An initial public offering or IPO represents a company’s first foray into the world of publicly traded stock. While an IPO can be highly anticipated by the company, prospective investors, and the market, success isn’t guaranteed.
In some cases, an IPO flops, which can raise questions about the company’s long-term viability. While a failed IPO isn’t a guarantee that a company won’t succeed, it can make establishing a firm footing in the marketplace more challenging.
What Happens During the IPO Process?
An initial public offering, or IPO, is the first time that shares of a company are offered for sale to the public. Once an IPO occurs, company stock is listed on a stock exchange and is available for pretty much anyone to buy. That said, shares can be limited, and individual investors may face certain restrictions or availability issues when it comes to trading IPO shares.
Before the IPO, the company is considered to be private. Private companies may still have shareholders, but it’s often a relatively small circle that may include founders, early employees, or even private investors such as venture capitalists.
To have an IPO, a company must file a prospectus with the SEC. The company will use the prospectus to solicit investors, and it includes key information like the terms of the securities offered and the business’s overall financial condition.
💡 Quick Tip: IPO stocks can get a lot of media hype. But savvy investors know that where there’s buzz there can also be higher-than-warranted valuations. IPO shares might spike or plunge (or both), so investing in IPOs may not be suitable for investors with short time horizons.
Behind the Scenes of an IPO
Behind the scenes, companies typically hire investment bankers and lawyers to help them with the IPO process. The investment bankers act as underwriters, or buyers of the shares from the company before transferring them to the public market. The underwriters at the investment bank help the company determine the offering price, the number of shares that will be offered, and other relevant details.
The company will also apply to list their stock on one of the different stock exchanges, like the New York Stock Exchange or Nasdaq Stock Exchange.
What Does It Mean When an IPO Fails?
When an IPO flops, it usually means that the stock’s price dips below the initial opening price set on the first day of trading.
Trading may pick up again the next day, resulting in a jump in the share price, or it may continue to flatline — or, in a worst-case scenario, it might hit rock bottom. There are different reasons why this can happen but it is disappointing to company executives as well as investors who were banking on the IPO being a winner. Despite all the hype around IPOs in recent years, there are no guarantees.
An IPO failure can also refer to a planned IPO that gets scuttled at the last minute due to problems with the company or a lack of interest from the investor community.
Knowing about failed IPOs can be useful for investors, who may benefit from a cautionary tale or too before investing in the next “big thing.”
💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that opening a brokerage account typically doesn’t come with any setup costs? Often, the only requirement to open a brokerage account — aside from providing personal details — is making an initial deposit.
10 of the Biggest IPO Failures in History
Throughout IPO history, there are some IPOs that failed more spectacularly than others. The following list is in chronological order.
1. TheGlobe.com
TheGlobe’s IPO flop in 1998 is one of the worst of the dotcom-bubble era and in IPO history overall. The company’s stock jumped an astonishing 600% on the first day of trading, raising $27.9 million in its IPO. But less than two years later, the NYSE delisted the stock after it fell below $1 per share.
2. Pets.com
Pets.com’s IPO makes the list of worst IPOs in history largely because of how quickly the company’s downfall happened. After raising $82.5 million in its February 2000 IPO, the company filed for bankruptcy a mere nine months later.
3. Vonage
Vonage’s IPO in May 2006 was so bad that the company was eventually sued over it, and three U.S. investment banks received fines from the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) in connection with the IPO. After falling short of the initial $17 price point, share prices continued to tumble, eventually bottoming out in the peak of the Great Recession at under $0.50 per share.
4. Omeros
Biotech company Omeros was one of the worst IPO flops of 2009. The company saw its stock price decline 36% in the worst two weeks of trading alone. Over the years, the company’s share price has see-sawed, most recently dropping below $10 per share in October 2021 and hovering there through the beginning of 2022.
5. Etsy
Etsy ended up being one of the worst IPOs of 2015. After its stock price nearly doubled from $16 to $27 on the first day of trading, the trend began to move in the other direction with prices eventually falling below $10 per share. The stock has since rebounded, but Etsy is notable for being one of the worst-performing IPOs in recent history.
6. Uber
Uber’s IPO in May of 2019 was deemed a Wall Street flop after the company failed to meet its expected valuation of $120 billion upon its debut. While the ride-sharing company aimed for a $45 per share price at opening, it opened at $42 instead before closing down at $41 per share on the first day of trading.
7. SmileDirectClub
SmileDirectClub’s first day of trading in September 2019 ended up being one of the worst IPOs in decades. The stock was initially priced at $23 per share, opened at $20.55 per share, and continued to fall throughout the trading day, eventually ending down 27.5%.
8. Root
Root Inc., an auto insurance startup, looked promising enough when its IPO raised $724.4 million in 2020. Since then, the insuretech stock’s share price is down nearly 90% since its initial offering and the company’s valuation has been cut in half.
9. Casper Sleep Inc.
Casper Sleep’s 2020 IPO got off to a shaky start, with shares trading at $12 to start. The company revised its IPO price down from an initial target range of $17 to $19 per share. The IPO put the company’s valuation at around $470 million, well below the $1.1 billion valuation it had previously garnered through private fundraising.
10. Robinhood
Robinhood’s initial public offering in July of 2021 was deemed one of the worst IPOs ever for a company of its size, with shares falling as much as 10% within minutes of the opening of trading. The company ended its first day of trading at a $29 billion valuation, well short of the $35 billion valuation that had been expected.
How Many IPOs Fail?
Pinning down the IPO success rate can be difficult, as there’s a distinction between companies that flop at opening and stay down and those that eventually go on to be highly profitable. As such, investing in IPOs entails a certain amount of risk for investors because it’s so different from analyzing a stock that already has a history of being traded.
According to a Nasdaq analysis of companies that have gone public since the 1980s, the IPO success rate is about 20%. This means that 80% of companies that go public end up being unprofitable when they make their debut on a stock exchange.
The study also found that the majority of IPOs produce negative returns over the long-term. Specifically, two-thirds of new companies underperform the market within three years of their IPO date.
Those figures may seem discouraging but that doesn’t prevent companies from pursuing initial public offerings. In fact, 2021 was a record-breaking year for IPOs, with more than 2,000 companies raising $594 billion globally with public offerings. It’s impossible to know how many of those companies will succeed, but there are certain factors that can influence whether an IPO flops or not.
Why Do IPOs Fail?
IPO success — or failure — tends to be measured in terms of how well results align with expectations. There can be a significant departure from IPO valuations and the trading prices of a stock at listing.
Whether price variation is above or below the initial valuation can determine the success of an IPO. IPOs can also be evaluated based on the actual capital raised versus what the company anticipates raising by going public.
As to what causes some IPOs to fail while others succeed, planning or lack of it typically plays a part. Central to the IPO process is researching the market to determine how much interest and enthusiasm there is among investors for the company’s offering. IPO underwriters also research the company itself to determine how well-received the offering is likely to be.
If an IPO fails, it can often be chalked up to one or all of the following:
• The IPO’s valuation is wrong and the stock is priced too high to attract interest among investors
• The company is attempting to go public at the wrong time
• There’s an underlying issue with the company’s fundamentals or governance
In the case of WeWork, there were questions about the initial $47 billion valuation and whether it might be too high. There were also concerns about the company’s leadership, which contributed to the IPO being shelved.
But even companies with a promising IPO can later fail. And conversely, a seemingly failed IPO can turn into a success story later on, as evidenced by Facebook’s initial flop and eventual rise to become a trillion-dollar company in 2021.
The Takeaway
IPO investing holds the potential for rewards, but as the flops listed here show there are also serious risks involved with trading IPO stocks. If an IPO fails, it can often be chalked up to the IPO’s valuation being off the mark; an underlying problem with company fundamentals or leadership – or maybe the initial public offering occurs at a bad time, for one reason or another.
Whatever the situation, it’s important for individual investors to research upcoming IPOs to determine whether they make sense as part of an overall investing strategy.
Whether you’re curious about exploring IPOs, or interested in traditional stocks and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), you can get started by opening an account on the SoFi Invest® brokerage platform. On SoFi Invest, eligible SoFi members have the opportunity to trade IPO shares, and there are no account minimums for those with an Active Investing account. As with any investment, it's wise to consider your overall portfolio goals in order to assess whether IPO investing is right for you, given the risks of volatility and loss.
FAQ
What makes an IPO successful?
Successful IPOs are often associated with companies that have strong fundamentals and have managed to create significant interest among investors. These companies have IPO valuations that closely align with investor expectations and they’re entering the market at an optimal time.
What happens when an IPO fails?
If an IPO fails, that doesn’t necessarily signal the end of the company. The company may adjust its business model or expectations in order to find a path toward profitability. In a worst-case scenario, however, the company could end up closing down or filing bankruptcy.
Why does an IPO fail?
There are a number of reasons why an IPO may fail but it often comes down to lack of planning or unrealistic expectations on the part of the company executives or their underwriting team. An overvalued IPO, for example, or a company that has shaky financials, could end up underwhelming investors once trading opens.
About the author
Rebecca Lake
Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.
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