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Student Loan Deferment vs Forbearance: What’s The Difference?

If you’re struggling to keep up with student loan payments, rest assured you are not alone.

There are many reasons why you may be having difficulty with your loans. Some students may struggle to find a job after graduation or some may not earn as much as they anticipated right out of the gate. For those with federal student loans, forbearance and deferment options exist for these very reasons. Here’s a closer look at the details, along with the changes to deferment and forbearance that will take effect for loans issued after July 1, 2027.

When Student Loan Payments Become Too Much

When monthly student loan payments become insurmountable, the worst thing to do is nothing at all. When a borrower stops paying their student loans, they may go into default. This has the potential to devastate an individual’s credit score.

In default, borrowers could also face relentless collection agencies or could even have their wages garnished. Plus, in most cases, student loans can’t be discharged even if the borrower files for bankruptcy.

Borrowers with federal student loans may have other options for pausing or temporarily reducing their monthly payments if they’ve found themselves in a tough financial spot. Namely, borrowers can apply for either student loan deferment or forbearance from the federal government in order to avoid default.

It can be tough to figure out the difference between these two programs and which is best for your situation. Here’s a breakdown of the differences between student loan deferment and forbearance.


💡 Quick Tip: Ready to refinance your student loan? With SoFi’s no-fee loans, you could save thousands by lowering your interest rate. Note that you may pay more in interest if you refinance with an extended term. Refinancing federal loans also means losing access to federal repayment plans and other programs.

What Is the Difference Between Deferment and Forbearance?

Let’s start with the similarities: Both deferment and forbearance allow a borrower to temporarily lower or stop making payments on their federal student loans for a defined period of time, if they qualify. In both cases, the borrower needs to contact their loan servicer, submit a request, and provide the documentation requested by the loan servicer.

The main difference between the two is that, while in deferment, borrowers are not required to pay the interest that accrues if they have a qualifying loan.

Specifically, interest is not owed on Direct Subsidized Loans, Subsidized Federal Stafford Loans, Federal Perkins Loans, and subsidized portions of Direct Consolidation Loans or Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFEL) Consolidation Loans.

Interest payments are still required on Direct Unsubsidized Loans, Unsubsidized Federal Stafford Loans, Direct PLUS Loans, FFEL Plus Loans, and unsubsidized portions of Direct Consolidation Loans and FFEL Consolidation Loans.

With federal student loan forbearance, borrowers are always responsible for paying the interest that accrues, regardless of what kinds of federal loans they have.

You can either pay the interest as it adds up during the forbearance period, or you can have it added to your balance at the end.

Who Is Eligible for Deferment?

Deferment is tailored to people who are facing financial difficulties. Loans can be deferred for up to three years.
To qualify, you need to be enrolled in school at least half-time, in the military, in another eligible post-graduate role, or unable to find a full-time job. You may also qualify for a deferment if you’re seeking cancer treatments, are enrolled in an approved rehabilitation program, or are serving in the Peace Corps.

If a borrower is enrolled in an approved graduate program, they may be able to defer their loans for an additional six months after school ends.

However, deferment options will be limited for future borrowers. Due to the recent U.S. domestic spending bill, deferment for economic hardship and unemployment will no longer be available for federal student loans issued after July 1, 2027.

Recommended: Examining How Student Loan Deferment Works

Who Is Eligible for Forbearance?

The two types of forbearance are mandatory and general. Mandatory forbearance must be granted if you qualify, while general forbearance is up to your loan servicer to approve you or not.

Mandatory Forbearance

Loan servicers are required to grant mandatory forbearance to qualifying borrowers. Depending on the type of federal student loan, borrowers may be eligible if they are in a medical or dental internship or residency, serving in AmeriCorps or the National Guard, or working as a teacher and performing a teaching service that qualifies for teacher loan forgiveness.

Borrowers may also qualify if their monthly student loan payment is at least 20% of their gross monthly income. Again, this will depend on the type of loan they have. Note: Mandatory forbearance is granted for up to a year at a time. If you’re still facing financial challenges when the forbearance period ends, you can request another, up to a cumulative total of three years.

For loans issued after July 1, 2027, forbearance will be capped at nine months in any 24-month period.

General Forbearance

With general forbearance, it’s up to the loan servicer to decide whether to grant it, and only certain federal student loans are eligible (Direct Loans, FFEL, and Perkins Loans). Like mandatory forbearance, general forbearance can only be granted for 12 months at a time. There is a three-year cumulative limit on general forbearances. As mentioned above, loans issued after July 1, 2027 will have a different limit: no more than nine months of forbearance in a 24-month period.

Borrowers can apply for a general forbearance if they’re unable to make loan payments because of financial hardship, medical bills, or changes in their job (such as reduced pay or unemployment). If there are other reasons they’re unable to pay, it’s also possible to make that case to the loan servicer, but the decision will be theirs to make.

Forbearance vs. Deferment for Student Loans: Which Option to Choose?

If your federal student loan type and circumstances allow you to, it’s best to apply for deferment since it allows you to get a break on interest during the deferment period. However, if you’ve already exhausted the maximum time for a deferment or your situation doesn’t fit the narrow eligibility criteria, then it could make sense to apply for a forbearance.

If your ability to afford your loan payments is unlikely to change anytime soon, or if you have private loans and/or federal loans that don’t qualify for a deferment or forbearance program, you may want to consider other solutions, such as an income-driven repayment plan or student loan refinancing.

How Does an Income-Driven Repayment Plan Work?

Another way to potentially reduce your federal student loan payment is to apply for an income-driven repayment plan. The government offers three different income-driven plans, which cap the borrower’s monthly payments at a percentage of their discretionary income.

The plan a borrower qualifies for depends on the type of loan they have and when it was borrowed. Depending on the plan, your monthly payment will generally be reduced to 10-20% of your discretionary income. The repayment term is also extended up to 25 years.

If you still have a balance once the repayment period is up on the Income-Based Repayment plan (IBR), the remaining debt is forgiven. You may get credit for your payments on PAYE and ICR if you switch to IBR. However, you may have to pay taxes on the canceled debt.

Starting in the summer of 2026, borrowers will have a new income-driven option, the Repayment Assistance Plan (RAP). This will be the only income-driven plan available to those who take out loans after July 1, 2026. The PAYE and ICR programs will also be eliminated in the coming years.

How Can Student Loan Refinancing Help?

For some borrowers, refinancing student loans can be an option that helps them reduce their monthly payment or lower their interest rate. (Note: You may pay more interest over the life of the loan if you refinance with an extended term.) Refinancing involves taking out a new loan from a private lender and using it to pay off existing federal or private loans, effectively combining multiple loans into one.

The new loan will have a new term and interest rate, which has the potential to help borrowers save on interest or the amount they pay over the life of the loan. Borrowers with a solid credit score and employment history (among other positive financial indicators) are especially likely to be able to qualify for favorable terms.

Keep in mind that if you refinance federal loans, you will no longer qualify for the federal benefits we discussed in this post, including deferment, forbearance, or income-driven repayment programs. Make sure to weigh the pros and cons of refinancing carefully before moving forward.

However, some private lenders do offer temporary relief if you experience financial hardship. Rather than stopgaps that can require you to reapply year after year, refinancing can help you gain a long-term plan for getting your payments under control.

With SoFi, it’s possible to refinance loans without paying any hidden fees or penalties at either a fixed or variable interest rate.

The Takeaway

Deferment and forbearance are both options that allow borrowers to temporarily pause payments on their federal student loans.

Deferment differs from forbearance in that some borrowers may not be required to pay interest that accrues during deferment, depending on the type of loan they have. With forbearance, borrowers are generally required to cover interest that accrues while the loan is in forbearance.

Borrowers who anticipate having trouble making monthly federal student loan payments in the long-term might consider applying for income-driven repayment, which ties monthly payments to the borrower’s income level.

If you’re comfortable sacrificing federal programs and repayment plans, refinancing your student loans with a private lender could also lead to savings. Refinancing with an extended term, though, could increase your long-term interest costs.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.


SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers.
Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Questions to Ask on a College Tour

As useful as a college’s website can be, touring colleges can be a great way to get the inside scoop and access to hard-to-find information. Instead of sifting through endless pages online, you can get answers from the people who know the school best.

You might feel lost when it comes to figuring out which questions to ask on a college tour, but here’s a guide into some basic categories to help make it less overwhelming for you and your parents, if they’re joining you.

Key Points

•   College tours offer unique, firsthand insights not available online.

•   Ask about social events, clubs, and dining options to understand campus life.

•   Inquire about class sizes and the registration process for popular courses.

•   Explore dorm options, roommate assignments, and off-campus living possibilities.

•   Discuss financial aid, on-campus jobs, and career services to plan your future.

Campus Life

What college is like involves a lot more than just attending large lectures and pulling all-nighters at your computer. Each campus will have its own culture and social life that you’ll want to explore.

Usually, in the first few weeks of the year, there will be events where clubs, Greek communities, and student councils set up tables and try to recruit members.

Getting involved in on-campus activities, clubs, and extracurriculars can be a great way to build a network, explore your interests, and importantly, make friends. So it can be helpful to get an idea of the types of activities a school offers and how you can get involved while you’re on your college tour.

Ask if your guide knows when these events are planned and what types of organizations will be present.

Another important facet of campus life is, of course, the food. Your guide will probably show you where the various food courts and dining halls are, but it doesn’t hurt to ask about what is available and what their recommendations are. And if you have specific dietary restrictions, you may want to ask what types of accommodations dining halls can make.

Some more questions you might want to ask about campus life include:

•   Where do most people hang out on campus?

•   What time do places (e.g., library, coffee shops, restaurants, gym, etc.) close?

•   Is it easy to find parking near campus?

•   How are people grouped in dorms (by their year in college or interests)?

•   Do most freshmen live on campus? Is there a freshman dorm?

College is going to be your home for about four years, your experience will be impacted by the time you spend both in and out of the classrooms on campus.


💡 Quick Tip: Private student loans offer fixed or variable interest rates. So you can get a loan that fits your budget.

Classes

A large portion of your time in college will, naturally, be spent in your classes. Your tour will probably cover certain types of buildings, like the engineering building, the liberal arts buildings, etc. But if your guide doesn’t mention where classes for your major will be taking place, make sure to ask so that you are familiar with the campus layout.

If you haven’t researched how big your classes will be, this could also be a good time to ask those questions. See if your guide has information on how common large lectures are as opposed to smaller class sizes.

You may prefer a school where smaller class sizes are the norm. This can make it easier to get to know your classmates and professors. Or, you might like the excitement of being in a large lecture hall.

Registering for college courses can be a hectic experience, especially for popular classes with limited spots available. Every college has its own system and it can impact whether or not you get the courses you want.

Ask your guide what the school’s process is for class registration and if you might have issues getting desired courses within your major.

Recommended: College Visit Checklist for Parents

Sports

Another way to get involved in your school’s social scene is through sports. Your school will likely have official sports teams as well as intramural sports.

Going to the official games with friends is a fun way to show your school pride and spend time with classmates outside of studying.

Some questions you can ask your guide about sports are:

•   Where are the sports played, on-campus or off?

•   Which ones are the most popular to watch?

•   What’s the average cost (if any) for a sporting event ticket?

If there’s a sport that you’re particularly fond of watching, ask your guide about the school’s team.

If you’re athletic or want to become more athletic, joining an intramural sports team can be a fun way to get exercise and socialize at the same time.

While you’re on your tour, ask where the school gym is and where and when intramural sign-ups usually happen. Another question you might ask on your college tour is if a gym membership is included in tuition and what you get access to, as some intramural sports may have an extra sign-up cost.

Living Situations

Some of the most important questions to ask on a college tour will have to do with the available living situations. Choosing your college living situation is a huge decision.

There are usually a few options depending on how far away from home your school is. If you’re going out of state, you’ll probably have the option to live in a dorm or find somewhere to live off-campus. Some schools require out-of-state freshmen to stay on campus during their first year, so asking about this on the tour can help you understand what’s required at your school.

Since every school’s dorms will be different, here’s a list of questions worth asking while you’re on the tour:

•   How many people are assigned to a room? If it’s suite-style, how many people share common living spaces such as the kitchen and bathrooms?

•   How do they assign roommates, and when do you learn who your roommate is?

•   What is the process for changing your roommate if problems occur?

If you choose to stay in the dorms, you want to make sure your college will be supportive of making sure it’s a safe and friendly environment for students.

Off-campus living may be an option for your first year, but even if it isn’t, it can still be good to ask about it on your college tour. Ask what options are available nearby and what the average cost is for rent. It can be helpful to also gauge how many upperclassmen live on-campus vs. off-campus too.

Consider asking if the school has a system for finding roommates, like an online forum, so you can meet other students and find trustworthy people to room with.

Some schools may opt to assign roommates for freshmen, so understanding what the standard protocol at the school is can be helpful.

If you’re touring schools close to home, you may have the option of living at home. If you’re considering commuting, you could ask your guide how they think commuting affects students’ ability to enjoy campus life and their ability to stay involved in events/organizations.

Work and Career Opportunities

It’s pretty well known that college isn’t cheap. Hopefully, you’ll be able to get some help paying for tuition and books with various forms of financial support, but it doesn’t hurt to see what job opportunities will be available for you on campus.

Ask your tour guide if jobs are available to students and where you can get more information.

For long-term career goals, it’s important to know if your school hosts job fairs or networking events in your field. Many colleges will support students beyond just getting a degree.

During your tour, ask what events and services your school provides to help students start their careers post-graduation.


💡 Quick Tip: It’s a good idea to understand the pros and cons of private student loans and federal student loans before committing to them.

Financial Aid

Paying for college can be a stressful topic, but your tour guide may have a good understanding of what you’re feeling, having already gone through the process themselves. While you’re touring different schools, it can be important to ask what financial aid options are available that are unique to the school.

Wherever you end up going, the way to apply for financial aid is by completing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). This will let you know if you are eligible for any federal aid, which may include grants, scholarships, work-study, and federal student loans.

That isn’t the only way to finance your education. Federal student loans and private student loans are both available. To fill in any gaps in funding, you may also want to explore private student loans. These are available through banks, credit unions, and online lenders. To apply for a private student loan, you generally fill out a loan application either alone or with a cosigner. Rates vary depending on the lender but borrowers with solid credit typically qualify for the lowest rates.

Just keep in mind that private student loans may not offer borrower protections, such as deferment and income-driven repayment plans, that come with federal student loans.

The Takeaway

College tours can provide a valuable window onto what a campus is like and what a school offers. While on the tour, it’s a great opportunity to get answers to your questions about everything from dorm room options to class sizes, from extracurricular activities to social events. Your guide can likely give you an insider perspective that you won’t get from a website or brochure. You might also ask about typical financial aid and career services offered, since affording college and launching your work life are likely of interest.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

Should you go on college tours?

College tours are a good way to gain insights onto a campus and how it operates. You can also hear from a student guide about important insider topics and ask questions from a current student.

What are good questions to ask on a college tour?

Good questions to ask on a college tour can cover such topics as typical class size, dorm details, extracurricular activities, and typical costs. The information you learn can help you decide if a school is a good fit for you.

Do parents go with you on school tours?

The answer to whether parents go with you on school tours is that it can depend. Some students and parents definitely want to take tours together and discuss what they have seen and heard. Other students would rather go solo or visit campuses with a couple of their friends or a sibling. Lastly, don’t be surprised if a school divides the tour up into two kinds of groups, one for students and one for parents. That can be a way for students to develop their own independent view of the campus.


SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Do Student Loans Expire?

Federal student loans never expire. Unlike private student loans, federal loans have no statute of limitations, which is the time limit creditors have to use legal means to collect on a debt. And while the clock technically can run out on private student loans, that doesn’t mean your student loans have vanished — lenders simply can no longer sue you to collect the debt. Plus, waiting it out will wreak havoc on your finances, anyway.

As such, waiting for student loans to expire is not a recommended tactic to manage student loans. Read on to learn more about why your student loans aren’t likely to expire and more effective ways to deal with student loan debt.

Why Federal Student Loans Don’t Expire

When does my student loan expire?

The answer to that question is “never” when it comes to federal loans. There’s no statute of limitations for collections on federal student loans. This means that if you stop making payments, your loan servicer or a debt collector can sue you to force repayment, regardless of how long it’s been since you last made a payment.

So what happens if you do stop paying your federal student loans altogether? First, your total balance will continue to increase. Whether or not you’re making any payments, interest will accrue, which means that every month your lender will add your new interest fees to your principal loan balance.

After at least 270 days of non-payment, your federal student loan will be in default. This can cause a number of things to happen, including loan acceleration (meaning your entire balance becomes due) and your loan getting sent to collections, which can damage your credit score and lead to additional fees from a collection agency.

Additionally, the federal government may decide to withhold your tax refund or even garnish wages directly from your paycheck. Your loan holder can also sue you to force you to pay up.

Recommended: What Happens When Your Student Loans Go to Collections?

Why Private Student Loans May Expire

Unlike federal student loans, private student loans may be bound by a statute of limitations on collections. The statute of limitations varies by state and is generally between three and 10 years from the date you stopped paying your loans. Once the statute of limitations is up, the debt becomes “time-barred.”

Before you stop making your monthly payments, it’s important to know that a statute of limitations is not the same thing as an expiration date on your loans. A statute of limitations is merely a limit on the time that a lender or debt collector has to sue you in court to force you to pay back the loans.

Even if your debt is time-barred, you still technically owe the money, and failure to pay could lead to student loan default. When you default, you may face negative impacts to your credit score, and you may still end up dealing with collection agencies, plus any additional fees they may charge.

One Way You Can Get Rid of Student Loans

You can technically get rid of federal student loans in bankruptcy. However, doing so is extremely rare.

To potentially get your student loans (federal or private) discharged in bankruptcy, you would have to prove that paying your loans would cause you “undue hardship” (to borrow a phrase right from the U.S. Bankruptcy Code). Proving that paying your loans would cause undue hardship typically involves passing the Brunner test. This is a tool bankruptcy courts use that basically lays out ways in which you might claim undue hardship.

In short, it’s far from a sure thing. But whether you’re 19 or 90 years old, your federal student loans will not just automatically expire after a period of non-payment — and failing to pay has some serious consequences.

Alternative Options to Manage Student Loan Debt

Just because federal student loans don’t expire doesn’t mean there aren’t other ways to manage your student loan debt. Here are a few other options you might explore.

Public Service Loan Forgiveness

Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) is available to professionals who work for qualifying employers in certain fields such as government, the nonprofit sector, and healthcare. This program is meant to encourage graduates to fill needed jobs in the public service sector without worrying about making enough money to pay off their student debt.

PSLF requires that you make 120 payments (the equivalent of 10 years, though they don’t need to be consecutive) while working full-time for a qualifying employer. Only payments made under certain repayment programs (such as income-driven repayment) count toward forgiveness. Still, federal loan forgiveness may be a good option for public servants with lots of debt left to pay.

Income-Driven Repayment

Income-driven repayment (IDR) plans reduce your payments to a percentage of your discretionary income. There are three IDR plans available today:

•   Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE), which replaced REPAYE

•   Pay As You Earn (PAYE)

•   Income-Based Repayment (IBR)

•   Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR)

In addition to reducing payments, these plans also extend the repayment term up to 25 years. Once the repayment period is up on the Income-Based Repayment plan, any remaining debt should be forgiven (but may be considered taxable income). The Department of Education is no longer offering forgiveness at the end of PAYE or ICR, but you can get credit for your payments by switching to IBR.

Starting in the summer of 2026, there will be a new income-driven option called the Repayment Assistance Plan (RAP). This plan offers forgiveness at the end, but only after you’ve paid your loans for 30 years.

Student Loan Refinancing

Another option to save money on your student loans is student loan refinancing. Loan refinancing doesn’t change the underlying amount that you owe. However, it may reduce the amount of money you spend on interest and help you secure better payment terms, which can add up to some serious cash over the life of your loan. When you refinance a federal student loan, you replace it with a private student loan.

Refinancing your federal and private loans based on your current credit score and income may allow you to score a brand new loan with a better interest rate or a shorter payoff term. However, you may pay more interest over the life of the loan if you refinance with an extended term.

To see how refinancing your loans could potentially help you spend less money in interest, you can take a look at this student loan refinance calculator. Just know that if you’re working toward PSLF, refinancing with a private lender will disqualify your loans from this and any other federal program or repayment plan.

💡 Quick Tip: Refinancing comes with a lot of specific terms. If you want a quick refresher, the Student Loan Refinancing Glossary can help you understand the essentials.

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The Takeaway

If you’ve been waiting around for your federal student loans to expire, you’re out of luck — federal student loans don’t expire. While private student loans may expire due to their statute of limitations, your debt won’t just disappear when this happens. Your finances will also suffer in the meantime. This is why it’s important to look into other ways to manage your student loan debt, such as student loan refinancing or income-driven repayment.

Remember that refinancing federal student loans means forfeiting access to federal repayment plans and other forgiveness programs. If you’re not relying on federal benefits, however, it could be an effective way to reduce your interest rate.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.


SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers.
Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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How Refinancing Student Loans Can Affect Your Credit Score

How Refinancing Student Loans Can Affect Your Credit Score

If you can secure better terms for your student loan through refinancing, you may save money over the life of your loan. But does refinancing student loans hurt your credit score?

While refinancing may cause a small temporary dip in your credit score, your credit score will likely improve in the long term if it helps make your monthly payments more manageable.

Here’s what to know about how refinancing student loans may affect your credit and how to decide if student loan refinancing is the right choice for you.

Do Student Loan Refinance Lenders Look at Credit Scores?

Lenders look into factors including your credit score and payment history to determine if you qualify for student loan refinancing. As a reminder of what creditworthiness is: Your credit tells a story about your past borrowing habits and gives lenders insight into your likelihood of repaying the loan. If that story reflects positively on you, you’re considered “creditworthy” and more likely to qualify for better loan terms, such as a lower interest rate.

To provide you with pre-qualified refinancing rates, lenders usually run a soft credit check with the credit bureaus. A soft credit inquiry doesn’t typically impact your credit score. If you decide to move forward with a student loan refinance offer by submitting a formal application, a lender will conduct a hard credit inquiry, which will impact your score. This impact, however, is usually temporary and may be worth it if you’re able to secure better loan terms.


💡 Quick Tip: Get flexible terms and competitive rates when you refinance your student loan with SoFi.

Possible Positive Effects

There are short- and long-term positive effects of refinancing student loans when it comes to your credit score. Here are some of the times when refinancing student loans can be a good idea.

Short Term

If your original loan has a high interest rate or high monthly payment and it causes you to have late or missed payments, that can hurt your credit score. According to FICO, a popular credit scoring model used by lenders, 35% of your FICO score calculation is based on your payment history.

Recommended: Refinancing Student Loans Guide

Refinancing student loans can affect your credit in a positive way in the short term by making your monthly payments manageable. You may be able to lower your monthly payments if you qualify for a reduced interest rate. You can also choose to extend your repayment term during a refinance to lower your monthly payment, though this may mean you’ll pay more interest over the life of the loan.

Long Term

If you secure better loan terms that make it easier to repay your loans on time, you’ll make positive strides with your credit over time as you maintain a good payment history. Again, with 35% of your FICO score impacted by your repayment habits, this is a key benefit.

And if you qualify for a lower student loan interest rate, a student loan refinance can help you apply more of your cash flow toward your principal balance. In addition to saving more on interest charges for your total education debt, you’ll also repay your student loans faster. Aside from the mental relief you’ll get from a faster debt payoff, paying off your student loan accounts reduces the total outstanding amount you owe, which can impact up to 30% of your FICO score calculation.

Possible Negative Effects

So how does refinancing student loans hurt credit exactly? The negative effects on your credit score are typically minimal if you’re able to make on-time payments. Here’s what to know.

Short Term

Although your credit isn’t impacted by a soft credit check, a hard inquiry does affect your credit score. However, the impact is usually a five-point reduction or less and a hard inquiry from a student loan refinance only hurts your score for a few months, according to credit bureau Experian. After the inquiry drops off of your credit report, it’s no longer factored into your credit score calculation.

Long Term

A student loan refinance can negatively impact your credit score long-term if you find that you’re still unable to make full, on-time monthly payments. If for any reason your loan goes into default, it will adversely affect your credit score.

Recommended: Can You Remove Student Loans from Your Credit Report?

Can You Prevent Any Negative Effects?

The negative impact of refinancing student loans is small, but there are still strategies to minimize their effect:

•   Keep applications within a 14- to 45-day window. When multiple credit inquiries of a similar type are conducted within a close time frame of each other, some credit scoring models count them at only one inquiry.

•   Keep paying your loans while in the refinancing process. Don’t stop making payments to your original loan servicer or lender until your refinancing lender gives you the all-clear. Prematurely stopping your loan payments can negatively impact your credit, even if you’re in the middle of refinancing.

•   Stay on top of your student loan refinance payments. Maintain positive payment activity on your loan to avoid adversely affecting your credit score down the line.

Recommended: Guide to Refinancing Private Student Loans

When Can Refinancing Student Loans Be a Bad Idea?

If you don’t have a strong credit history, it might be challenging to get approved for a competitive refinance student loan rate and terms. Consider building your credit before applying or finding a cosigner with strong credit.

Refinancing also is not a good idea if you’re planning to take advantage of federal student loan programs or benefits, such as deferment, forbearance, student loan forgiveness, or income-driven repayment plans. You will no longer have access to these federal programs if you refinance your loan with a private lender.


💡 Quick Tip: When refinancing a student loan, you may shorten or extend the loan term. Shortening your loan term may result in higher monthly payments but significantly less total interest paid. A longer loan term typically results in lower monthly payments but more total interest paid.

Alternatives to Student Loan Refinancing

Student loan refinancing isn’t the only student loan repayment approach available. Alternative options provided by federal and state programs offer various ways to get relief from your education debt.

Loan Forgiveness Programs

Federal student loan borrowers have access to various student loan forgiveness programs that cancel a portion of your student loan debt. Popular programs that can reduce your student loan burden without impacting your credit include:

•   Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF). Borrowers who participate in PSLF must work full-time at the government level (federal, state, local, or tribal) or nonprofit. During this time, you must also enroll in an income-driven repayment plan and make 120 qualifying payments. Afterward, your remaining eligible federal loan debt is forgiven.

•   Income-driven repayment (IDR) plans. If you want to lower your monthly payments – and potentially get some of your loan balance forgiven – consider opting into an income-driven repayment plan. After making 20 or 25 years of payments on the Income-Based Repayment (IBR) plan, the remainder of your eligible debt should be forgiven. The Department of Education is no longer processing forgiveness for the two other IDR plans, PAYE and ICR, but you should get credit for your payments if you switch to IBR.

Note that PAYE and ICR are set to close in the coming years, and borrowers will have a new income-driven plan option called the Repayment Assistance Plan (RAP) starting in the summer of 2026. Existing borrowers will be able to access IBR or RAP, while those who borrow after July 1, 2026 will only have the RAP plan as an income-driven option.

Each program has specific requirements that you’ll need to fulfill before receiving loan forgiveness, so be sure to review.

Loan Repayment Assistance Programs

Loan Repayment Assistance Programs (LRAPs) are provided through federal and state-sponsored programs, and sometimes through a private employer as an incentive. Qualified loans vary between programs, but some allow commercial loans (i.e. private student loans) and federal student loans.

Typically, a service commitment to work at an approved facility in an underserved area is required to be eligible for loan repayment assistance. After your service contract ends, you’ll receive a certain amount of repayment assistance toward your student loan debt if you meet all of the program’s criteria.

Direct Consolidation Loan

A Direct Consolidation Loan is only available for eligible federal loans; private student loans can’t be consolidated into a federal loan. If you have a hard time keeping track of multiple federal student loans, their due dates, and payment amounts, a consolidation loan simplifies your repayment.

It combines multiple loans into one new consolidation loan. The loan will be at a new interest rate which is the weighted average of the interest on all loans involved in the consolidation. There are many pros and cons involved with a Direct Consolidation Loan so tread carefully before taking this step.

SoFi Student Loan Refinancing Rates

Refinancing student loans can help you save money over the life of the loan if you can secure a lower interest rate or more favorable terms. You may pay more interest over the life of the loan if you refinance with an extended term. While the hard credit inquiry required by a loan application may temporarily lower your credit score, the long term benefits may be worth it if you’re able to save money and make your monthly payments more manageable.

It’s important to understand, however, that if you refinance federal student loans, you’ll lose access to valuable federal benefits and protections — so you should only refinance if you’re not planning to take advantage of any of these programs.

If you think a student loan refinance may make sense for your situation, you can check how much you might be able to save using a student loan refinancing calculator tool. A SoFi student loan refinance could help you reduce your total borrowing costs and offers competitive terms at low fixed or variable rates.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.


Photo credit: iStock/ferrantraite

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers.
Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Checking Your Rates: To check the rates and terms you may qualify for, SoFi conducts a soft credit pull that will not affect your credit score. However, if you choose a product and continue your application, we will request your full credit report from one or more consumer reporting agencies, which is considered a hard credit pull and may affect your credit.

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The Impact of Student Loan Debt on the Economy

Unpaid student loans can take a significant toll on personal finances. For millions of Americans, outstanding student debt means years of ongoing payments, often averaging hundreds of dollars per month. It can be hard to balance paying back what’s owed on student loans while meeting immediate expenses and pursuing long-term financial goals.

But the impact student loan debt has on the economy goes deeper than dinging individuals’ bank accounts — it impacts entire economic sectors. Here’s how student debt affects the economy, plus ways borrowers can pay off their loans faster.

Key Points

•   Student loan debt limits the disposable income of borrowers, leading to decreased spending on goods and services, which can slow economic growth.

•   High debt levels often delay homeownership, marriage, and starting a family, affecting long-term economic stability and consumer markets.

•   Borrowers are less likely to save for retirement or emergencies, which can lead to financial vulnerability and reduced economic resilience.

•   The burden of student loans can influence career decisions, pushing graduates towards higher-paying jobs rather than pursuing their passions or contributing to less lucrative but essential sectors.

•   Ways to pay off student loans quickly include making more than the minimum payment due, pursuing loan forgiveness programs, or refinancing their student loans.

Understanding How Many Americans Have Student Loans

For a comprehensive view of student loan debt and the economy, it’s useful to know just how much money is owed by borrowers across the U.S. in educational debt. In 2025, the cumulative total of student loan debt in the U.S. is nearly $1.8 trillion.

This educational debt load affects tens of millions of Americans. More than 42 million borrowers have federal student loan debt, with an average balance per individual of $38,375. To obtain a bachelor’s degree, the average public university student takes out almost $32,000 in undergraduate student loans.

For those with master’s degrees, student loan debt is even higher. The average master’s degree holder’s student loan debt is $84,203, which is more than double the average student debt balance.

Given these massive amounts, it becomes clearer how the U.S. college student loan debt crisis and the economy are enmeshed.

Demographics Most Affected by Student Loan Debt

The amount of student loan debt a borrower has varies by a number of demographic factors, including the level of education they attain, with individuals with graduate student loans owing more, as well as their race, income level, and gender. For instance, more women than men have student loan debt and black student loan holders tend to owe more than white borrowers, according to the Education Data Initiative (EDI).

Age is also a factor that can significantly affect student loan debt.

Age Groups Carrying the Most Debt

Borrowers under age 40 owe 54.5% of student loan debt, the EDI reports. While those in their 30s owe 32.5% of the student loan debt (or $517.45 billion in loans), student loan borrowers ages 18 to 29 are the age group most likely to have debt: One in four borrowers in this group owes student loan debt.

Older adults are also struggling with debt from their college years. In fact, adults ages 50 to 61 have an average student loan debt of $46,790, which is the highest student loan debt per borrower.

Here’s how student loan debt breaks down among age groups:

Age

Average student loan debt

18 to 29 $23,795
30 to 39 $42,014
40 to 49 $44,798
50 to 61 $46,790

Reviewing Effects of Student Loan Debt on the Economy

If the total amount of student loan debt held by Americans sounds staggering, that’s because it is. That total — $1.777 trillion — is more than the GDP of countries such as Australia, Spain, and South Korea.

With these numbers in mind, let’s dive deeper into the impact this massive amount of educational debt has on the U.S. economy.

Does Student Loan Debt Hamper Spending?

For those paying off a student loan, the average student loan payment for bachelor’s degree-holders is $336. Those with a master’s degree pay $842 per month, on average. For many — especially those embarking on a career and earning an entry-level salary — this ongoing financial obligation can put a serious dent in funds they could otherwise spend elsewhere.

Student loan repayments can take a big chunk of the money that individuals have available each month for buying, investing, saving, or starting a business.

Here’s why: More money spent paying back student loans means less money for consumer spending and saving. Consumer-driven economies grow when people spend their hard-earned money. If people are struggling to pay off their student loans, they’ll have less money to spend on purchases that help fuel the economy, businesses, and the workforce. The more individuals there are who are struggling to pay off loans, the greater this economic dampening effect that occurs.

During periods that require economic resilience, such as in a recession, reduced spending can be especially harmful. On the flipside, consumer spending can help to stimulate a floundering economy, possibly mitigating or reversing sudden downturns in specific sectors.

When spending doesn’t happen during a downturn, it can take longer for the economy as a whole to bounce back. And for those with student debt, it can also be harder to weather a financial crisis, compounding the pain of higher unemployment and lower spending.

Recommended: How Do Student Loans Work?

How Do Student Loans Affect the Housing Market?

With less money to spend, it’s no surprise that people with student loans have fewer funds for big ticket items, such as buying a home. According to the EDI, 29% of borrowers with student loan debt say their debt has prevented them from owning a home, and 51% of those who are currently renting say their debt prevents them from buying a place of their own.

Because home ownership is a major driver of wealth accumulation, delaying homeownership can impact an individual’s net worth for decades to come.

How Do Student Loans Stifle Entrepreneurship?

Small businesses contribute to the economy in major ways. In fact, they’re responsible for 1.5 million jobs annually, accounting for 64% of all new jobs. Small businesses employ 61.7 million people, which is almost 46% of the private sector workforce.

Future business owners who are saddled with student loan debt may not be able to turn to traditional means of financing, such as small business loans. It can be harder to get approved for financing when your debt-to-income ratio is high due to loans.

And when an individual with student debt does become an entrepreneur, they’re at risk of falling behind on student loan payments if their income decreases as they work to launch their business.

Recommended: Smart Strategies to Lower Your Student Loan Payments

Paying Off Student Loans Can Benefit Individuals and the Economy

When examining student loan debt and the economy, it may be helpful for borrowers to research additional ways to pay off existing student loans — both for their own financial well-being and the future growth of the U.S. economy as a whole.

Here are some strategies that could help those with outstanding student debt to pay down their student loans faster.

Paying More than the Minimum Due

Student loan interest generally accrues over time. In most cases, the longer student loan debt goes unpaid, the more the borrower will owe, as unpaid interest gets added to the base dollar amount that had been borrowed from the lender. This is called compounding, and most student loans compound their interest daily. Our student loan calculator can help you see exactly how much you’re spending on interest over the life of the loan.

Many lenders allow borrowers the option to submit a minimum payment. In the short term, paying a lower amount per month can free up some income or cash. But paying the minimum does little or nothing to tackle the outstanding loan balance — typically, the borrower is just paying the accruing interest.

Paying more than the minimum can help reduce the length of time it will take to pay off an existing student loan, shrinking the principal balance as well as the amount of interest paid during the life of the loan. You can ask your lender to apply the additional payment to the principle of the loan, which can help reduce the amount you pay in interest over the life of the loan.

While increasing monthly payments may not be manageable for every individual, paying a little extra when possible can help borrowers eliminate student debt faster. If nothing else, borrowers may want to apply occasional windfalls, such as a work bonus or tax refund, toward their outstanding student debt.

Applying for Loan Forgiveness

Under some circumstances, the government will forgive federal student loans, essentially canceling out the remaining debt after a specific set of conditions have been met.

Some teachers and public servants are among the groups that may be eligible for federal student loan forgiveness programs, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF). This program is available to qualifying federal student loan borrowers who work in public service for an eligible non-profit or government organization and who make a qualifying number of payments on an eligible repayment plan.

Some states and other organizations also offer forgiveness, especially for those in the healthcare field. There are also military forgiveness programs. Check to see what forgiveness programs are available that you might be eligible for.

Refinancing Student Loans

Refinancing student loans with a private lender may result in lower interest rates and/or the ability to pay off what’s owed in a shorter amount of time.

Student loan refinancing replaces outstanding student loans with a new loan. The new loan can have different terms and ideally, a lower interest rate.

However, it’s important to know that refinancing federal student loans with a private lender means that the borrower will forfeit federal benefits, such as access to income-driven repayment plans and federal public service forgiveness programs.

Budgeting and Financial Planning for Faster Repayment

Finally, to help pay off your student loans faster, examine your budget carefully. Track your spending and expenses and look for areas where you can cut back. For instance, maybe you can eat home more often to save on restaurant bills, or eliminate one of your streaming services — or both. You can then apply the money you save to your student loan payments.

Another step that could help: automating your monthly payments. That way, you can avoid any late fees. Plus, some lenders offer interest rate discounts to borrowers who enroll in auto pay.

The Takeaway

Student loan debt affects the economy in a number of different ways. Borrowers with student loan debt may have to reduce their consumer spending and delay buying a home or starting a business, for example, which can affect the broader economy.

Fortunately, there are methods borrowers can use to help manage student debt, such as paying more than the minimum amount due, budgeting for faster repayment, looking into student loan forgiveness programs, and considering student loan refinancing.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.


With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

How does student loan debt affect life?

Student loan debt can impact life significantly, affecting financial stability, mental health, and major life decisions. It may delay homeownership, marriage, and starting a family, and can cause stress and anxiety. High debt levels may also limit career choices and savings for retirement.

How does being in debt affect the economy?

Being in debt can strain personal finances and thus reduce consumer spending and savings. This can slow economic growth, as consumer spending is a key driver. High levels of debt can also lead to increased student loan default rates, affecting financial institutions and potentially causing broader economic instability.

How many Americans have student loans?

Almost 43 million million Americans have student loans, collectively owing over $1.7 trillion. This widespread debt affects a significant portion of the population, impacting their financial decisions and economic contributions.

What economic sectors are most impacted by student loan debt?

The economic sectors most impacted by student loan debt include consumer spending, since borrowers with high student loan debt may cut back on spending; housing, because student loan debt makes it more difficult for many student loan holders to save for a down payment or qualify for a mortgage; and entrepreneurship since those with student loan debt may have a tough time qualifying for financing, including small business loans.

Can widespread student loan forgiveness boost the economy?

It’s not known whether widespread student loan forgiveness could boost the economy and there is a lot of debate about the effect it might have. Some economists think widespread forgiveness could provide an economic boost because it would increase consumer spending, drive sales of housing, and help with the launch of new businesses. Other economists believe the impact might be small, that forgiving student loans would be a huge cost to the federal government, and that forgiveness would be unfair to borrowers who have already repaid their loans.


SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers.
Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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