Student loans are a type of financial aid option that lets you borrow a lump sum of money upfront that you’ll repay over time later, with interest. Some students are unclear whether a student loan is a secured or unsecured debt.
Both federal and private student loans are considered unsecured debt. Keep reading to learn more on secured loans versus unsecured loans, pros and cons of each, and why student loans are considered an unsecured form of debt.
What Are Secured Loans?
A secured loan is a type of debt that requires borrowers to provide the lender with an asset of value to back the loan. This asset is called collateral. Collateral could be your home, your car, other property that has monetary value, a savings account, jewelry, and more. The type of collateral you put up is stated in the loan agreement.
If a borrower defaults on their loan and doesn’t pay it back, the lender can take actions to seize possession of the collateral. It then uses the proceeds from the sale of the collateral to recover the unpaid debt.
Common types of secured loans include:
• Mortgage loans
• Home equity loans
• Auto loans
• Some personal loans
Lenders typically view secured loans as less risky to their bottom line since the promised collateral offers them at least some financial protection. In turn, secured loans might offer lower interest rates compared to unsecured loans.
Certain secured loans are also designed as accessible financing for individuals whose credit doesn’t qualify for an unsecured loan.
What Are Unsecured Loans?
An unsecured loan is an installment loan that doesn’t require an asset or collateral upfront to secure the debt. Since this type of loan doesn’t offer an asset-based guarantee to the lender, the borrower must demonstrate a strong likelihood that they’ll repay the debt.
A positive and extensive credit history, consistent and sufficient income, and low credit utilization are some markers that lenders use to determine how risky a borrower is for an unsecured loan. Additionally, since lenders don’t have access to collateral to fall back on in the event of default, unsecured loans generally have higher interest rates.
Credit cards, some personal loans, and private student loans are considered unsecured loans.
Pros and Cons of Secured vs Unsecured Loans
Secured and unsecured loans have their own advantages and downsides. Furthermore, some benefits are only for certain types of secured or unsecured loans. Before signing a loan agreement, it’s important to understand the pros and cons of each option.
| Secured Loans | Unsecured Loans | |
|---|---|---|
| Pros |
• More accessible for certain borrowers • May offer lower interest rates • Might qualify for larger loan amount • Certain loans might qualify for tax deductions |
• No risk of lost collateral • Application process might be more straightforward • Might offer convenient features or perks • Student loans might qualify for tax benefits |
| Cons |
• Collateral required upfront • Risk losing collateral if you default |
• More stringent borrowing criteria • Interest rates may be higher |
How Federal Loans Differ From Typical Debt
Students often wonder whether federal student loans are secured or unsecured debt. Both federal loans and private education loans are unsecured debt. However, federal loans have significant perks and protections that private student loans don’t offer.
Unlike private student loans that require a minimum credit score or cosigner, most federal student loans don’t require a credit check or a cosigner to qualify for a loan. The Direct PLUS Loan is the only federal loan that requires a credit check, but borrowers with adverse credit can still access a Direct PLUS Loan by completing a few additional steps.
Federal loan rates are fixed, meaning your monthly payment won’t change throughout your repayment term. With federal subsidized Direct Loans, the Department of Education pays for interest that accrues while your loan is in deferment (e.g., while you’re in school). Conversely, other unsecured loans aren’t subsidized and might have variable interest rates that change throughout your repayment period, making it hard to anticipate your budget every month.
You’ll also have access to a range of repayment options, including income-driven repayment (IDR) plans, which are exclusive to federal student loans. Some borrowers qualify for a required payment of $0 per month while enrolled in an IDR plan. Finally, federal student loans are eligible for federal student loan forgiveness programs that cancel a portion of your student debt after meeting minimum program requirements.
Managing Your Student Loan Debt
Getting a handle on your unsecured student loan debt can feel challenging as you balance other areas of your life. Below are a few strategies to help you manage your student loans:
• Make in-school interest-only payments. If you can afford to, consider paying off the monthly interest that accrues while your loan is on in-school deferment. This applies to both unsubsidized federal loans and private loans. Making these small but meaningful interest payments can help you avoid interest capitalization (i.e., paying interest on interest) later.
• Track when your loan payments are due. Be aware of your loan due dates and minimum payments each month. Late payments or missing a payment altogether can have a negative effect on your credit score, since loan repayment history is reported to the major credit bureaus.
• See if you qualify for loan forgiveness or loan repayment assistance. The Department of Education offers a few forgiveness and cancellation programs for eligible borrowers with qualifying loans, like the Public Service Loan Forgiveness program for government and nonprofit employees. Some states also offer loan repayment assistance programs to workers in certain professions, like health care, social work, and law.
• Reach out to your loan servicer or lender. If you’re struggling to make your student loan payment, your loan servicer or lender is your best resource. They can guide you through relief options that are accessible to you, whether that’s getting on a different repayment plan or temporary forbearance.
The Takeaway
A student loan is unsecured debt. Having to put forward collateral to get a student loan is a roadblock that you fortunately don’t have to worry about.
If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.
FAQ
Are student loans considered secured or unsecured?
Student loans are considered unsecured debt, meaning they don’t require collateral from you as a condition of securing the loan. Since there’s no collateral tied to the loan, if you default on the debt, the lender might choose to take you to court in an attempt to collect some or all of the debt.
Is it possible to get a secured student loan?
No. Student loans are a form of unsecured debt. No collateral is required to get a student loan, whether you’re borrowing a federal or private student loan.
How are federal student loans different from private?
Federal student loans are guaranteed and funded by the U.S. Department of Education. They offer exclusive fixed rates, established annual and aggregate loan limits, non-credit-based eligibility criteria, and access to income-based repayment plans and loan forgiveness.
Private student loans are provided by private financial institutions, like banks, credit unions, online lenders, and schools. Private lenders offer fixed or variable loan rates, which differ between lenders. Your eligibility for a private loan involves various factors, like your income and credit history, and repayment terms and plan options vary.
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