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There’s a lot that goes into making homes safe and comfortable. After plumbing and electric, many homes in warm and cold climates alike have heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to regulate temperature and air quality.

Installing or updating HVAC systems typically requires ductwork to effectively move air from the system to vents throughout a home or building. There are several factors that impact the cost of HVAC ductwork, including the size and layout of a home, materials used, and type of system.

This guide will give you the basics of how HVAC ductwork operates and key cost considerations.

What Is Ductwork?

In the broadest sense, ductwork can be defined as the channels used for transferring heated and/or cooled air through the rooms and zones of a home or building.

In many cases, HVAC systems need separate supply and return ducts to circulate, filter, and treat air continuously. Supply ducts bring air from the furnace, geothermal pump, or other type of system to blowers and vents to heat or cool an area. On the flipside, return ducts transport untreated air back to the HVAC system.

Some of the most common HVAC systems that need ductwork include:

•   Geothermal or ground source heating and cooling

•   Central air conditioning

•   Furnaces

•   Central gas heating

Between these different systems and a home’s unique characteristics, ductwork can be handled in a variety of ways.

Recommended: How to Winterize a House

Installing New Ductwork

Figuring out how to install ductwork varies in complexity and cost between new construction and finished and furnished homes.

Additional steps that may be necessary for a finished home, such as cutting holes in existing walls, ceilings, and floors, may likely drive up the price of labor and require more materials and time for installation. Depending on where the system is placed, ducts may be run through closets, attics, basements, or up stairwells.

Since different homes require different amounts of ductwork, it’s helpful to think of cost on a linear foot basis. New ductwork can cost about $40 to $65 per linear foot, with the variation coming down to costs for materials and labor.

On average, retrofitting an existing home without ducts can run $2,400 to $6,600.

If you’re building a new home, including plans for HVAC ductwork from the getgo could reduce the overall installation cost. For starters, it would bypass the need to retroactively cut holes throughout a home for ducts and vents.

Additionally, it may be easier to design systems that utilize fewer linear feet since ductwork can be installed before walls and floors are completed.

Replacing Ductwork

If your home is already fitted with ductwork, replacing a portion of it or the entire system might be necessary due to leaks, cracks, or reduced efficiency over time. Since ducts are usually kept out of sight behind walls and ceilings or in attics and basements, accessibility is a key factor in repairing a system.

The replacement process involves both removing the existing materials and installing new ductwork. Replacing ductwork can cost from $25 to $55 per linear foot depending on the location of the existing system and choice of materials for the new ductwork.

Replacing ductwork in a home between 2,000 and 2,500 square feet can run $2,800 to $5,600; for a 3,000 to 3,500 square foot home, it can ring up between $4,200 and $7,800.

Exposed ductwork can be easier for you to reach and replace on your own, but a professional contractor may be necessary for more complicated repairs and getting to concealed HVAC systems.

Additionally, a skilled professional could likely complete the job in less time than a DIYer might, and time may be a more pressing factor than money in the middle of a cold snap or during a heatwave.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s EnergyStar program recommends getting quotes from contractors with North American Technical Excellence (NATE) or Building Performance Institute (BPI) certification to get the job done right on the first try.

Recommended: The Cost of Buying a Fixer-Upper

Ductwork Materials

There are several types of materials to consider when planning how to install ductwork in a home. Broadly speaking, ductwork can be categorized as flexible or rigid, with options for materials within each category. Each comes with tradeoffs in terms of price, lifespan, efficiency, and flexibility.

Flexible Ductwork

True to its name, flexible ductwork is characterized by its ability to bend, which can come in handy when installing inside tight and tricky spaces.

In most cases, aluminum or non-metallic materials like plastic, polyester, and PVC are used for flexible ductwork. Let’s take a look at how they compare.

Flexible Aluminum: Costs between $4 to $7 per linear foot (excluding labor).

Pros:

•   Ideal for installing in hard-to-reach places

•   Longer lifespan than non-metallic flexible ductwork

•   Generally cheaper than rigid ductwork

Cons:

•   Poor energy efficiency without added insulation and sealing

•   Needs to be reinforced to minimize kinks and bends to improve airflow and efficiency

Flexible Polyester: Costs between $1 to $5 per linear (excluding labor)

Pros:

•   Useful for compact spaces

•   Generally one of the cheapest options

•   Resistant to mold and rust

Cons:

•   Prone to tearing and less durable than flexible aluminum

•   Needs to be reinforced to minimize kinks and bends to preserve airflow and efficiency

Rigid Ductwork

Rigid ductwork can be made from several materials, such as fiberglass and galvanized steel or aluminum. These options can also vary in shape (e.g., cylindrical or rectangular) and size. Additionally, there are differences in cost and features for each type of rigid ductwork.

Sheet Metal Ductwork: Made from galvanized steel or aluminum, these materials usually cost anywhere from $8 to $15 per linear foot.

Pros:

•   Greater durability than other materials

•   Can produce less noise than flexible ductwork

•   Less susceptible to mold and mildew

Cons:

•   Difficult to install if there isn’t space for long, straight lines of ductwork

•   Adding insulation may be required for greater energy efficiency

•   More expensive than flexible ductwork

Fiberglass Duct Board: Consisting of metal ductwork lined with fiberglass, this option costs between $5 and $10 on average.

Pros:

•   Built-in insulation improves energy efficiency and temperature control

•   Easy to cut and seal

•   Well suited for installing between a building’s rafters or floor joists

Cons:

•   Over time, they can release fiberglass particles into the air and be susceptible to mold and mildew

•   Can be difficult to clean

•   Often the most expensive option per linear foot

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Sealing and Insulation

Depending on the structure of a home, the type of HVAC system, and other factors, sealing and insulating ductwork may be necessary for health and safety concerns. It might also improve the efficiency of a system, thus potentially lowering your energy use, and may help pay for itself through lower utility bills.

If combustion is involved in your HVAC system, which is generally the case for furnaces and central gas heating, harmful gases like carbon monoxide are generated in the process. Sealing ductwork can further safeguard that such gases are not circulated into the living space of home instead of being emitted outside.

While professional contractors are recommended for sophisticated ductwork insulation and sealing jobs, homeowners may choose to take a DIY approach to sealing near vents and other ductwork connection points with metal tape. These locations, especially vents, can be more accessible and are more common locations for leaks.

How Often Should Ductwork Be Replaced?

While we may immediately notice when the power goes out or the plumbing is backed up, it’s harder to tell if we’re getting the most out of a heating and cooling system.

Maintenance and cleaning can help extend the lifespan of ductwork and heating and cooling systems, but a time will come when replacement is a safer and more financially sound choice.

Erring on the side of caution, you may want to have a heat pump or air conditioner (including ductwork) replaced if it’s more than 10 years old. For a furnace, the estimated lifespan is around 15 years.

To keep your ductwork in tiptop shape, there are some maintenance tasks, like changing air filters monthly, that can be done on a DIY basis. More complex procedures, such as cleaning blowers, checking electrical connections, and lubricating mechanical parts, may be better handled by a professional contractor.

Having a maintenance checklist handy can be helpful for staying on top of your cleaning and maintenance schedule, as well as making sure a contractor checks all the boxes when inspecting your HVAC system.

Recommended: Guide to Buying, Selling, and Updating Your Home

The Takeaway

Whether saving ahead or responding to a sudden home repair cost, there are options available for paying for HVAC ductwork.

Installing energy-efficient heating and air conditioning systems may qualify for a residential energy property tax credit. Additionally, some states and utilities offer incentives and rebates.

Although helpful, these incentives and tax credits still leave a portion of the cost to the homeowner. It can sometimes be difficult to save for potentially pricey repairs like these if a budget is already stretched thin.

One financing option you might consider is an unsecured home improvement loan. This is a personal loan designed to be used for home upgrades and repairs, and typically comes with a fixed interest rate, set term, and regular monthly payments. Unlike a home equity loan or line of credit, personal don’t require you to have equity in your home or use your home as collateral.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

SOPL0623068

Whether your living room is dated, too cramped, or no longer functional for your family, there are makeover options for every taste and budget. Also keep in mind that living room makeovers can happen in various stages — they don’t have to be all or nothing. Even, simple, affordable updates like new lighting, paint, or flooring, can have a big impact on the look and feel of a living room.

Whether you have the budget for a total overhaul or you’re just looking for an easy update, here are some living room remodel ideas to consider.

Living Room Remodel Ideas: Top Elements To Change

Layout

Effective use of space makes a room feel comfortable and inviting. If your living room seems underused, perhaps changing the layout will make family and friends want to hang out in it more often.

For someone moving into a new home and starting with a blank space, looking first at the layout of the room is a good starting point. Where do you enter the room? Where does your focus go first? Are the windows situated for convenient placement of furnishings?

If you’re currently living in the home, but the living room just isn’t functional, look at the layout in terms of what can be easily changed.

What in the room do you regularly use, e.g., couch or closets? Where do piles tend to accumulate? Do the windows cause a glare on the television? Is your furniture arranged to allow for good traffic flow? The more effortlessly the room setup can support your daily movements, the better.

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Windows

Windows not only let light in, they affect our perception of how large, open, and welcoming a space is. Replacing them can be pricey, but might increase a home’s value and can generate energy savings: On average, 25% to 30% of a home’s energy use is due to heat gained or lost through the windows.

If the window itself is fine but the aesthetic is not, new window trim or window treatments can make a world of difference. Painting dark-stained trim can make a space feel lighter, brighter, and more modern.

Updating window treatments with floor-length curtains adds drama and interest, while Roman shades that fit inside the window casing keep things unobtrusive while still adding texture.

Recommended: How Much Does It Cost to Replace Windows?

Lighting

Lighting is functional, of course, but it can also be an aesthetic choice. Think about taking a picture indoors with or without a flash: Room lighting has that same sort of visual resonance, affecting how the other elements of the room appear and how you feel in the space.

In choosing lighting for your living room remodel, consider if you want the fixture to recede out of sight or be a visual focal point. How bright or dim, warm or cool do you want your light levels? Where in the room will you need the most light? And adding dimmer switches to any lighting setup gives you loads of control.

Ceiling

Like the sky outside, what’s hanging above our heads indoors dramatically affects how we feel in a space. If you have a textured or popcorn ceiling, refinishing it to be smooth can instantly brighten and update your living room. It’s a messy DIY project, but one experienced painters or contractors can do while keeping the mess to a minimum.

If the ceiling would benefit from a new coat of paint, veering from the standard white might give the room a stylish quality. Light hues can create the illusion of a taller space, while something a little darker can evoke coziness.

Recommended: Beginner’s Guide to a Bedroom Remodel

Flooring

Along with layout and paint, flooring has perhaps the biggest impact on a room. It’s a large, dominant, visual element that affects how sound echoes in the room or carries beyond it, how much light reflects into the room, and how much dirt shows up.

When buying a new home, it’s a good idea to check what’s under the carpet. You might find lovely hardwood floors in pristine condition — or a mess of a subfloor. Knowing what you will have before signing the mortgage agreement will allow you to make a plan for any needed renovations. For a quick change, don’t underestimate a simple area rug.

Recommended: Four Ways to Upgrade Your Home

Molding

Molding hits the sweet spot of a decorative finish that feels structural. The trim around windows and doors, crown molding and baseboards, picture and knee rails — all inform the character of a space and add visual interest and structure. In particular, if things feel blank or sterile, adding decorative trim can make a space a little more impressive.

Paint

Fresh paint works wonders. Even if you don’t have time or budget for anything else, reimagine the wall color. Samples painted on the wall will show how the room’s light will affect the paint. Many paint brands now also offer virtual ways to “paint” your room.

Just as a room’s lighting can affect your mood, paint color has an effect on one’s psyche, too. For instance, the color blue has been shown to have a calming effect, while red has a stimulating effect and can create feelings of excitement or even stress in some people.

Furniture and Decoration

You can replace it, move it, or just pull it from another room. Alone or in conjunction with other major changes, furniture and decor can have a major effect on the finished space — and keeping layout top-of-mind when selecting furniture will help make sure it’s the right stuff for the space.

Using online room planners or going old school with graph paper to map out, to scale, what will go where is a good way to experiment without the heavy lifting.

What Color Should You Paint Your House Quiz

Recommended: Guide to Buying, Selling, and Updating Your Home

The Takeaway

Once you decide on the changes you’d like to make to your living room, the next step is to come up with a budget for the project. Some changes, like moving furniture from one room to another are free, while others, like changing a paint color, can probably be done inexpensively. But if you’re planning a significant renovation to your living room, additional funding might be necessary.

One financing option that can work well for a living room remodel is a home improvement loan. This is simply a personal loan that is used for home repairs and upgrades. With this type of funding, you receive a lump sum up front then repay the loan (plus interest) in regular installments over the loan’s term, often five to seven years.

SoFi’s home improvement loans range from $5K to $100K and offer competitive, fixed rates and a variety of terms. Checking your rate won’t affect your credit score, and it takes just one minute.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Checking Your Rates: To check the rates and terms you may qualify for, SoFi conducts a soft credit pull that will not affect your credit score. However, if you choose a product and continue your application, we will request your full credit report from one or more consumer reporting agencies, which is considered a hard credit pull and may affect your credit.

SOPL0623056

Credit card debt is a national issue in the United States. In fact, according to the Federal Reserve Bank Of New York, Americans’ total credit card balance was $986 billion in the first quarter of 2023 — $145 billion higher than it was in the first quarter of 2022.

If you’re one of the many people struggling with credit card debt, you know that getting out from under it isn’t easy. The good news, however, is that you do have options. What follows are some smart, simple credit card debt elimination plans that can help you make a dent in your debt — without giving up everything in your life that brings you joy.

How Do You Determine Debt Level?

First things first: In order to pay off debt, it can be helpful to know actual numbers. One way to help get concrete numbers is to gather monthly credit card statements and start to add up total debts. While sitting down and adding up those numbers might seem scary, getting all the information can be a great first step to tackling credit card debt once and for all.

When adding up the amount of debt owed, it might also be helpful to take interest into account — thanks to high interest rates, some debts may actually now be higher than the initial amount owed, even after making payments. A credit card interest calculator can help determine the cost of debt once interest is factored in.

Accounting for Living Expenses

We all know that credit card payments aren’t the only expense in life, which means part of tackling credit card debt may require assessing the other expenses life brings.

To understand exactly where your money is going each month, you may want to take stock of your current income and expenses. This simply involves going through your last three or so months of bank and credit card statements, adding up what is coming in each month on average (income) as well as what is going out each month on average.

You may also want to break down your spending into categories, then divide those categories into two buckets — essential expenses and nonessential expenses. To free up funds for debt repayment, you may need to cut back on some nonessential spending, such as dining out, streaming services, and clothing.

Recommended: Budgeting for Basic Living Expenses

Creating a Budget

After taking stock of financials like your monthly expenses, hunkering down and making a budget is the next logical step. Making a budget doesn’t have to be highly restrictive or complicated. The idea behind budgeting is simply that, rather than spend money willy nilly as expenses come up, you make sure your spending actually lines up with your priorities.

There are many different types of budgets but one simple approach you might consider is the 50-30-20 rule, which recommends putting 50% of your money toward needs (including minimum debt payments), 30% toward wants, and 20% toward savings and paying more than the minimum on debt payments.

Establishing a Plan To Tackle Debt

Once you have an idea of how much you can spend beyond the minimum on credit card repayment, you’ll want to come up with a strategy to pay off your debt. There is no one-size-fits-all plan for credit card debt elimination, so it is important to consider what type of payoff plan will work best for your specific circumstances.

One popular debt elimination plan is called the snowball method. It’s called this because much like building a snowball, you start with your smallest debt, and then roll on to the next highest debt, and so on.

So for example, if a borrower has three separate credit cards with balances of $1,000, $5,000, and $10,000, the snowball method would call for paying off the card with the $1,000 balance first by putting extra money towards that debt while paying on only the minimum balance on the cards with $5,000 and $10,000 balances.

Once the $1,000 debt is paid off, the borrower would then use the newly freed up money from the $1,000 debt payment to start making higher payments on the $5,000 debt and so on. This method is popular because paying off a small debt can help you gather momentum to keep paying off larger debts.

Another popular pay-off plan is the avalanche method. This involves paying off the balance of the credit card with the higher interest rate first. In this scenario, a borrower who has three separate credit cards with interest rates of 17%, 20%, and 22% would focus on paying down the credit card with the 22% interest rate first.

Why focus on the credit card with the highest interest rate? Cards with higher interest rates generally cost you the most over time. Thus, paying off the card with the highest interest rate first could help you save money instead of allowing it to accrue more interest while you pay off other credit cards.

Considering Consolidation

If the snowball or avalanche method doesn’t seem right for you, you may want to consider credit card consolidation. Consolidating your credit card debt involves either transferring your debt to a new credit card with, ideally, a lower interest rate, or taking out a personal loan, ideally with a lower interest rate, to pay off existing credit card debt.

Why replace one type of debt with another type of debt? Some borrowers may qualify for a lower interest rate on a personal loan than the rate they are paying on their credit card debt, which can help you save money. Consolidation also simplifies the debt repayment process. Instead of paying multiple credit card bills each month, you only have to make one payment — on the personal loan.

A personal loan also typically comes with a fixed interest rate and established repayment term. This means that the interest rate agreed to at the start of the loan stays the same throughout the length of the loan.

And unlike the revolving debt of credit cards, personal loans are known as installment loans because you pay them back in equal installments over a predetermined loan term. This means that you won’t accrue interest for an indeterminate time, as is possible with a credit card.

The Takeaway

Having a credit card elimination plan in place is key to getting rid of high-interest debt. To get started, you’ll want to assess where you currently stand, find ways to free up funds to put towards debt repayment, and choose a debt payoff method, such as the avalanche or snowball approach.

Another option is to get a debt consolidation loan. This can help simplify repayment and also help you save money on interest. If you’re curious about your options, SoFi could help. With a lower fixed interest rate on loan amounts from $5K to $100K, a SoFi debt consolidation loan could substantially lower how much you pay each month. Checking your rate won’t affect your credit score, and it takes just one minute.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Checking Your Rates: To check the rates and terms you may qualify for, SoFi conducts a soft credit pull that will not affect your credit score. However, if you choose a product and continue your application, we will request your full credit report from one or more consumer reporting agencies, which is considered a hard credit pull and may affect your credit.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

SOPL20006

Homeowners sometimes may not realize it’s time to replace their heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system until there’s a major issue.

And the condition of the overall system, along with other factors like home size, type of unit, and local climate might impact HVAC replacement cost.

HVAC system cost varies year by year and per individual situation. Understanding cost considerations for different HVAC equipment, types of systems, and everything replacement entails can help you budget and plan for paying for emergency home repairs.

HVAC System Parts

There are several ways to heat and cool a home that falls under the HVAC umbrella. Yet, most HVAC system parts and components can be grouped into the following categories.

Thermostat

Thermostats monitor temperature and can be used to adjust whether a HVAC system heats or cools a building. Generally, the temperature can be set manually or preset to regulate heating and cooling to a desired indoor temperature.

These systems can be connected to the HVAC system through wiring — or Wi-Fi in the case of smart thermostats. More advanced thermostats can be used to enhance comfort and efficiency by controlling temperature settings for multiple zones throughout a home or building.

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Heating and Cooling Unit

The heating and cooling unit is the main component of any HVAC system. Common types include furnaces, boilers, heat pumps, and air conditioners.

Furnaces are generally located inside a structure and comprise a heating element powered by gas, oil, or electricity and a blower to circulate heated air through the building.

Boilers are traditionally interior units, too, but circulate hot water or steam to radiators or baseboards located throughout the property.

Air conditioners include condenser units, which are located outside because they produce hot air through the heat transfer process.

Heat pumps also consist of an external condenser, but a key difference is that they can be used to either heat or cool a home. These systems work in conjunction with an indoor blower unit to distribute heated or cooled air.

Filtration

HVAC systems incorporate air filters to remove dust, allergens, and other particles from entering the return-air duct. Usually, air is drawn from multiple locations inside a building to the HVAC system.

Whether filters are the reusable or disposable variety, periodic cleaning or replacement is necessary to maintain optimal performance.

Ultraviolet lights are another option for treating air quality in an HVAC system. Their ability to disinfect the air of mold and pathogens makes them helpful for some homeowners with severe allergies.

Delivery System

Most buildings and homes consist of multiple rooms and may include more than one floor. Distributing heated and cooled air throughout the space requires a system of ductwork and vents.

Many HVAC systems utilize separate supply and return ducts to circulate, filter, and treat air continuously. Supply ducts bring air from the heating and cooling unit to blowers and vents to heat or cool an area.

Meanwhile, return ducts transport untreated air back to the HVAC system.

Exhaust Outlet

Any HVAC system that involves combustion — burning oil, gas, or wood — will need an exhaust outlet to expel harmful fumes out of the building. An exhaust outlet can be its own vent or be connected to an existing chimney.


💡 Quick Tip: Some lenders can release funds as quickly as the same day your loan is approved. SoFi personal loans offer same-day funding for qualified borrowers.

HVAC System Cost Estimates

The type of unit chosen for replacement is a key determinant of cost. Prices may fluctuate whether a full or partial replacement is needed and based on technological advances in HVAC efficiency.

Cost estimates below account for the HVAC unit, any system parts, installation, and removal of old equipment.

Recommended: What are the Most Common Home Repair Costs?

Boilers

Boilers have been used to heat buildings for more than a century and are found in homes and commercial buildings alike. The average replacement cost can range between $4,000 and $10,000 depending on the type of boiler. The average cost to replace a boiler is $7,938, according to Consumer Reports.

HVAC replacement cost for boilers can be higher if fuel tanks, piping, and gas hookup need to be repaired or installed.

Heat Pumps

Despite their name, heat pumps actually can be used to both heat and cool a building. These electric HVAC systems pull heat from outdoor air to heat a building even during cold weather conditions.

When it’s warm out, heat pumps cool buildings by drawing heat from indoor air and expelling it outside.
Depending on the type of heat pump and size of the system (measured in tons), costs average between $4,900 and $12,500.

Air-source heat pumps typically run on the cheaper end of the heat pump spectrum, whereas ground source heat pumps (often called geothermal heat pumps) can cost between $6,000 and $20,000.

Although the upfront cost is significant, lower utility bills and 50-year equipment lifespan could see a return on investment in the long-run.

Central Air Conditioners

Central air conditioners work by drawing moisture from the air inside a building and returning cooled air throughout the structure via ductwork. The system usually consists of one unit located outside but near the structure.

The average cost for installing central air is between $3,800 and $7,900. Prices may be lower for 2-ton or smaller systems, while costs can creep higher if a building requires a 5-ton unit.

Besides the unit itself, the total footage of ductwork to be installed or replaced is a significant cost consideration.

Furnaces

The cost to buy and install a furnace can vary by energy type, total ductwork needed, and the model. On average, prices for replacing a furnace range from $2,800 to $6,800.

Furnaces that run on natural gas or electricity tend to be cheaper to replace than oil-fueled systems.

The total area that will be heated and how well a building is insulated are other factors that will affect the size of the system and potentially increase the cost.


💡 Quick Tip: Home improvement loans typically offer lower interest rates than credit cards. Consider a loan to fund your next renovation.

Other HVAC Replacement Cost Factors

When evaluating HVAC options, the type of system is only part of the equation for determining the final price tag. There are many other factors that can affect how much an HVAC replacement will cost.

Local Climate

The popular real estate mantra, “location, location, location”, rings true for HVAC systems, too. Whether you live in a cold, warm, or temperate climate will have implications for how an HVAC system is designed.

Property owners in warmer climates could face higher prices for replacing air conditioning units since greater capacity is needed. Meanwhile, costs for furnaces can be higher in more frigid regions where heating efficiency is more important.

Building Characteristics

The size, layout, and condition of a building can play a role in HVAC replacement cost.

Excluding geographic influences, larger structures generally require a more substantial HVAC system to match. The total square footage can impact the price for filtration, ductwork, vents, and zones throughout a building.

A home’s design could also affect how much you’ll pay for HVAC installation. More difficult jobs can add additional labor hours and drive up the cost.

Some possible complications to consider are the ease of accessing components ductwork and whether building renovations will be needed to accommodate new HVAC equipment.

Unit Efficiency

The operational efficiency of a new system is another factor of HVAC replacement cost. Although more efficient units are generally more expensive upfront, they can recoup long-term savings through lower energy bills.

While browsing models, keep an eye out for an ENERGY STAR® label to identify the highest-performing HVAC systems. To become certified, this equipment has been vetted by the Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Energy.

For instance, air conditioner models that achieve efficiency scores in the top 25 percent among competitors are eligible for ENERGY STAR® certification.

Paying for HVAC Replacement

The upfront cost of paying for HVAC replacement can be steep. If covering expenses with cash and savings alone isn’t feasible, there may be other ways to pay for these home improvements.

The HVAC unit cost for more environmentally friendly technologies, such as ground source and air source heat pumps, may be eligible for rebates and tax incentives.

Recommended: Home Improvement Cost Calculator

The Takeaway

Even before major components or an entire system needs to be replaced, poor efficiency might increase utility bills. Staying on top of maintenance and knowing the heating and cooling unit’s estimated lifespan could help save money and keep a system running smoothly.

If replacement is necessary for your HVAC system, you may still have a sizable sum to pay after claiming tax credits or manufacturers’ rebates you might qualify for.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. Checking your rate takes just a minute.

Photo credit: iStock/South_agency

SOPL20051

A promissory note is a written agreement between a borrower and a lender to formalize the lending of money.

Through this legal agreement, both the borrower and the lender consent to clearly defined repayment terms. Promissory notes can be used for a variety of purposes, including personal and commercial transactions.

Here’s a guide to common types of promissory notes, how to create one, and when they may be a good fit for borrowing or lending money.

Intro to Promissory Notes

Put simply, a promissory note is a written promise to pay someone a certain amount by a specified time. The type of promissory note and agreement between the issuer and payee dictate the payment schedule and amount.

Generally, promissory notes include the principal amount, interest rate, date and place of issuance, and signatures from the lender and borrower. There may also be provisions for late fees and recourse if a borrower defaults.

Similar to loans, promissory notes may be secured or unsecured. Unsecured notes are issued based on the borrower’s ability to repay, whereas secured notes use collateral such as real estate or a vehicle.

A promissory note may be issued by a financial institution, but this financing is commonly provided by individuals or businesses, too. Essentially, promissory notes allow anyone to act as a lender, which can be useful for creating legal documentation of a lending agreement between family members and friends.


💡 Quick Tip: Before choosing a personal loan, ask about the lender’s fees: origination, prepayment, late fees, etc. SoFi personal loans come with no-fee options, and no surprises.

Types of Promissory Notes

There are several types of promissory notes. Usually, the nature of the loan determines the appropriate type. Let’s take a closer look at some of the most common varieties.

Line of Credit Promissory Note

Borrowers can withdraw any portion of funds from a line of credit, up to the established maximum loan amount. Once the money is taken out, the borrower is liable for repaying the lender.

A promissory note can be used to guarantee that the borrower repays money withdrawn from the line of credit. The promissory note can determine the interest rate, repayment schedule, and if the line of credit is secured or unsecured.

Investment Promissory Note

Businesses looking to access capital can sell promissory notes to investors instead of taking out a conventional business loan or a line of credit.

Through an investment promissory note, businesses receive capital from investors in exchange for fixed repayments. In the event a business is unable to repay, the investors may acquire the company.

Generally, investment promissory notes are sold at a discount to account for the impact of inflation on future payments. Promissory notes may be sold publicly in some cases but are most often purchased by corporate entities and experienced investors with high net worth who can handle the greater level of risk.

Real Estate Promissory Note

Promissory notes can be used in mortgages and other real estate purchases. In practice, borrowers use a home or other property as collateral for a real estate promissory note.

While promissory notes can accompany a mortgage, they are in fact different. The note provides legal documentation of the borrower’s promise to pay, whereas the mortgage outlines the lender’s recourse for foreclosure if the borrower cannot repay the loan. A mortgage may also require a loan contract and more detailed financial information to qualify.

Real estate promissory notes can be used outside a mortgage. For example, two individuals could create such an agreement. Although the lender may not have the power of foreclosure, they can secure the agreement with the authority to place a lien on the property if a borrower defaults. A property lien creates a public record of a borrower’s unpaid debt.

Keep in mind that real estate promissory notes can be traded through brokerages without the borrower’s consent.

Recommended: A Guide to What Mortgage Notes Are and What They Do

Student Loan Promissory Note

College students will likely be required to sign a promissory note for both private and federal student loans.

For private lenders, each student loan may carry its own promissory note since terms can vary. Anyone taking out federal student loans must sign a Master Promissory Note to promise repayment of loans, fees, and interest to the U.S. Department of Education. The MPN can cover multiple loans within a 10-year time frame for authorized schools.

Recommended: Understanding Your Student Loan Promissory Note

Vehicle Promissory Note

A vehicle promissory note creates a binding document that promises a borrower will pay a lender for a car or other type of vehicle. This agreement can be between two individuals or a borrower and a conventional lender, such as a bank.

Aside from repayment terms and conditions, it’s important to include the vehicle’s make, model, year, body, and VIN in a promissory note.

Personal Loan Promissory Note

It’s not uncommon to sign a promissory note when acquiring a personal loan from a traditional lender.

A promissory note can also be used for a personal loan between friends and family. Formalizing the loan amount and repayment terms through a promissory note can help avoid disagreement and protect both parties down the line. Compared with typical personal loan requirements, a promissory note can be a more flexible financing option.

Having financial information like credit score and proof of income at the ready can streamline getting approved for a personal loan.


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Promissory Note Repayment Options

Besides type, promissory notes can differ by repayment method. Borrowers can expect to repay money and interest through one of the following options:

• Lump sum: This requires the entire amount to be repaid in a one-time payment on a specific date. Lump-sum payments are more common with small loans.

• Due on demand: The borrower must repay the loan upon the lender’s request. Due on demand payment is used frequently for promissory notes between friends and family members. Any promissory note without written payment terms is considered due on demand.

• Installment: Installment payments follow a specified schedule (monthly, for instance) to pay back a loan over a longer period of time. Usually payments are structured as equal amounts and include interest.

• With (or without) interest: A promissory note can define the interest rate and any related contingencies.

In some cases, a promissory note may employ a combination of repayment options. For example, a vehicle promissory note may include an upfront lump sum followed by installment payments.

Recommended: Is It Hard to Get a Personal Loan?

What Does a Promissory Note Look Like?

There are different laws in every state regarding promissory notes. One common feature of promissory notes is that they must be written. A verbal agreement between two parties will not qualify as a promissory note or carry the same legal enforceability.

Promissory notes must also include language outlining an agreement and unconditional promise for the borrower to repay the loan. Additionally, the repayment must constitute money, rather than labor, professional services, or other capital.

Other details and elements generally needed in a promissory note include the following:

• Amount or principal: How much was borrowed and is to be repaid

• Payor: The party promising to repay the debt

• Payee: The party lending the money

• Interest rate: States how much interest is charged and how it is calculated

• Start date: The date the promissory note becomes effective and funding is released to the payor

• Maturity date: When the interest and principal must be repaid in full

Without these elements, lenders may have trouble enforcing the promissory note.

The Takeaway

Promissory notes create a binding promise to repay borrowed money. This financial agreement can be used when borrowing money from individuals and financial institutions.

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Photo credit: iStock/fizkes

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