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Making principal-only payments on student loans (either monthly or just occasionally) can help speed up the payback time and lower your overall borrowing costs. But just making extra payments on your loan won’t necessarily lower your loan’s principal balance. You typically need to take a few extra steps to ensure that your extra payments actually go toward principal — and not interest on the loan.

Reed on to learn exactly what a principal-only student loan payment is and how to be sure you’re doing it right.

What Is a Principal-Only Student Loan Payment?

To understand what principal-only payments are, it helps to understand how student loan repayment works.

When you take out a student loan, you need to repay the principal balance. (the amount you borrowed), interest (the cost of borrowing the principal) and, in some cases, fees (which are often paid up front).

When it’s time to start repaying your student loan, you are usually required to make at least a minimum payment each month. That payment will go towards both your principal balance and interest. In the beginning, most of your payment will go toward interest and very little towards principal. Over time, however, the balance shifts — more of your monthly payment will go toward principal and less will go towards interest.

Fortunately, student loans have no prepayment penalties. This means that If you make an extra, principal-only payment, it will lower the principal balance of your loan, and the lender will not be able to charge you a fee for paying some of your loan off early.

Unfortunately, when a lender receives a payment beyond the minimum due each month, they may simply apply it to next month’s bill rather than use that money to lower your principal. This means there are certain steps you need to take to make sure the money will only go towards principal (more on that below).

💡 Quick Tip: Pay down your student loans faster with SoFi reward points you earn along the way.

Why Making Principal-Only Payments Can Make a Difference

Since interest on a student loan is calculated daily on the principal balance at that time, the less principal you have left to pay, the lower your interest costs. As a result, paying extra on your student loan — and having that money go directly to the principal — can save you a significant amount of money. It also helps you pay off your student loans faster.

Of course, not everyone is in a position to pay more than the required amount in any given month, and that’s fine, too. You might simply choose to use an occasional windfall — such as a bonus at work or a cash gift — to make a principal-only payment on your student loans.

Recommended: 9 Smart Ways to Pay Off Student Loans

How to Make Principal-Only Payments on Student Loans

Just making an extra payment on your student loan doesn’t necessarily mean you are making a principal-only payment.

Generally, student loan servicers apply your payments first to cover any late fees you’ve incurred and then to accrued interest before they apply anything to your principal. Here are some tips that can help ensure any extra payments you make go toward your principal.

Tell Your lender Where to Direct Extra Payments

If you pay online through the servicer’s website, you might have the option to choose how the money gets applied. There may be an option that says “other amount” where you can enter an extra amount you want to pay towards your loan that month, as well as where that money should be applied, such as to the interest only, the interest and principal, or just the principal.

In some cases, you might see an option for “Do not advance the due date.” Clicking this will ensure that your lender treats your funds as an extra payment rather than applying them toward next month’s bill.

If you want to make a larger payment every month and have the extra applied to principal, you may also have the option of setting up standing instructions online, telling your servicer to send any extra money towards the principal.

If you pay by check or don’t see these options online, you’ll need to contact your loan servicer and ask how to make occasional or regular principal-only payments. You may need to send a standing order in writing.

Apply Extra Payments Strategically

If you have more than one student loan, you can typically request that your student loan servicer apply your extra payments to a specific loan (such as the loan with the highest interest rate) in order to ensure you can save money and meet your debt repayment goals.

There are two common approaches to paying down debt on multiple loans:

•   The snowball method This involves paying off the smallest loan first, then moving on to the next-biggest loan. This approach can give you a sense of making progress, and motivate you to keep going.

•   The avalanche method This tackles the loan with the highest interest rate first. Putting extra payments on the most expensive loan will save you the most money. However, it won’t allow you to cross a loan off your list as quickly.

Recommended: 6 Strategies to Pay off Student Loans Quickly

Keep a Close Eye on Your Statements

To make sure your principal-only payment was just that — it went to principal only — it’s a good idea to check your online account or loan statements each month to make sure any extra payments you made were correctly applied. You’ll also want to make sure the money was applied to the loan you specified.

If your lender didn’t apply your extra payment to the principal balance, you’ll want to reach out to ensure that future payments are accurately applied.

💡 Quick Tip: Federal student loans carry an origination or processing fee (1.057% for Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized loans first disbursed from Oct. 1, 2020, through Oct. 1, 2024). The fee is subtracted from your loan amount, which is why the amount disbursed is less than the amount you borrowed. That said, some private student loan lenders don’t charge an origination fee.

Consider Refinancing Student Loans for Better Rates

Making principal only payments isn’t the only way to lower your interest costs and/or pay off your loan early. You might also be able to do this by refinancing your student loans with a private lender, such a bank, credit union, or online lender.

With a student loan refinance, you exchange one or more of your old loans for a new one, ideally with a lower rate or better terms. This process can be helpful if you have a solid credit score (or have a cosigner who does), since it might qualify you for a lower interest rate. In addition, you could choose a shorter repayment term to get out of debt faster.

You can refinance both federal and private student loans. Keep in mind, however, that refinancing federal student loans can result in a loss of certain borrower protections, such as income-driven repayment and student loan forgiveness. Because of this, you’ll want to consider the potential downsides of refinancing before making changes to your debt.

The Takeaway

The thought of finding extra money — beyond your required monthly payment — to pay down student debt may be daunting. But the benefits could make it worth the effort and sacrifice. Making principal-only payments will help reduce the interest you pay over the life of your student loan. And, the more often you pay down your principal balance, the faster you’ll pay off your student loans.

If you choose to make principal-only payments, you’ll want to communicate with your lender to make sure that those additional payments are applied only to your loan’s outstanding principal.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

Figuring out when you have to start paying back student loans can be a bit tricky, but in 2023 it’s more complicated than usual. A pause on all federal student loan payments has been in effect since 2020, but that pause has come to an end.

For new grads, most federal student loans have a six-month grace period after you finish school, during which borrowers don’t have to make payments. The payback terms on private student loans are set by individual lenders, which may or may not offer a grace period.

Whether you’re a new grad or a federal student loan borrower wondering when your paused payments will resume, read on to find out when you have to start paying back your student loans.

Student Loan Payment Pause Ends

In March 2020, at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, the federal government ordered the suspension of payments, interest, and collections on most federally held student loans. Three years later, borrowers will restart making loan payments in the fall of 2023.

When the time comes, borrowers should receive a billing statement from their loan servicer at least 21 days before their payment is due. The statement will provide the latest information on payment due dates, monthly amount, and interest accrued.

What else you can do: Make sure your contact information is up-to-date on your loan servicer’s website and in your StudentAid.gov profile. And to refresh your memory on all things student loans, read our summary of the basics of student loans.

What Is a Student Loan Grace Period?

A grace period is the time you’re given after graduation before you have to start paying back your student loans. The federal government and many private lenders understand that you might not find a steady job straight out of college.

Both Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized Loans have a grace period. Direct PLUS loans for graduate students and parents don’t have a grace period. Make sure you understand which loan you have so you’re financially ready to start making payments.

While the grace period gives you time to find a job before you have to start making payments, it’s important to understand that unsubsidized federal student loans will continue to accrue interest during the grace period.

Usually, at the end of the grace period, the interest is capitalized onto the principal (or original amount borrowed). This becomes the new value of the loan, and interest continues to accrue based on this new value. However, new federal regulations will eliminate interest capitalization when borrowers first enter repayment.

Recommended: How Much Money to Budget for Student Loans

Federal vs Private Loans: Key Differences

There are two main types of student loans: private student loans and federal student loans. Private student loans are borrowed from a bank, credit union, or another lender. Federal loans are backed by the U.S. Department of Education. Important differences between the two include:

•   Only federal student loans were eligible for the payment pause.

•   Fixed interest rates on federal student loans are generally lower than for private loans.

•   Only federal student loans are eligible for income-driven repayment plans, deferment and forbearance, and federal loan forgiveness.

When to Start Paying Federal Student Loans

As noted above, both direct subsidized and unsubsidized loans offer a six-month grace period where loan payments are not required after a student graduates. Here’s how the payment pause may affect your grace period:

•   Students who graduated in December 2022 or earlier will make their first payment after October 1, 2023.

•   Students who graduated in June 2023 will make their first loan payment in December.

When to Start Paying Private Student Loans

Some private student loans operate with a six-month grace period, similar to federal student loans. But not all. If you have a private student loan, check your loan terms to see if you have a grace period.

If you’re looking to take out a private student loan with a grace period, consider reviewing different lenders to see who has the best terms. Unlike federal student loans, interest rates for private student loans vary based on individual factors including your credit history. Because of this, your interest rate might be higher than it would be with federal loans.

Recommended: Private Student Loans Guide

Can You Get More Time Before Paying Back Student Loans?

If you’ve already graduated and you’re having trouble finding a job in your field, you might be stretching your finances as thin as they go. Even your student loan repayments might not get priority. Before you let late payments get the best of you, consider what options are available.

It may be possible to talk to the loan servicer about delaying your payments a little longer. Your lender doesn’t want you to be late either, and might be willing to work with you.

Extended Deferment or Forbearance

Borrowers with federal student loans might qualify for student loan deferment or forbearance, which allow you to temporarily pause payments. Keep in mind that interest may still accrue while your loans are in deferment or forbearance, depending on the type of loan you hold. You’ll be responsible for that interest regardless of when you start making your payments.

The start date of those repayments isn’t the only thing you should be concerned with. If you have student loans, lowering your payment amount is probably on your mind as well. Not sure what your monthly payment is? Use our student loan calculator to estimate your student loan payments.

Can You Lower Your Student Loan Payments?

Depending on the type of loans you have, there are a few different ways you can lower your student loan payments.

Consolidation

If you have many different federal student loans, you might want to consider student loan consolidation. Consolidating your existing loans with a Direct Consolidation Loan means combining all of your federal loans into a single loan and potentially lengthening the term so your payments go down. A longer term, however, means paying more interest over the (now longer) life of your loan.

Your new interest rate will be the weighted average of all your federal loans combined, rounded up to the nearest eighth of 1%, which means consolidation might not lower your interest rate.

Refinancing

Refinancing your student loans is similar to consolidation. However, a refinanced loan uses your credit history to determine your interest rate. Ideally, refinancing will lead to a lower rate. It’s important to note that refinancing student loans forfeits protections that come with federal student loans, like forbearance and income-driven repayment plans.

It’s also possible to lengthen or shorten your loan term. Refinancing can be done with private student loans, federal student loans, or both. Just remember that lengthening the loan term may result in paying more in interest over the life of the loan.

For more on this option, read our take on the advantages of refinancing student loans.

Income-Driven Repayment Plans

If you have federal student loans and have a lower income, you might want to look into Income-Driven Repayment plans. There are a few different IDR options that vary based on your income and family size. And recent changes by the Biden Administration make the plans an even better deal for borrowers.

All IDR plans forgive the remaining balance on your loans either 20 or 25 years after you begin paying the loan back. This could be an option to consider if you are a recent grad. Note that while the remaining balance is forgiven at the end of an IDR loan term, that amount may be considered taxable income by the IRS.

What Happens if You Don’t Start Paying Back Student Loans?

If you don’t start paying back your student loans, you can face some pretty serious financial consequences. Your loan will become delinquent after the first day of missed payments. Once you’re 90 days late making a payment on your federal loans, your loan servicer will report the delinquency to the credit reporting bureaus and your credit score will take a hit.

If you have a private student loan, your lender may report you to the credit reporting bureaus after just 30 days. A lower credit score can make it more difficult to secure credit and loans in the future, and if you do get a loan, it might come with less favorable terms and a higher interest rate.

Student Loan Default

After 270 days, your federal loans will enter default. Private loans may default after 120 days, and Federal Perkins loans can enter default immediately after you miss a payment.

Once you’re in default, your credit will take another hit. You might also be subject to having your wages garnished (though the rules on this are different when it comes to federal vs. private student loans).

In addition to wage garnishment and damage to your credit, you may also experience the following negative consequences:

•   Late fees. For example, federal loans that are 30 days late may encounter late fees of 6% of the amount due.

•   Loss of eligibility for loan deferment or forbearance once you default on federal loans.

•   No longer able to choose your repayment plan for federal loans.

•   The government may withhold your tax refund if you fail to pay federal loans.

•   Loss of eligibility for financial aid.

The Takeaway

The payment pause on federal student loans has ended. If you graduated in or before December 2022, your first federal student loan payment will be due sometime after October 1. If you graduated in June 2023 or later, your first payment will be due after six months. Your loan servicer will provide you with a billing statement at least 21 days before your first payment is due. If you can’t afford to resume your monthly payments, federal loan holders have options: deferment, an income-driven repayment plan, or refinancing. Some private student loans also offer grace periods; check with your loan servicer to find out.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

With the cost of higher education at an all-time high, many students need financial assistance to pay for tuition, room and board, books, and more. In fact, in the U.S. alone, 43 million borrowers are carrying over $1.7 trillion in student loan debt.

Taking out student loans may be the first major financial commitment you make. And it’s a decision that has the potential to affect your financial situation for years to come. So it’s crucial to understand the terms you’re signing up for, and all the options available.

To help you get started, here’s a quick guide to student loans. We’ll break down the basics of how loans work, how to apply for both federal and private student loans, and what to expect after you graduate.

What Is a Student Loan?

Student loans let young people borrow the money they need to pay for their education. Like other types of loans, this money must be repaid in the future, with interest.

Student loans can be borrowed by the student or, in some cases, by their parents. When a student loan is borrowed by a parent to pay for their child’s education, it may be called a parent loan.

The way student loans work is similar to other loans, but the application process is different, especially when it comes to federal student loans (more on that below). Federal student loans are funded by the federal government.

With private student loans, the application process is similar to other types of loans. Potential borrowers will file an application directly with the bank of their choice.

What Can Student Loans Be Used For?

Student loans can be used to pay for a student’s qualified educational expenses. These include things like tuition, books and supplies for classes, and fees charged by the school.

They can also be used to pay for room and board, living expenses, commuting to school, and a laptop or computer used for school.

Private student loans can even be used to pay off an outstanding tuition balance. Each lender determines how far in the past a loan can be used to pay an overdue balance, but many will allow loans to cover past-due balances that are 6-12 months outstanding. Also, keep in mind that you can apply for a private student loan at any time, and paying before the bill is due is preferable so you don’t have any interruptions in enrollment or class scheduling.

Graduate students are also eligible for federal aid and are encouraged to complete a grad school FAFSA.

Recommended: What Can You Use Student Loans For?

The Two Main Student Loan Categories

Student loans fall into two main categories, federal and private. Federal loans, which are funded by the federal government, offer some advantages and protections for borrowers. These special features, which are not common with regular loans, include:

•   Lower, fixed interest rates (what you pay the lender for loaning you the money) that offer a better deal than private student loans.

•   Income-driven repayment plans, which base your monthly payment after graduation on your salary.

•   Temporary relief programs for graduates who are facing unemployment or other hardship.

Federal Student Loans

Federal student loans are provided by the government. However, your payments and loan management are usually handled through an independent company called a student loan servicer.

To see if you qualify for a federal loan and other federal student aid, you need to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, commonly referred to as FAFSA®. The application must be filled out every year you want to apply for federal student aid.

There are a few different types of federal student loans. The main federal student loans are:

•   Direct Subsidized Loans, available to eligible undergraduates with financial need. The interest that accrues while students are enrolled in school and during the grace period is covered by the U.S. Department of Education.

•   Direct Unsubsidized Loans, available to eligible undergraduates and graduate students regardless of financial need.

•   Direct PLUS Loans, available to parents of undergraduate students and to graduate or professional students for expenses not covered by financial aid.

Check out our breakdown of the different types of federal student loans for details on how these loans work and the distinctions between them.

Private Student Loans

Private student loans are issued by non-government lenders, such as banks, credit unions, or other financial service companies. A potential borrower’s eligibility and terms will depend on their credit history (their financial track record) and other factors.

Parents or even family friends can cosign with a student who may not be able to qualify for a private student loan on their own. Unlike federal loans, repayment on private student loans may start while the borrower is still enrolled in school.

Unlike their federal counterpart, private student loan lenders may not offer the same safety-net protections in cases of financial hardship or unemployment. So be sure to understand the terms before taking a private student loan. Private loans tend to be the last option for paying for college after all other methods of financial aid have been exhausted.

Recommended: Guide to Private Student Loans

Understanding How Student Loans Work

Understanding the difference between federal and private student loans is the first step in navigating how college loans work. Here is other essential information:

Student Loan Application Process

Applying for federal student loans requires students to complete the FAFSA every year they attend college. Some people assume they won’t meet the requirements for FAFSA federal aid because of their parents’ income or a low GPA, but that’s usually not the case.

Everyone who might need help paying for college should fill out the FAFSA. Aside from federal student loans, there are state and school-based scholarships, grants, and work-study programs that you may qualify for. The FAFSA form is generally available on October 1 for the following school year and can be completed online. Note that the form for the 2024-2025 academic year is delayed until December; find out more about the FAFSA delay here.

If you’re opting for private student loans, find a reputable lender and make sure your school and program are eligible for their offerings. The application process may or may not have a fee, depending on the lender.

Private lenders typically want applicants to provide basic personal and financial details, and may also consider credit history.

As mentioned above, lenders may allow potential borrowers to apply for a private student loan with a cosigner, such as a parent. Because college students tend not to have much of a credit history yet, adding a cosigner can potentially improve an applicant’s chance of getting approved with a competitive interest rate.

Recommended: High-Income Financial Aid

Student Loan Interest Rates and Fees

Interest is a percentage of the unpaid principal loan amount that is paid to the lender in exchange for borrowing money. Federal student loans have fixed interest rates, and interest is accrued on a daily basis.

The interest rate on federal direct subsidized and unsubsidized loans for undergraduates for the 2023-2024 school year is 5.50%. Interest rates on federal student loans are set annually by Congress.

Fixed-rate student loans have an interest rate that stays the same over the life of the loan. Although the rate might start off higher than on variable-rate loans, it won’t change as general interest rates fluctuate.

The way interest on private student loans works is different. Private student loans may have either fixed or variable interest rates. Variable-rate loans, also called floating-rate loans, have an interest rate that can vary every month, quarter, or year. Rates usually start off lower than a fixed-rate loan, but can fluctuate dramatically over the life of the loan.

If you expect to pay off your student loans quickly, you may consider a variable-rate loan. But if you’re not sure how much you’ll be making after you graduate, or you don’t think you’ll be able to pay your student loans off fast, or you’re just not a risk taker, a fixed-rate loan might be a better choice.

Private student loans will have different interest rates depending on the lender and the borrower’s credit history.

Repaying Your Loan

As long as you’re still in school at least part-time, students aren’t required to make payments on federal loans. The exception for federal student loans is PLUS Loans, which require borrowers to start making payments as soon as they receive the entire loan amount. By the way, if you have an unsubsidized loan, interest starts accruing while you’re enrolled in school.

Your federal loan servicer should give you a student loan repayment schedule that tells you when your first payment is due and how much you owe. There are a few different repayment plans available for federal student loans. Borrowers can change their repayment plan at any time without incurring fees.

Most federal student loans have a six-month grace period, which gives you a break after you leave school before you have to start paying your loans back. Some private lenders also offer grace periods, but it’s not a guarantee. Unless the loan is a federal unsubsidized loan, it will likely accrue interest during the grace period.

PLUS Loans work a little differently. While PLUS Loans for undergraduate studies do not have a grace period, graduate and professional students who receive PLUS Loans receive an automatic six-month deferment that is activated when the student graduates, leaves school, or their enrollment drops below half-time. Also, parent borrowers who’ve received PLUS Loans can request a six-month deferment after their child graduates, leaves school, or enrolls less than half-time.

Private lenders determine when repayment begins on a private student loan, so review your student loan agreement closely before signing.

Many lenders offer interest rate reductions if you have your student loan payments automatically deducted from your checking account.

The Takeaway

Student loans can make it possible for young people to attend college, but just like other types of loans, student-borrowers are charged interest. Federal loans have fixed interest rates and generally have a six-month grace period following a student’s departure from school. They also come with borrower protections and benefits like income-driven repayment plans. Private student loans can be helpful if a student did not receive enough federal aid in the form of federal student loans, scholarships, grants, and work-study, to pay for college. Lenders determine the interest rate and terms partly based on the borrower’s credit history. Interest rates may be either fixed or variable. Private student loans do not carry the same federal borrower benefits.

Students interested in borrowing private student loans should shop around to find the best interest rate and terms they qualify for. SoFi’s private student loans have absolutely no fees, and the application process is entirely online.

FAQ

How are student loans paid out?

According to the Federal Student Aid website (StudentAid.gov), your school will give out your loan and grant money in at least two payments, called disbursements. Usually, you’ll receive a payment once per term (semester, quarter, etc.). If you accept a work-study job, you’ll be paid at least once a month.

How much money do student loans give you?

Undergraduates may receive between $5,500 and $12,500 per academic year in direct subsidized and unsubsidized student loans. The amount is determined by your year in school and your dependency status. Your total financial aid is calculated as the difference between the cost of attendance for your school and your family’s expected contribution.

How much is a student loan monthly?

The average monthly student loan payment is $461. Your monthly payment will depend on how much you borrow, your interest rate, and the length of your repayment term.

Can you use a student loan to pay a tuition bill that is past due?

Yes, you can use a private student loan to pay off an outstanding tuition balance. Each lender determines how far in the past a loan can be used to pay an overdue balance, but many will allow loans to cover past-due balances that are 6-12 months outstanding.

Can a SoFi Private Student Loan be used for past-due balances? How long?

Yes. As long as the student is enrolled the next semester or has recently graduated, the student may apply a SoFi Private Student Loan to a past-due balance up to 12 months after term. The school must certify the loan and the dates the funds cover.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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If you need financial aid to help pay for college, you’ll fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®), which allows you to apply for federal unsubsidized student loans, subsidized student loans, work-study, and grants.

When your FAFSA has been processed, you’ll receive an aid offer that explains the types and amount of aid that a college is offering to you. If you’ve applied to multiple schools, you’ll receive an aid offer from each. You’ll be asked to tell them which forms of financial aid you would like to accept before they apply it to the amount you owe your school.

But you don’t have to accept all the aid on offer, including student loans, so consider your options carefully.

What Are Subsidized and Unsubsidized Loans?

There are two basic types of federal student loans: Direct Subsidized Loans and Direct Unsubsidized Loans. They help eligible students cover the cost of four-years colleges, community colleges, and trade, career, and technical schooling. Here are the major differences between unsubsidized versus subsidized student loans.

Direct Subsidized Loans are student loans for undergraduates with financial need. Your school will determine how much you can borrow, and that amount cannot be more than your financial need.

The government pays all interest on Direct Subsidized loans while you’re in school at least half-time, during the six month grace period after you leave school, and during periods of deferment.

Direct Unsubsidized Loans are available to undergraduates and graduate students. They are not awarded based on financial need.

Again, your school will determine how much you are able to borrow, and you are responsible for paying all interest on the loan amount at all times. If you choose not to pay interest while you’re in school, during the grace period, or if your loan is in deferment or forbearance, the interest will still accrue. At the end of the deferment period, the interest will be added to the principal of the loan.

Interest rates for each type of loan are fixed. For example, for the 2023-2024 academic year, the interest rate for Direct Subsidized Loans and Direct Unsubsidized Loans is 5.50% for undergraduate borrowers. The interest rate for Direct Unsubsidized Loans is 7.05% for graduate or professional borrowers.

There are also limits to the amount of money that you can borrow, and the loan amount that you receive may be less than this limit. For dependent students, except those whose parents can’t receive PLUS loans, the aggregate loan limit is $31,000, of which no more than $23,000 can be in subsidized loans.

For dependent undergraduates whose parents can’t obtain PLUS loans, the limit is $57,500, of which no more than $23,000 can be in subsidized loans. For independent graduate students or professionals, the limit is $138,500, of which no more than $65,500 can be in subsidized loans.

When Might You Be Offered More Loans Than You Need?

You don’t have to accept all of the federal loans that are offered to you. To figure out if you’ve been offered more loans than you actually need, you’ll need to do a bit of budgeting.

Federal loans can only be applied to tuition, fees, housing and meal plans. These won’t be the only expenses you’ll need to cover, however. Consider other costs like transportation, travel, eating outside the dining hall, etc. Add up the costs to which your federal loan would apply and any extra expenses to get a sense of the total cost of going to school.

Now figure out your total funding sources, excluding the sources in your offer letter. This might include money from your parents, scholarships, grants, and any money you may have saved on your own. If your total expenses exceed your sources of funding, you may need to accept the federal loans on offer. However, if they don’t, you might not need to accept all the funding.

Which Loans Should You Accept?

If you don’t anticipate needing the amount of money offered to you through loans, you do not need to accept them. Schools will allow you to decline a loan, accept it, or even accept a portion of it.

That said, if you do decide to take on federal loans, it’s generally wise to accept subsidized loans first because they offer more benefits in the form of government interest payments.

Unsubsidized loans, on the other hand, put you on the hook for all of the interest that accrues on the loan. These loans however are still eligible for other federal benefits and borrower protections.

Can Your Return Unused Student Loans?

If you accept a loan and realize that you don’t need it, the good news is you can cancel the loan, or a portion of it, within 120 days of disbursement. By canceling the loan, you’ll return the money you received, and you won’t owe any interest or be charged any fees.

Alternatives to Federal Student Loans

Federal student loans aren’t the only way to help pay for schooling. Here’s a look at three alternatives:

Private Loans

Students can apply for private student loans which are offered by private institutions, such as banks and credit unions. These lenders will determine the amount you can borrow, interest rates, and terms largely based on financial factors such as your income and your credit score, or that of a cosigner if you need to have one.

Private student loans are not subject to the same loan limits imposed on federal loans, so students can potentially borrow more to cover costs. Though, this also means that private loans aren’t afforded the same borrower protections (like income-driven repayment plans) as federal student loans. For this reason, they are generally considered only after a student has thoroughly reviewed all of their other options.

Personal Loans

Personal loans are also provided by private lenders who, again, set the loan amount, interest rates and terms, based on a person’s financial history. The terms of the loan do not dictate how the money must be used, so they may be a way to cover expenses outside of tuition, fees, room, and board.

Financial Aid

There are a variety of types of financial aid available from public and private sources that can help you pay for school.

Grants and scholarships are money given to you that you don’t need to repay. Scholarships are often given based on academic merit or talent, or they’re given to students wishing to pursue a particular area of study.

The Federal Work-Study Program allows students to work part-time to earn money to pay for schooling.

The Takeaway

When you’re offered a student aid package by the federal government, it may include federal subsidized and unsubsidized student loans. You can accept or decline these loans, or even accept a small portion of them. Consider declining if your sources of funding exceed your expenses. Doing so may be cheaper in the long run, as it allows you to avoid making interest payments.

Private student loans are another potential source of funds to help you pay for school. To learn more about the options available to you to meet your student loan needs, visit SoFi.

FAQ

Is it better to accept subsidized or unsubsidized loans?

When choosing between subsidized and unsubsidized loans, consider accepting subsidized loans first, since the federal government will pay your interest while you are in school at least half-time, during the six month grace period after you leave school, and during periods of loan deferment.

Can you accept student loans and not use them?

You can accept student loans and not use them, but you’ll still be responsible for paying them back with interest. If you find you don’t need the loans, you can cancel them within 120 days of loan disbursement.

How are subsidized and unsubsidized loans different?

Subsidized and unsubsidized loans differ mainly in who they are available to and who must make interest payments. Subsidized loans are available to undergraduate students, and the government makes interest payments while you are in school at least half-time, during the six month grace period after you leave school, and during periods of loan deferment. Unsubsidized loans are available to undergraduate, graduate, and professional students, who are responsible for all loan payments.

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SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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The Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®) is the first step in the process of obtaining government-provided student aid while a Pell Grant is a type of federal aid.

Although the Pell Grant vs. FAFSA serve different functions, they both have a role under the broader federal student aid program. A FAFSA provides students access to the Pell Grant, and Pell Grant eligibility is determined by the FAFSA.

What Is FAFSA?

The Free Application for Federal Student Aid is an all-in-one formal application to see if you’re eligible for federal financial aid. Through the FAFSA, students are able to apply for federal grants for college, like the Pell Grant, as well as scholarships, work-study opportunities, and federal student loans from the Department of Education.

As the name indicates, there is no cost to submit a FAFSA. Students will need to complete and submit a new FAFSA for every academic year they are requesting federal aid.

The FAFSA is generally available as early as October 1 for the upcoming academic year. The federal deadline to file the FAFSA is June 30 following the academic year. (Note that the form for the 2024-2025 academic year is delayed until December; find out more about the FAFSA delay here.) However, schools and states might have their own FAFSA deadlines to qualify for non-federal aid. Ask your school about its FAFSA deadline and be aware of your state’s deadline on StudentAid.gov.

Recommended: FAFSA Guide

How FAFSA Works

Each FAFSA is applicable to the upcoming academic year. To receive federal financial aid for multiple years of college, as mentioned, you’ll need to complete the FAFSA each year by the deadline.

A Federal Student Aid (FSA) ID is required to manage your federal student aid account, which includes signing your FAFSA digitally. You can create your FSA ID on StudentAid.gov.

Shortly after submitting the FAFSA, either digitally or a paper application, you’ll receive a Student Aid Report. This report is an overview of all the information you’ve provided on your FAFSA (e.g. your and your parents’ personal and financial information), and includes your Student Aid Index number (SAI; formerly called your Expected Family Contribution). At this stage, you’ll need to make any necessary corrections to your FAFSA by the deadline, which is for the 2022-23 academic year is September 10, 2023.

Your selected schools will then process your FAFSA and provide you with its financial aid offer. This notice will outline the types of aid you’re eligible for and the amount. It will also provide instructions on how to accept the aid offers you want. The accepted aid will then be sent automatically to your school.

What Is the Pell Grant?

A Pell Grant is a federal grant program that offers aid to students who show financial need on their FAFSA. Students are typically not required to repay money awarded in the form of the Pell Grant.

It’s generally available to undergraduate students who have not yet earned a bachelors, graduate, or professional degree. This grant program is not available to students who have been incarcerated in a federal or state institution.

When used for qualified educational expenses, Pell Grants are generally not considered taxable income.

How Pell Grants Work

The maximum Pell Grant award a student can receive may vary from year to year, and the amount you qualify to receive depends on your SAI. For the 2023-24 academic year, the maximum award is $7,395 and the SAI limit is $6,656 for Pell Grant eligibility.

Pell Grant awards are also limited to 12 semesters (or the equivalent of six years) per student. For example, if you received a Pell Grant award for four years of your undergraduate degree, and return to school to complete a graduate program, you’ll only have two years of lifetime eligibility left to receive Pell Grant funding.

In certain situations, students may be required to repay all or a portion of their Pell Grant. Some circumstances that may require repayment include a change in enrollment that may impact your eligibility such as withdrawing from school. If you are required to repay all or a portion of your Pell Grant, you will be notified by your school.

Pell Grant vs FAFSA

When comparing the differences and similarities between the federal pell grant vs. FAFSA, you’ll find they share some broad attributes, but have significant differences.

The first notable difference is that the FAFSA isn’t a type of financial aid; instead, it’s a general application for multiple federal aid programs. A Pell Grant, on the other hand, is a type of federal aid program that uses the FAFSA to determine if a student is eligible.

Neither the Pell Grant or FAFSA have defined income limits for eligibility. Anyone can submit a FAFSA, regardless of their household income. However, only students who demonstrate financial need are eligible for certain federal aid programs, like the Pell Grant.

The government uses students’ SAI — which is calculated based on a number of factors — to decide Pell Grant eligibility. For the 2023-24 academic year, the maximum SAI for Pell Grant eligibility is $6,656.

Also, both undergraduate- and graduate-level students can submit a FAFSA, but Pell Grants are typically restricted to undergraduate students only.

Which Forms of Financial Aid Should You Prioritize?

If your financial aid award includes a Pell Grant and other types of aid offers, carefully decide which aid you want to accept, and how much.

To avoid graduating school with excessive student debt, consider prioritizing financial aid as follows:

•   Scholarships and grants, like the Pell Grant, which don’t need to be repaid after you graduate.

•   Earned financial aid, like participating in work-study opportunities. You can also consider taking on a part-time job while you’re enrolled in school.

•   Borrowed financial aid, like federal student loans. Federal student loans offer low, fixed rates and protections, like income-driven repayment plans and extended deferment and forbearance. Prioritize federal loans before borrowing private student loans which don’t guarantee the same benefits.

Recommended: FAFSA Grants & Other Types of Financial Aid

What If You Don’t Qualify for Financial Aid?

Students who don’t qualify for federal financial aid still have options to help finance their college education.

Scholarships

Scholarships are a type of financial aid that doesn’t need to be repaid. They can be need- or merit-based, and are sponsored by nonprofit and private organizations, businesses, professional associations, and more.

Other Grants

Like scholarships, non-federal grants are provided to students, based on need or merit. They don’t have to be repaid after graduation making them a good financial aid choice.

Recommended: The Differences Between Grants, Scholarships, and Loans

Private Student Loans

Students can also apply for private student loans. This form of aid must be repaid in full, plus interest. You can find them from private financial institutions, like online lenders, banks, and credit unions. Your school or state might also offer private student loan options. One thing to know about private student loans, as mentioned is that they lack borrower benefits afforded to federal student loans, and are therefore generally only considered as a last resort option.

Recommended: Guide To Private Student Loans 

The Takeaway

As previously mentioned, the FAFSA is an application that students must fill out if they are interested in applying for any federal student aid including scholarships, work-study, grants, and federal student loans. A Pell grant is a type of aid, awarded to students who demonstrate exceptional financial need.

If you find that you’re not eligible for a Pell Grant, or qualify for financial aid, but not enough, SoFi’s private student loan could help. The online application process is fast and easy, and you can check your rate in just a few minutes. Plus, SoFi student loans have no fees and qualifying borrowers can secure competitive interest rates.

FAQ

Can you get a Pell Grant without FAFSA?

No. Completing and submitting a FAFSA is a requirement to apply for a federal Pell Grant. The FAFSA is used by your school to determine your eligibility for Pell Grant aid, and the amount you can receive under this grant program.

Can you get a Pell Grant and other forms of financial aid?

Students who are eligible for a Pell Grant might also be offered other types of financial aid. If you’re eligible, you’ll receive the full Pell Grant amount you’re eligible for, regardless of other existing financial aid.

Do you have to repay a Pell Grant if you don’t graduate?

You might have to repay a portion of your “unearned” Pell Grant, if you withdraw from school during the same academic year. Your school will calculate how much of your Pell Grant award you’ve earned based on your scheduled attendance, and tell you the amount you owe.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

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Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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