SoFi accounts. It is non-transferable. One offer per person. To receive the rewards points offer, you must successfully complete setting up Credit Score Monitoring. Rewards points may only be redeemed towards active SoFi accounts, such as your SoFi Checking or Savings account, subject to program terms that may be found here: SoFi Member Rewards Terms and Conditions. SoFi reserves the right to modify or discontinue this offer at any time without notice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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What Is a Fiduciary Financial Advisor?

Fiduciary financial advisors are professionals who have a legal obligation to manage assets or give retirement advice with their client’s best interest in mind.

Among the guidelines fiduciary financial advisors need to abide by are avoiding conflicts of interest, being transparent (about fees and investments choices), acting in good faith, and being as accurate as possible.

Financial advisors aren’t the only professionals who can have fiduciary responsibilities. Lawyers, bankers, board members, accountants and executors can all be considered fiduciaries.

Fiduciary financial advisors cannot recommend investments or products simply because they would pay them bigger commissions. They can be held civilly responsible if they give advice that isn’t in the best interest of their clients.

What Is a Fiduciary?

A fiduciary is someone who manages property or money on behalf of someone else. “When you are named a fiduciary, you are required by law to manage the person’s money and property for their benefit, not yours,” according to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), a government watchdog agency.

The CFPB provides an example of this, along with the requirements of being a fiduciary:

“For example, a friend of yours may name you her fiduciary through a power of attorney (POA). This means that you are responsible for her finances if she becomes sick or injured.”

As a fiduciary, your four basic duties are to act only in your friend’s best interest, manage her money and property carefully, keep her money and property separate from your own, and keep good records. Basically, you are to do your very best to manage her finances honestly.

In this sense, a person who is named as a fiduciary may not have any particular financial planning expertise. Therefore, they may still choose to hire out the actual work of managing the money to a financial expert. In doing this, they are exercising fiduciary responsibility.

What Is the Fiduciary Responsibility in Financial Planning?

Someone who acts with fiduciary responsibility will act in the customer’s best interest.

There is no universal standard for fiduciary responsibility because there are multiple agencies that act as regulatory bodies in the financial services industry.

The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) is one, and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is another. Additionally, the organizations offering certifications, like the board of Certified Financial Professionals (CFPs), may provide their own guidance on fiduciary responsibility and code of conduct.

In 2016, the Labor Department issued what was called the “fiduciary rule,” requiring that any advisors offering retirement advice must act in their clients’ best interest. The rule was widely challenged from within the industry and subsequently overturned in the courts in 2018.

While there has been subsequent discussion about the DOL restoring the fiduciary rule, as of early 2023 there are no plans to do so. Rather, investors interested in working with financial fiduciaries are encouraged to inquire directly with various professionals, as there are still some guidelines in effect.

Broker-Dealer Fiduciary Obligations

In June of 2019, the SEC passed its own version of the fiduciary rule, called Regulation Best Interest (RBI). It says that all broker-dealers (which includes brokers) must act in the best interest of the retail customer when making recommendations, without placing their financial interest ahead of the customer’s.

According to the SEC, broker-dealers must adhere to the following obligations:

Disclosure Obligation: provide certain required disclosure before or at the time of the recommendation, about the recommendation and the relationship between you and your retail customer;

Care Obligation: exercise reasonable diligence, care, and skill in making the recommendation;

Conflict of Interest Obligation: establish, maintain, and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to address conflicts of interest; and

Compliance Obligation: establish, maintain, and enforce written policies and procedures reasonably designed to achieve compliance with Regulation Best Interest.

Not everyone is convinced that the new RBI standards do enough to protect the consumer. Additionally, the new RBI rules may have actually weakened the need for some Registered Investment Advisors to work in a fiduciary capacity.

Questions to Ask a Fiduciary Financial Advisor

Because the rules of fiduciary responsibility remain somewhat up for interpretation, the waters remain a bit murky for some retail customers, and the responsibility for finding a fiduciary requires effort on the consumer’s part.

Ask questions, carefully consider investment recommendations, and challenge possible conflicts of interest. It is good to be in the habit of asking the person you intend to work with whether they’ll be acting with fiduciary responsibility. Do not hesitate to ask them outright, “Are you a fiduciary?”

Then, ask them to clarify what fiduciary responsibility means to them, their title, and the institution that they represent. Also, consider how they are being compensated, i.e. what does the financial advisor charge? Much, although not all, can be sussed out via the compensation model.

The Fiduciary Versus Suitability Standard

Previously, broker-dealers may have adhered to what is called the “suitability rule,” as opposed to a fiduciary rule. Although broker-dealers are now technically held to a fiduciary standard, it’s an important word to know, just in case you work with someone who does not fall under the SEC’s regulatory purview. Suitability is not the same fiduciary responsibility.

The rule by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), a non-governmental regulatory organization, requires that a firm or associated person have “a reasonable basis to believe” that a financial or investment recommendation is suitable for the customer.

The firm needs to make this determination based on the customer’s “investment profile,” which can include age, other investments, financial situation and needs, taxes, liquidity and risk tolerance, among other factors.

How to Find a Fiduciary Financial Advisor

Finding a financial professional that assumes fiduciary responsibility is a great start.

That said, there is more to finding a trusted financial advisor than simply adhering to fiduciary standards. Being a fiduciary doesn’t guarantee that a financial professional offers the right service for you, or even that they’re someone that you’ll want to work with.

For example, a doctor may have a license to practice, but not a good bedside manner. Or, you may need a dermatologist, so making an appointment with a pediatrician won’t do.

Here are a handful of the services offered in the financial help space, along with their respective adherence to fiduciary guidelines.

Registered Investment Advisors (RIAs)

Generally, RIAs manage investment portfolios on behalf of customers. They may or may not offer other services, such as comprehensive financial planning.

Previously, all RIAs were held to a fiduciary standard. Counterintuitively, this may have changed with the new RBI standards, which may have loosened standards for RIAs.

Brokers

Brokers, such as a stock broker, are professionals who buy and sell securities on behalf of clients. Typically, a broker works on some form of commission from the sale of securities.

Before the RBI, brokers were not held to a fiduciary standard. They are now held to the new standards, though it remains to be seen exactly how this will shake out within the industry.

Certified Financial Planners (CFPs)

CFP® may offer more holistic financial services, such as financial planning, budgeting, and personalized investment advice. Not all financial planners are CFPs — you may want to ask about the credentials of the professional you want to work with.

The CFP Board “supports a uniform fiduciary standard of conduct for all personalized investment advice. This fiduciary standard of conduct should put the interests of the client first, and should include both a duty of care and a duty of loyalty.”

Again, it is important to seek out the professional that will best serve your needs.

If a financial professional suggests a product or strategy, do not be afraid to ask questions.

How Are Fiduciary Financial Advisors Compensated?

Financial professionals are compensated in several different ways:

Fee-only

In this case, you would pay a financial professional, such as a CFP®, a fee to sit down and discuss a financial plan or roadmap. This could be a one-time meeting, or meetings could take place at regular intervals (such as quarterly or annually). If a financial planner is fee-only, then they will not receive any additional commissions on products being sold.

Fee-based

An advisor who is fee-based may charge a fee and collect commissions. This fee could be a one-time or annual fee, or it could be measured as a percentage of assets under management. For example, an investment advisor could charge a 1% annual fee.

Assets under management

Similarly, some investment advisors and planners who manage an investment portfolio may charge a percentage on top of assets that are being managed.

Hourly

Some financial professionals may charge by the hour. This may be more common for financial coaching and planning than wealth management.

Commissions

Commissions typically come in the form of payments to the financial professional, from the company that creates the product. Commissions are common on insurance products, like annuities and life insurance, and some actively managed mutual funds.

It is possible that a financial professional be compensated in multiple ways. Be sure to ask.

A popular choice for those just getting started is a fee-only fiduciary financial planner. To find a fee-only fiduciary financial planner, you may want to check a database like XY Planning.

The Takeaway

Fiduciary financial advisors are professionals who are legally obligated to invest money or give retirement advice that’s in the best interest of their clients.

Among the requirements fiduciary financial advisors need to abide by are minimizing conflicts of interest and being transparent about how they are compensated. Acting in good faith and giving accurate financial advice are also guidelines that fiduciaries are supposed to follow.

Investors looking for trusted help should try to find a fiduciary financial advisor. Some robo-advisors and online investing platforms offer access to a financial planner who can answer questions for investors.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an Active Invest account with SoFi invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here). Also, members can access complimentary financial advice from a professional.

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.


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What Is a Good 401(k) Expense Ratio?

A 401(k) plan doesn’t have an expense ratio, per se, but the overall cost of the plan includes the expense ratios of the funds in an investor’s account, as well as other charges like plan administration fees and the like.

So what is a good 401(k) expense ratio? Ideally, the lower the fees for the plan the better, including the expense ratios of the investments in the account, because fees can lower portfolio growth substantially over time.

While investors don’t have control over the basic costs of their 401(k) plan, they can opt to choose investments with lower expense ratios, e.g. under 0.50% if possible.

What Are Reasonable Fees for a 401(k)?

To determine the amount you’re paying for a 401(k) plan, divide the total plan cost (usually available on your 401(k) statement) by your total investment.

Expense ratios can vary among plans for a variety of reasons, including how the 401(k) account is managed, the administrative fees, the record-keeping costs, and so on. While investors don’t have any say over the built-in costs of the 401(k) plan — that’s set by the plan administrator and/or your employer — investors can manage their own investment costs.

Choosing Lower-Cost Funds

In passively managed funds (where a portfolio mirrors a market index like the S&P 500), the expense ratio is typically lower as compared to actively managed funds, which might charge between 0.5% and 1.0% or more. Actively managed funds have a fund manager who employs different buying and selling strategies. Generally, this is because more work is being done on the manager’s part in an active strategy vs. a passive strategy.

Note that active investing can refer to individual investors, but the philosophy of making trades to exceed market returns also drives actively managed funds.

Passive strategies generally have expense ratios under 0.50%. Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) usually follow a passive strategy and can have expense ratios under 0.25%.

Why Fees Matter

Over time, just one or even half a percentage point could potentially make an impact on a retirement account. That impact could in turn mean the difference between retiring when planned, vs. working a few more years until the overall investment grows. A lower expense ratio could help an investor maximize their 401(k).

For example, a well-known Government Accountability Office analysis from 2006 found that someone who invests $20,000 every year for 20 years in a 401(k) plan that costs 1.5% per year to operate is likely to end up with 17% less than someone whose plan costs just 0.50%. The analysis concluded that after 20 years, that half a percentage point meant the difference of more than $10,000. Similar studies on the impact of fees have found similar results.

Until relatively recently 401(k) expense ratio information wasn’t public, and even now it can be somewhat difficult to locate.

How to Reduce Your Expense Ratio

Before an investor can attempt to reduce their expense ratio, they need to be familiar with what it is.

Until relatively recently 401(k) expense ratio information was not public, and even now it can be somewhat difficult to locate. In 2007, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved an amendment requiring the disclosure of these fees and expenses in mutual fund performance and sales materials.

Today, there are a few ways to get the information — and take action:

•   Read the fine print. Look closely at 401(k) participant fee disclosure notices, which participants should receive at least annually with any plan. Or look for the current information in a funder’s prospectus on their website. Building on the 2007 amendment, the DOL introduced a rule in 2012 to improve transparency around the fees and expenses to workers in 401(k) retirement plans.

•   Ask outright. Investors seeking more information might also choose to call their fund’s client services number directly to get the most up-to-date information on plan costs. Investors who work with a financial advisor can also ask their advisor for this information, as well as their opinions on these expenses.

◦   Evaluate your funds. It can also be helpful to look at the funds being offered by an employer, provider, or broker to see if there is a similar fund that comes with lower expenses. Investors may be able to find the investments they want at a cheaper price, even within their current 401(k) plan.

For investors whose 401(k) plan is not through a current full-time employer — a common situation when people change jobs — they may want to consider a rollover IRA in order to pay lower fees and gain access to a wider array of investments.

The Takeaway

There’s no magic number that indicates a 401(k) expense ratio is too high or just right, and all plans are different. But if you take into account the cost of your investments in addition to the plan itself, you shouldn’t be paying much more than about 1.0% to 1.50%, all in.

Under federal law, employers have a fiduciary duty to offer reasonably priced options and to monitor the quality of the 401(k) plan they offer. The more an investor knows about their current plan, the better equipped they are to make compelling arguments for how to improve their plan.

If you’re thinking about investing for retirement, or doing a rollover of an old 401(k), you may want to consider all your options. It’s easy to get started with SoFi invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), open an IRA or do a rollover, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commission, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here), and members can access complimentary financial advice from a professional.

Easily manage your retirement savings with a SoFi IRA.


SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Fund Fees
If you invest in Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) through SoFi Invest (either by buying them yourself or via investing in SoFi Invest’s automated investments, formerly SoFi Wealth), these funds will have their own management fees. These fees are not paid directly by you, but rather by the fund itself. these fees do reduce the fund’s returns. Check out each fund’s prospectus for details. SoFi Invest does not receive sales commissions, 12b-1 fees, or other fees from ETFs for investing such funds on behalf of advisory clients, though if SoFi Invest creates its own funds, it could earn management fees there.
SoFi Invest may waive all, or part of any of these fees, permanently or for a period of time, at its sole discretion for any reason. Fees are subject to change at any time. The current fee schedule will always be available in your Account Documents section of SoFi Invest.


Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or by email customer service at https://sofi.app.link/investchat. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.
Shares of ETFs must be bought and sold at market price, which can vary significantly from the Fund’s net asset value (NAV). Investment returns are subject to market volatility and shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of an ETF will not protect against loss. An ETF may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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How Are Employee Stock Options and RSUs Different?

Employee stock options (ESOs) and restricted stock units (RSUs) are two different types of equity compensation. An employee stock option gives an employee the option to buy company stock at a certain price, by a certain date. By contrast, an RSU is the promise that on a future date the employee will receive actual company stock.

Sometimes, employees get a choice between ESOs and RSUs. Understanding how each stock plan works, how they differ — particularly when it comes to vesting schedules and taxes — can help you make a decision that best aligns with your financial goals.

What Are Employee Stock Options (ESOs)?

Employee stock options (ESOs) give an employee the right to purchase their company’s stock at a set price — called the exercise, grant, or strike price — by a certain date, assuming certain terms are met, usually according to a vesting schedule.

If the employee doesn’t exercise their options within that period, they expire.

Companies may offer stock options to employees as part of a compensation plan, in addition to salary, 401(k) matching funds, and other benefits. ESOs are considered an incentive to help the company succeed, so that (ideally) the stock options are worth more when the employee chooses to exercise them.

In an ideal scenario, exercising stock options allows an employee to purchase shares of their company’s stock at an exercise price lower than the current market price — and realize a profit.

Note that while some of the terminology used with regard to employee stock options may sound similar to standard stock options, don’t get the two confused. Options are derivatives traded based on the value of underlying securities, e.g. stocks, bonds, ETFs.

How do ESOs Work?

Generally, ESOs operate in four stages — starting with the grant date and ending with the exercise date, i.e. actually buying the stock.

1. The grant date

This is the official start date of an ESO contract. You receive information about how many shares you’ll be issued, the strike price (or exercise price) for those shares, the vesting schedule, and any requirements that must be met along the way.

2. The cliff

If a compensation package includes ESOs, they’re generally not available on day one. Contracts often include requirements that must be met first, such as working full time for at least a year.

Those 12 months when you are not yet eligible to exercise your employee stock options is called the cliff. If you remain an employee past the cliff date, you get to level up to the vesting period.

Some companies include a 12-month cliff to incentivize employees to stay at least a year. Other companies may have a vesting schedule.

3. The vest

The vesting period is when you start to take ownership of your options and the right to exercise them. Vesting can either happen all at once or take place after a cliff (as noted above), or gradually over several years, depending on your company’s plan.

One common vesting schedule is a one-year cliff followed by a four-year vest. On this timeline, you’re 0% vested the first year (meaning you aren’t eligible for any options), 25% vested at the two-year mark (you can exercise up to 25% of the total options granted), and so on until you own 100% of your options. At that point, you’re considered fully vested.

4. The exercise

This is when you pull the financial trigger and actually purchase some or all of your vested shares.

ESO’s Expiration Date

While the expiration date of stock options isn’t always front and center, it’s important to bear in mind. The strike price you’re given as part of your options package expires on a certain date if you don’t exercise your shares.

One common timeline is 10 years from grant date to expiration date, but specific terms will be in the contract, and it’s important to vet the timing of your ESOs — as part of your career as well as your tax and your long-term financial plan. Again, if you let your stock options expire, you lose the right to buy shares at that price.

Pros and Cons of Employee Stock Options (ESOs)

If you land a job with the right company and stay until you’re fully vested, exercising your employee stock options could potentially lead to gains.

For example, if your strike price is $30 per share, and at the time of vesting the stock is trading at $100 or more per share, you’re getting a great deal on shares.

On the other hand, if your strike price is $30 per share and the company is trading at $10 per share, you might be better off not exercising your employee stock options until the price goes up (when and if it does; there are no guarantees).

That’s why ESOs are considered a form of employee incentive: You may work harder to help the company grow, if you know your efforts could translate to a bigger stock price.

Tax Implications of Employee Stock Options

Given that stock options can generate gains, it’s important to know how they are taxed so you can plan accordingly.

Generally speaking, employers offer two types of stock options: nonqualified stock options (NSOs or NQSOs) and incentive stock options (ISOs).

Nonqualified Stock Options

NSOs are the most common and often the type offered to the general workforce. NSOs have a less favorable tax treatment, because they’re subject to ordinary income tax on the difference between the exercise price and the market price at the time you exercise your options and purchase the stock.

NSOs are then taxed again at the capital gains rate when you sell the shares.

Your individual circumstances, tax filing status, and the terms of your stock options may also play into how you’re taxed, so you may want to consult a professional.

Incentive Stock Options

ISOs are “qualified,” meaning you don’t pay any taxes when you exercise the options — unless you’re subject to the alternative minimum tax (AMT).

You will owe taxes, however, if you sell them at a profit later on. (If you don’t sell, and if the stocks gain or lose value, those are considered unrealized gains and losses.) Any money you make when you sell your shares later would be subject to capital gains tax. If you hold your shares less than a year, the short-term capital gains tax rate equals your ordinary income tax rate, which could be up to 37% for the highest tax bracket.

For assets held longer than a year, the long-term rate is lower: 0%, 15%, or 20%, depending on your taxable income and filing status.

What Are Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)?

Restricted stock units, or RSUs, simply grant employees a certain number of shares stock by a certain date. When employees are granted RSUs, the company holds onto the shares until they’re fully vested.

The company determines the vesting criteria — it can be a time period of several years, a key revenue milestone, and/or personal performance goals. Like ESOs, RSUs can vest gradually or all at once. When the employee gets their shares, they own them outright; employees don’t have to buy RSUs.

How Do Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) Work?

RSUs are priced based on the fair market value of the stock on the day they vest, or the settlement date. The company stocks you receive from your company will be worth just as much as they would be if you purchased them on your own that same day.

If the stock is worth $40 per share, and you have 100 shares, you would get $4,000 worth of shares (assuming you’re fully vested and have met other terms).

Again, the main difference between stock options and restricted stock units is that you don’t have to purchase RSUs.

As long as the company’s common stock holds value, so do your RSUs. Upon vesting, you can either keep your RSUs in the form of actual shares, or sell them immediately to take the cash equivalent. Either way, the RSUs you receive will be taxed as income.

And, of course, if you later sell your shares you may realize a gain or a loss and there will be tax implications accordingly.

Pros and Cons of Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)

One good thing about RSUs, similar to ESOs, is the incentive to stay with the company for a longer period of time. If your company grows during your vesting period, you could see a substantial windfall when your settlement date rolls around.

But even if the stock falls to a penny per share, the shares still awarded to you on your settlement date. Since you don’t have to pay for them, it’s still money in your pocket.

In fact, you may only lose out on money with RSUs if you leave the company and have to forfeit any units that aren’t already vested, or if the company goes out of business.

Tax Implications of RSUs

When your RSU shares or cash equivalent are automatically delivered to you on your settlement date(s), they’re considered ordinary income and are taxed accordingly. In fact, your RSU distributions are actually added to your W-2.

For some people, the additional RSU income may bump them up a tax bracket (or two). In those cases, if you’ve been withholding at a lower tax bracket before your vesting period, you could owe the IRS more money.

As with ESOs, if you sell your shares at a later date and make a profit, you’ll be subject to capital gains taxes.

ESOs RSUs
Definition An employee can buy company stock at a set price at a certain date in the future. An employee receives stock at a date in the future (does not have to purchase them).
Pricing The strike price is set when ESOs are offered to an employee, and they pay that price when they exercise their shares. The share price is based on the fair market value of the stock on the day the shares vest, and employees get the full-value shares.
Tax implications The difference between the strike price and the stock’s value on exercise is considered earned income and added to your W-2, where it’s taxed as income. If you sell your shares later at a profit, you may also be subject to capital gains tax. RSU shares (or cash equivalent) are considered ordinary income as soon as they are vested, and are taxed accordingly.

If you sell the shares later, capital gains tax rules would apply.

The Takeaway

Employee stock options (ESOs) and restricted stock units (RSUs) are two different types of equity or share-based compensation, and they each have their pros and cons.

An employee stock option gives an employee the option to buy company stock at a certain price, by a certain date. An RSU is the promise that on a future date the employee will receive actual company stock (without having to purchase the shares).

Because these types of compensation are often considered incentives, they’re designed to encourage employees to stay with the company for a certain amount of time. As such, employees often don’t get their options (in the case of ESOs) or the actual shares (in the case of RSUs) until certain terms are met. There may be a vesting schedule or company benchmarks or other terms.

Having the option to own stock in your employer company has the potential to provide attractive financial benefits, especially if you believe in the company and its future. This belief in a company’s growth potential is what may drive investors to buy a company’s stock, even if they don’t work there.

If you’re interested in owning and trading stock, it’s easy when you set up an Active Invest account with SoFi Invest®. Members can trade stocks and ETFs.

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.


SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

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