Nov
15
2024
Similarities and Differences Between Initial and Maintenance Margin

Similarities and Differences Between Initial and Maintenance Margin

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Similarities and Differences Between Initial and Maintenance Margin

Initial and maintenance margin are separate margin requirements investors must adhere to when trading on margin. The two requirements are similar in that they are both sums of money that the broker requires the investor to have in their account to open or maintain a position with a margin loan. The main difference between the two is that the initial margin is the amount of money required to open a position, while the maintenance margin is the amount needed to keep a position open.

Investors interested in trading on margin need to understand the similarities and differences between initial and maintenance margin. Moreover, knowing how to calculate maintenance margin may help investors from being subject to a margin call or other adverse outcomes.

What Is Initial Margin?

Initial margin is the minimum amount of cash or collateral an investor must deposit in a margin account in order to buy securities on margin.

Initial Margin Requirements

The initial margin requirement is expressed as a percentage of the total purchase price of a security. The Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation T requires a minimum initial margin of 50% for stock purchases, meaning investors must have cash or collateral to cover at least half of the market value of stocks they buy on margin. However, Regulation T only sets the minimum for margin accounts. Stock exchanges and brokerage firms can set their initial margin requirement higher than 50% based on a stock’s volatility, the state of the markets, or other considerations.

How Initial Margin Works

If you meet the initial margin requirement, your broker will provide you with a margin loan to cover the rest of the trade’s purchase price. For example, if the initial margin requirement is 50% and an investor wants to purchase $6,000 of a stock, then the investor will have to cover an initial margin of $3,000 with cash or other equity and borrow $3,000 from the broker to make the trade.

Investors use margin trading as a way to increase their buying power. In the example above, if the investor bought the same amount of stock in a cash account, then they would need $6,000 in cash to make the trade. But by using a margin, the investor doubles their buying power by using only $3,000 to buy $6,000 worth of stock.

However, using margin involves risk, and may lead to more significant losses than buying stock directly in a cash account. If a trade declines below the threshold, investors will need to bring it back up to effectively pay back the margin loan.

Recommended: Cash Account vs Margin Account: Key Differences

What Is Maintenance Margin?

Maintenance margin is the minimum amount of equity an investor must have in their margin account to keep a position open after making a trade. The margin equity in the account is the value of securities minus the amount of the margin loan borrowed to make the trade. If the account’s equity falls below the maintenance margin, the broker may issue a margin call or close out the investor’s trade.

Maintenance Margin Requirements

Maintenance margin is usually expressed as a percentage of the position’s value. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), which regulates maintenance requirements, says maintenance margin must be at least 25% of the total market value of the securities bought on margin. However, like initial margin, brokerage firms may have higher maintenance requirements, depending on various factors like market volatility and liquidity.

How Maintenance Margin Works

Suppose an investor purchased $6,000 worth of stock by paying $3,000 in cash and borrowing $3,000 from their broker, and the broker has a 25% maintenance margin requirement. If the market value of the stock drops from $6,000 to $5,000, the investor’s equity will now be $2,000 ($5,000 – $3,000 margin loan) and the maintenance margin will be $1,250 ($5,000 x 25%). In this case, the investor still has enough equity to cover the maintenance margin.

However, if the stock’s value drops to $3,500, the investor will no longer have enough equity to cover the maintenance margin requirement. The investor’s account has $500 in equity ($3,500 – $3,000), while the maintenance margin is $875 ($3,500 x 25%). The broker will likely issue a margin call, requiring the investor to deposit additional funds into the account or sell some assets to increase the equity in the account.

The broker may also sell some of the investor’s holdings without notifying them to bring the account back up to the maintenance margin level.

The purpose of the maintenance margin is to protect the broker in case the value of the securities in the account falls.

Increase your buying power with a margin loan from SoFi.

Borrow against your current investments at just 11%* and start margin trading.

*For full margin details, see terms.

Initial Margin vs Maintenance Margin

Here’s a quick look at how initial margin and maintenance margin stack up:

Initial Margin vs Maintenance Margin
Initial Margin

 Maintenance Margin
50% minimum initial margin requirement regulated by the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation T 25% minimum maintenance margin requirement regulated by FINRA
Initial margin is deposited at the start of a trade Maintenance margin must be maintained throughout the life of a trade

Similarities

Initial margin and maintenance margin are similar in that they are both used as deposits to cover potential losses in a margin account. The two margin requirements are both calculated as a percentage of the value of the account’s assets.

Additionally, both initial margin and maintenance margin can be increased or decreased by an exchange or brokerage firm depending on a stock’s volatility, the financial situation of a client, and other factors.

Differences

The initial margin is the amount of cash or collateral an investor must deposit with a broker when buying or selling an asset on margin. In contrast, the maintenance margin is the minimum amount of equity an investor must maintain in their account to keep the account open and avoid a margin call.

Another difference between the two is that the initial margin is typically higher than the maintenance margin.

Calculating Initial and Maintenance Margin

There are formulas for calculating both initial margin and maintenance margin. Note that the examples below may not include margin figures that are indicative of a typical brokerage firm, or of SoFi.

Initial Margin Calculation

The formula for calculating initial margin is:

Initial margin = initial margin percentage x total purchase price of security

So, if a brokerage firm has an initial margin percentage of 65% and an investor wants to buy $10,000 worth of stock ABC, then the initial margin would equal $6,500:

$6,500 initial margin = 65% initial margin percentage x $10,000 total purchase price

In this scenario, the investor would need to have $6,500 in an account and borrow $3,500 with a margin loan.

Maintenance Margin Calculation

The formula to calculate maintenance margin is:

Maintenance margin = Total value of securities owned on margin x maintenance margin percentage

So, if a brokerage firm has a maintenance margin percentage of 30% and an investor holds $1,000 of stock XYZ (100 shares at $10 per share) in their margin account, then the maintenance margin would equal $300:

$300 = $1,000 x 30% maintenance margin percentage

In this scenario, the investor would need to have $300 in equity in their margin account to avoid being subject to a margin call.

Investing Tips From SoFi

Understanding the nuances of initial and maintenance margin is essential before investors start trading on margin. Utilizing margin can help investors increase their buying power, but it comes with more risk, like the chance for margin calls.

If you’re an experienced trader and have the risk tolerance to try out trading on margin, consider enabling a SoFi margin account. With a SoFi margin account, experienced investors can take advantage of more investment opportunities, and potentially increase returns. That said, margin trading is a high-risk endeavor, and using margin loans can amplify losses as well as gains.

Get one of the most competitive margin loan rates with SoFi, 11%*

FAQ

Why is initial margin higher than maintenance margin?

The initial margin is higher because the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation T sets a 50% minimum initial margin requirement, while FINRA sets a lower 25% minimum maintenance margin requirement.

How do you calculate maintenance margin?

Maintenance margin is the minimum equity an investor must have in the margin account after making a trade. Maintenance margin is expressed as a percentage of an investor’s total trade. Investors can calculate maintenance margin by multiplying the maintenance margin percentage by the total value of the margin account.

Photo credit: iStock/PeopleImages

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

*Borrow at 11%. Utilizing a margin loan is generally considered more appropriate for experienced investors as there are additional costs and risks associated. It is possible to lose more than your initial investment when using margin. Please see SoFi.com/wealth/assets/documents/brokerage-margin-disclosure-statement.pdf for detailed disclosure information.
Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $25 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

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Nov
15
2024
401(k) Catch-Up Contributions: What Are They & How Do They Work?

401(k) Catch-Up Contributions: What Are They & How Do They Work?

By | invest, Investing, Preparing for Retirement | Comments Off on 401(k) Catch-Up Contributions: What Are They & How Do They Work?

Retirement savers age 50 and older get to put extra tax-advantaged money into their 401(k) accounts beyond the standard annual contribution limits. Those additional savings are known as “catch-up contributions.”

If you have a 401(k) at work, taking advantage of catch-up contributions is key to making the most of your plan, especially as retirement approaches. Here’s a closer look at how 401(k) catch-up limits work.

Key Points

•   Individuals aged 50 and older can contribute additional funds to their 401(k) accounts through catch-up contributions.

•   The catch-up contribution limit is $7,500 for both 2023 and 2024, allowing eligible participants to save a total of $30,000 in 2023 and $30,500 in 2024.

•   Catch-up contributions can be made to various retirement accounts, including 401(k) plans, 403(b) plans, and IRAs, providing flexibility in retirement savings.

•   Utilizing catch-up contributions effectively can help older savers offset previous under-saving and better prepare for retirement expenses.

What Is 401(k) Catch-Up?

A 401(k) is a type of defined contribution plan. This means the amount you can withdraw in retirement depends on how much you contribute during your working years, along with any employer matching contributions you may receive, as well as how those funds grow over time.

There are limits on how much employees can contribute to their 401(k) plan each year as well as limits on the total amount that employers can contribute. The regular employee contribution limit is $22,500 for 2023 and $23,000 for 2024. This is the maximum amount you can defer from your paychecks into your plan — unless you’re eligible to make catch-up contributions.

Under Internal Revenue Code Section 414(v), a catch-up contribution is defined as a contribution in excess of the annual elective salary deferral limit. For 2023 and 2024, the 401(k) catch-up contribution limit is $7,500.

That means if you’re eligible to make these contributions, you would need to put a total of $30,000 in your 401(k) in 2023 to max out the account and $30,500 in 2024. That doesn’t include anything your employer matches.

Congress authorized catch-up contributions for retirement plans as part of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA). The legislation aimed to help older savers “catch up” and avoid falling short of their retirement goals, so they can better cover typical retirement expenses and enjoy their golden years.

Originally created as a temporary measure, catch-up contributions became a permanent feature of 401(k) and other retirement plans following the passage of the Pension Protection Act in 2006.

Who Is Eligible for 401(k) Catch-Up?

To make catch-up contributions to a 401(k), you must be age 50 or older and enrolled in a plan that allows catch-up contributions, such as a 401(k).

The clock starts ticking the year you turn 50. So even if you don’t turn 50 until December 31, you could still make 401(k) catch-up contributions for that year, assuming your plan follows a standard calendar year.

Making Catch-Up Contributions

If you know that you’re eligible to make 401(k) catch-up contributions, the next step is coordinating those contributions. This is something with which your plan administrator, benefits coordinator, or human resources director can help.

Assuming you’ve maxed out your 401(k) regular contribution limit, you’d have to decide how much more you want to add for catch-up contributions and adjust your elective salary deferrals accordingly. Remember, the regular deadline for making 401(k) contributions each year is December 31.

It’s possible to make catch-up contributions whether you have a traditional 401(k) or a Roth 401(k), as long as your plan allows them. The main difference between these types of plans is tax treatment.

•   You fund a traditional 401(k) with pre-tax dollars, including anything you save through catch-up contributions. That means you’ll pay ordinary income tax on earnings when you withdraw money in retirement.

•   With a Roth 401(k), regular contributions and catch-up contributions use after-tax dollars. This allows you to withdraw earnings tax-free in retirement, which is a valuable benefit if you anticipate being in a higher tax bracket when you retire.

You can also make catch-up contributions to a solo 401(k), a type of 401(k) used by sole proprietorships or business owners who only employ their spouse. This type of plan observes the same annual contribution limits and catch-up contribution limits as employer-sponsored 401(k) plans. You can choose whether your solo 401(k) follows traditional 401(k) rules or Roth 401(k) rules for tax purposes.

401(k) Catch-Up Contribution Limits

Those aged 50 and older can make catch-up contributions not only to their 401(k) accounts, but also to other types of retirement accounts, including 403(b) plans, 457 plans, SIMPLE IRAs, and traditional or Roth IRAs.

The IRS determines how much to allow for elective salary deferrals, catch-up contributions, and aggregate employer and employee contributions to retirement accounts, periodically adjusting those amounts for inflation. Here’s how the IRS retirement plan contribution limits for 2023 add up:

Retirement Plan Contribution Limits in 2023
Annual Contribution Catch Up Contribution Total Contribution for 50 and older
Traditional, Roth and solo 401(k) plans; 403(b) and 457 plans $22,500 $7,500 $30,000
Defined Contribution Maximum, including employer contributions $66,000 $7,500 $73,500
SIMPLE IRA $15,000 $3,500 $18,500
Traditional and Roth IRA $6,500 $1,000 $7,500

These amounts only include what you contribute to your plan or, in the case of the defined contribution maximum, what your employer contributes as a match. Any earnings realized from your plan investments don’t count toward your annual or catch-up contribution limits.

Also keep in mind that employer contributions may be subject to your company’s vesting schedule, meaning you don’t own them until you’ve reached certain employment milestones.

Tax Benefits of Making Catch-Up Contributions

Catch-up contributions to 401(k) retirement savings allow you to save more money in a tax-advantaged way. The additional money you can set aside to “catch up” on your 401(k) progress enables you to save on taxes now, as you won’t pay taxes on the amount you contribute until you withdraw it in retirement. These savings can add up if you’re currently in a high tax bracket, offsetting some of the work of saving extra.

The amount you contribute will also grow tax-deferred, and making catch-up contributions can result in a sizable difference in the size of your 401(k) by the time you retire. Let’s say you start maxing out your 401(k) plus catch-up contributions as soon as you turn 50, continuing that until you retire at age 65. That would be 15 years of thousands of extra dollars saved annually.

Those extra savings, thanks to catch-up contributions, could easily cross into six figures of added retirement savings and help compensate for any earlier lags in saving, such as if you were far off from hitting the suggested 401(k) amount by 30.

Roth 401(k) Catch-Up Contributions

The maximum amount you can contribute to a Roth 401(k) is the same as it is for a traditional 401(k): $22,500 and, if you’re 50 or older, $7,500 in catch-up contributions, as of 2023. For 2024, it is $23,000 and, if you’re 50 or older, $7,500 in catch-up contributions. This means that if you’re age 50 and up, you are able to contribute a total of $30,000 to your Roth 401(k) in 2023 and $30,500 in 2024.

If your employer offers both traditional and Roth 401(k) plans, you may be able to contribute to both, and some may even match Roth 401(k) contributions. Taking advantage of both types of accounts can allow you to diversify your retirement savings, giving you some money that you can withdraw tax-free and another account that’s grown tax-deferred.

However, if you have both types of 401(k) plans, keep in mind while managing your 401(k) that the contribution limit applies across both accounts. In other words, you can’t the maximum amount to each 401(k) — rather, they’d share that limit.

The Takeaway

Putting money into a 401(k) account through payroll deductions is one of the easiest and most effective ways to save money for your retirement. To determine how much you need to put into that account, it helps to know how much you need to save for retirement. If you start early, you may not need to make catch-up contributions. But if you’re 50 or older, taking advantage of 401(k) catch-up contributions is a great way to turbocharge your tax-advantaged retirement savings.

Of course, you can also add to your retirement savings with an IRA. While a 401(k) has its advantages, including automatic savings and a potential employer match, it’s not the only way to grow retirement wealth. If you’re interested in a traditional, Roth, or SEP IRA, you can easily open an IRA account on the SoFi Invest® brokerage platform. If you’re age 50 or older, those accounts will also provide an opportunity for catch-up contributions.

Help grow your nest egg with a SoFi IRA.

FAQ

How does the 401(k) catch-up work?

401(k) catch-up contributions allow you to increase the amount you are allowed to contribute to your 401(k) plan on an annual basis. Available to those aged 50 and older who are enrolled in an eligible plan, these catch-contributions are intended to help older savers meet their retirement goals.

What is the 401(k) catch-up amount in 2023?

For 2023, the 401(k) catch-up contribution limit is $7,500.

Photo credit: iStock/1001Love

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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Nov
15
2024
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Federal Reserve Interest Rates, Explained

By | invest, Investing, Terminology | No Comments

The Federal Reserve, or “Fed,” can change the federal funds rate as a tool to sway the economy. For instance, when inflation is high, it can raise interest rates to attempt to curb overall demand in the economy, hopefully lowering prices. As of November 2024, the current federal funds rate is between 4.75% and 5.00%. That rate can affect other interest rates throughout the economy, such as those tied to mortgages, auto loans, and more.

There’s a connection between the Fed’s interest rate decisions, the national economy, and your personal finances. The Fed works to help balance the economy over time — and its actions and influence on monetary policy can affect household finances. Here’s what consumers should know about the Federal Reserve interest rate and how it trickles down to the level of individual wallets.

What Is the Federal Funds Rate?

The federal funds rate, or federal interest rate, is a target interest rate assessed on the bank-to-bank level. It’s the rate at which banks charge each other for loans borrowed or lent overnight.

The federal funds rate is not directly connected to consumer interest rates, like those that might be paid on a personal loan or mortgage. But it can significantly influence those interest rates and, over time, can impact how businesses and individuals access lines of credit.

How Is the Federal Funds Rate Set?

The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) sets the federal funds rate. The FOMC is a 12-member group made up of seven members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York; and four of the remaining eleven Reserve Bank presidents, who serve one-year terms on a rotating basis.

The FOMC meets a minimum of eight times per year — though the committee will meet more often than that if deemed necessary. The group decides the Fed’s interest rate policy based on key economic indicators that may show signs of inflation, rising unemployment, recession, or other issues that may impact economic growth.

The FOMC often slashes rates in response to market turmoil as an attempt to boost the economy. Lower rates may make it easier for businesses and individuals to take out loans, thus stimulating the economy through more spending. The Federal Reserve enacted a zero-interest rate policy in 2008 and maintained it for seven years to boost the economy following the Great Recession, for example.

On the other hand, the FOMC may raise interest rates when the economy is strong to prevent an overheated economy and keep inflation in check. Higher interest rates make borrowing more expensive, disincentivizing businesses and households from taking out loans for consumption and investment. Because of this, higher interest rates, theoretically, can cool the economy.

Current Federal Funds Rate

As noted above, the current federal funds rate is between 4.75% and 5.00% as of early November 2024. The FOMC raised interest rates rapidly throughout 2022 in an effort to bring down inflation, which was at the country’s highest levels since the 1980s. But in the fall of 2024, it issued a rate cut for the first time since the start of the pandemic in early 2020.

The federal funds rate is a recommended target — banks can ultimately negotiate their own rate when borrowing and lending from one another. Over the years, federal fund targets have varied widely depending on the economic outlook. The federal funds rate was as high as 20% in the early 1980s due to inflation and as low as 0.0% to 0.25% in the post-pandemic environment, when the Fed used its monetary policy to stimulate the economy.

How Does the Fed Influence the Economy?

The Federal Reserve System is the U.S. central bank. The Fed is the primary regulator of the U.S. financial system and is made up of a dozen regional banks, each of which is localized to a specific geographical region in the country.

The Fed has a wide range of financial duties and powers to take measures to ensure systemic financial and economic stability. These duties include:

•  Maintaining widespread financial stability, in part by setting interest rates

•  Supervising and regulating smaller banks

•  Conducting and implementing national monetary policy

•  Providing financial services like operating the national payments system

The Fed has authority over other U.S. banking institutions and can regulate them in order to protect consumers’ financial rights. But perhaps its most famous job is setting its interest rate, otherwise known as the federal funds rate.

Recommended: How Do Federal Reserve Banks Get Funded?

How Does the Federal Funds Rate Affect Interest Rates?

Although the federal funds rate doesn’t directly influence the interest levels for loans taken out by consumers, it can change the dynamics of the economy as a whole through a kind of trickle-down effect.

The Fed’s rate changes impact a broad swath of financial areas — from credit cards to mortgages, from savings rates to life insurance policies. The Fed’s rate change can affect individual consumers in various ways. They can also affect the stock market, which may have an outsized impact on those who are online investing or otherwise have money in the markets.

The Prime Rate

A change to the federal funds rate can influence the prime interest rate (also known as the Bank Prime Loan Rate). The prime interest rate is the rate banks offer their most creditworthy customers when they’re looking to take out a line of credit or a loan.

While each bank is responsible for setting its own prime interest rate, many banks choose to set theirs mainly based on the federal funds rate.

Generally, the rate is set approximately three percentage points higher than the federal funds rate—so, for example, if the rate is at 5.00%, a bank’s prime interest rate might be 8.00%.

Even for consumers who don’t have excellent credit, the prime interest rate is important; it’s the baseline from which all of a bank’s loan tiers are calculated.

That applies to a wide range of financial products, including mortgages, credit cards, automobile loans, and personal loans. It can also affect existing lines of credit that have variable interest rates.

Savings Accounts and Certificates of Deposit

Interest rates bend both ways. Although a federal rate hike may mean a consumer sees higher interest rates when borrowing, it also means the interest rates earned through savings, certificates of deposit (CDs), and other interest-bearing accounts will increase.

In many cases, this increase in interest earnings influences consumers to save more, which can help as an incentive to build and maintain an emergency fund that one can access immediately, if necessary.

How Does the Federal Funds Rate Affect the Stock Market?

While the federal funds rate has no direct impact on the stock market, it can have the same kind of indirect, ripple effect that is felt in other areas of the U.S. financial system.

Generally, lower rates make the market more attractive to investors looking to maximize returns. Because investors cannot get an attractive rate in a savings account or with lower-risk bonds, they will put money into higher-risk assets like growth stocks to get an ideal return. Plus, cheaper or more available money can translate to more spending and higher company earnings, resulting in rising stock performance.

On the other hand, higher interest rates tend to dampen the stock market since investors usually prefer to invest in lower-risk assets like bonds that may offer an attractive yield in a high-interest rate environment.

Recommended: How Do Interest Rates Impact Stocks?

What Other Factors Affect Consumer Interest Rates?

Although the Federal Reserve interest rate can impact personal finance basics in various ways, it may take up to 12 months to feel the full effect of a change.

On a consumer level, financial institutions use complex algorithms to calculate interest rates for credit cards and other loans. These algorithms consider everything from personal creditworthiness to loan convertibility to the prime interest rate to determine an individual’s interest rate.

The Takeaway

The federal funds rate — or federal interest rate — set by the Federal Reserve is intended to guide bank-to-bank loans but ends up impacting various parts of the national economy—down to individuals’ personal finances.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 4.00% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

SoFi members with direct deposit activity can earn 4.00% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Deposits that are not from an employer or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with direct deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

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Tips for Investing in Tech Stocks

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | No Comments

It’s almost become a trope at this point: Your friend’s aunt bought some tech stocks a long time ago, and generated massive returns over the years. Or, your cousin knows somebody who knows somebody who bought some tech stock for a few dollars per share in the 1980s, and now they’re a multimillionaire.

While these anecdotes are enticing, if you’re looking to buy a first tech stock or want to add some diversity to your portfolio, you may find the reality to be slightly different from the stories. There are many kinds of tech stocks, each with its own performance trends, pros, and cons. Here are a few things to know about investing in tech stocks.

Why Investors Are Investing in Technology

In recent decades, much of the growth in the stock market overall has been concentrated in the shares of technology companies. That’s one of the main reasons that investors may be particularly interested in investing in tech stocks or related securities.

As of July 2024, the top five most valuable companies in the S&P 500 are in the tech sector. These firms — Apple, Microsoft, Nvidia, Amazon, and Meta — have an average market capitalization, or overall stock value, more than $1 trillion.

Five Largest Companies in the S&P 500 Index
Company

 Ticker

 Market Cap*

 5-year growth*
Apple AAPL $3.375 trillion 110%
Microsoft MSFT $3.17 trillion 294%
Alphabet GOOGL $2.7 trillion 233%
Amazon AMZN $1.91 trillion 140%
Meta TSLA $1.18 trillion 211%
*As of July 30, 2024

Investors flock to technology companies, especially the previously mentioned tech giants, because they’re often considered solid businesses.

The products of technology companies — especially software companies — are relatively cheap to reproduce but can be quite expensive to buy. Apple, for example, prices iPhones ahead of their competitors, sells a lot of them, and then operates an ecosystem of apps and services that generate steady revenue. Amazon’s success is attributed to the effectiveness of its operations and low prices. For Alphabet, the sheer scope of its networks and the popularity of its services allows them to sell more ads than its competitors.

Aside from the giants that have established business models, many investors pour money into tech companies due to the promise of future earnings. Even when tech companies are not profitable or see regular cash flows, investors will still support the stocks because of the potential for future earnings. Companies like Amazon and Tesla took years before they turned steady profits.

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Popular Technology Stocks to Own

The technology industry is incredibly diverse. Beyond the five companies mentioned above, there are many others, including several that comprise the S&P Technology Select Sector Index, a popular market index that tracks the tech space. Below are some of the largest companies that comprise that specific Index, outside of the five tech stocks mentioned above.

Companies in the S&P Technology Select Sector Index
Company

 Ticker

 Technology Sector

 Market Cap*

 5-year growth*
Broadcom AVGO Semiconductors $684.13 billion 570%
Salesforce CRM Software $248.34 billion 204%
Adobe ADBE Software $238.22 billion 160%
Advanced Micro Devices AMD Semiconductors $221.81 billion 610%
Cisco Systems CSCO Communications Equipment $194.13 billion -20%
*As of July 30, 2024

How Can You Invest in Tech Stocks?

At the most basic level, you can invest in tech stock by buying the individual stocks of an appealing company. That can be done in the same way as buying any other type of stock or security through a brokerage or investing platform.

Another way to invest in tech is by trading technology-focused exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or mutual funds. Tech ETFs and mutual funds allow investors to diversify their investments in a single security, which may be less risky than buying a specific company’s stock.

If you are interested in a particular tech sector — like artificial intelligence or green tech — you can invest in more targeted funds rather than broad-based technology-focused ETFs.

Different Sectors for Technological Investment

The technology industry is vast, filled with companies specializing in different areas of the market. For an investor, this means it’s possible to diversify, investing in tech stocks across various sectors.

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI), which refers to ways that computers can process data and automate decision-making that humans would otherwise do, is a burgeoning tech sector. Many companies are operating in this sector, using new technologies to support fields like finance and healthcare. Artificial Intelligence, along with the related field of Machine Learning (ML), has long been one of the most exciting technology areas.

Transportation

Another bustling sector of the industry is transportation. Tech underlies all transportation, and some of the most exciting companies are building electric cars, creating the batteries and software that support the navigation and operational systems in automobiles, or using software to connect drivers and passengers.

💡 Recommended: Investing in Transportation Stocks for Beginners

Streaming

Streaming companies have completely revolutionized the entertainment industry. These companies offer direct-to-consumer content, including shows and movies, that is bundled in a monthly subscription. There are standalone streaming companies, companies that include streaming as an ever-growing part of their business, and companies that build digital and physical infrastructure to support streaming services.

Information Technology

Information technology (IT) is one of the broadest and most valuable sectors of the technology industry. It typically refers to how businesses store, transmit, and use information and data within and between networks of computers.

Semiconductor Technology

Semiconductors are arguably the foundation of all technology. Semiconductor companies make components found in phones, computers, and other electronic devices. The manufacturing process for semiconductors is incredibly precise and expensive, making the industry ruthlessly competitive.

Web 3.0

In recent years, cryptocurrency, blockchain technology, and Web 3.0 have been the focus of many investors. That’s because computer engineers and companies are now developing new technologies that will allow users to interact with the web in a more interactive, personal, and secure way. These new technologies may usher in new opportunities for investors.

💡 Recommended: Web 3.0 Guide for Beginners

Evaluating a Tech Stock Before Investing

When investing, you must carefully evaluate the stocks you’re interested in.

Technology companies, in particular, tend to have high price-to-earnings (P/E) ratios, meaning that the company’s profits may seem low compared to the price of their shares. This is often because investors are expecting rapid future growth.

Other key metrics include price-to-sales, which compares the stock price to the company’s revenue. This is something to consider in the case of a fast-growing company that doesn’t yet have substantial profits.

Another critical factor is the company’s overall revenue growth — the pace at which revenue increases year-over-year or even quarter-over-quarter.

A more detailed metric that can be useful for tech companies is “gross margins,” which is the difference between a company’s revenue or sales and the cost of generating those sales, divided by total revenue. The resulting percentage indicates whether the company can make money on the actual product it sells and how much. If the company’s other costs can go down as a percentage of total revenue, profits can grow more quickly.

💡 Recommended: The Ultimate List of Financial Ratios

Pros of Adding Tech Stocks to a Portfolio

There are many benefits to investing in tech stocks, most notably attractive returns. With artificial intelligence, blockchain, and Web 3.0 technologies on the horizon, there are increasing opportunities to invest in this sector. These are some possible benefits of adding tech stocks to a portfolio.

•   There are many blue chip tech companies. Blue chip stocks typically refer to stocks from long-established companies with good returns. Today’s blue chips include huge tech companies like Apple, Alphabet, and Amazon.

•   Some tech stocks pay dividends. There can be benefits to dividend-paying stocks, including consistent earnings, which might indicate that the company is positioned to deliver strong performance.

•   Investors can buy shares in things they use. Most people use some tech in their daily routines. You might have a smartphone, or a laptop, hop on a social network, or order groceries or clothing online. With a tech stock, investors can buy a little piece of the companies they know and like.

•   It’s easy to diversify in tech. Tech stocks aren’t a monolith. Investors can add diversity to their portfolio by purchasing different aspects of the tech sector, for example, buying stock in social media companies, smartphone glass manufacturers, hardware makers, software companies, and even green tech companies.

A great thing about the tech sector investing space is that there’s so much of it out there, and investors should be able to find something that works for their goals, ambition, and knowledge base.

💡 Recommended: How to Invest in Web 3.0 for Beginners

Cons of Investing in Technology

All stocks come with their own risks and potential downsides. Tech stocks are no different. As with any stock purchase, it’s helpful to do a good amount of research before buying a stock. Take these considerations into account before deciding to pull the trigger on a tech stock.

•   Potential losses. Though the tech sector has been an area of focus for investors as it’s grown in recent decades, investors should also be aware that there’s always the potential for sizable losses, too. Certain segments of the tech space can be volatile, and technology is always changing and falling out of favor. As such, it’s possible that tech stocks could see significant declines in value – sometimes rapidly.

•   The potential for tech backlash. Some experts think increased regulation and government scrutiny could lead to a backlash against tech stocks that could affect their prospects. They cite 2018’s passage of the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Facebook’s hearings before Congress as evidence that even more regulation might be coming in the future. But like many other sectors of the stock market, various tech stocks react differently in the face of volatility.

•   Buying what you know can be complicated. You might have a solid grasp on some social media giants, for example, but some of the nuances of emerging semiconductor firms might be a little harder to wrap your head around. You may have to ask yourself if you want to invest in a company that you might not fully understand.

•   Stocks may be priced too high. Some tech companies, like Amazon and Google, often have shares that venture into the four figures, so for a first-time tech stock investor, those companies may feel out of reach. However, many tech companies occasionally engage in a stock split to decrease their share prices.

How Frequently Should You Invest in Tech Stocks?

The frequency you invest in tech stocks will depend on your individual investment goals and risk tolerance. Some investors may choose to trade tech stocks monthly or quarterly to take advantage of any short-term price fluctuations. Others may invest in tech stocks on a more long-term basis, holding onto their shares for several years to benefit from any potential long-term growth.

What Percentage of Your Portfolio Should Be Tech Stocks?

The percentage of a portfolio allocated to tech stocks differs for every investor. For instance, some specialists might recommend that investors allocate no more than 20-30% of their investment portfolio to tech stocks, but this percentage may be higher or lower depending on the investor’s risk tolerance, investment goals, and other factors.

Mistakes to Avoid When Investing in Tech Stocks

Many investors are drawn to tech stocks because of the potential for a significant return. But the allure of large gains may cause investors to take on too much risk or lose sight of their overall investment goals.

For example, you don’t want to invest in a tech stock just because it’s popular. It’s easy to fear you are missing out when you see a particular stock’s price skyrocket. You may hear about a tech stock lot in the financial media, and you know many people who say they own it, but that doesn’t mean it’s a good investment.

Additionally, you should avoid investing in a stock just because the company is a household name. While sometimes the stocks of well-known companies do well, there are other cases of these companies not being well run and thus not being a good investment.

The Takeaway

The tech sector is vast and getting bigger by the moment as blockchain, artificial intelligence, and other technologies push boundaries. New founders are working on startups in garages and basements, potentially developing the next new thing that could change the world. Investors looking to invest in tech stocks can find a stock or ETF out there that could meet their needs.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

Get started trading technology stocks and ETFs with SoFi Invest® today

FAQ

Why is investing in tech stocks so popular?

Tech stocks are popular because they are some of the largest and best-performing assets in the financial markets in recent years. As a whole, the technology sector has been one of the fastest growing sectors in the economy. This means that there are a lot of new and innovative companies that are constantly coming out with new products and services. This provides investors with a lot of growth potential.

How can you start investing in tech stocks today?

You can start investing in tech stocks by trading individual stocks, invest in a tech-focused mutual fund or ETF, or invest in a more general stock market index fund that includes a mix of tech and non-tech companies.

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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How to Calculate Your Net Worth and Wealth: The Ultimate Guide

How to Calculate Your Net Worth and Wealth: The Ultimate Guide

By | Growing Wealth, Life & Career, relay | Comments Off on How to Calculate Your Net Worth and Wealth: The Ultimate Guide

In some ways, net worth and wealth can be tricky terms to define. To some people, the phrases are synonymous. As others acknowledge, the perception of wealth is influenced by a variety of factors, including where you live, your career, and your age.

Here’s a deep dive into how to calculate individual net worth and some of the factors that may influence our perception of wealth.

Key Points

•   Net worth is calculated by subtracting liabilities from the total value of assets, including real estate and investments.

•   Assets like cash, life insurance, household items, and jewelry contribute to overall wealth.

•   A positive net worth results when assets exceed liabilities, indicating financial health.

•   Lifestyle creep can hinder wealth accumulation as higher incomes often lead to increased discretionary spending.

•   Middle-income families earn between $56,600 and $169,800 annually, defining economic classes.

How to Calculate Individual Net Worth

An individual’s net worth is the value of all of their combined assets minus any liabilities (that is, outstanding debts). If your assets are worth more than your liabilities, you have a positive net worth. If you owe more than you own, your net worth is negative.

Assets you may use as part of your net worth calculation can include:

•  Real estate. Your home, second home, rental property, commercial real estate, or other holdings.

•  Cars and other vehicles. Note that automobiles are typically subject to depreciation in value over time.

•  Investments. Stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and retirement accounts.

•  Cash

•  Life insurance. Use the cash value.

•  Household items. Furniture, silverware, etc.

•  Jewelry. Plus precious gems and metals.

Liabilities are debts such as:

•  Balance remaining on your mortgage

•  Student loans

•  Auto loans

•  Credit card debt

Recommended: Does Net Worth Include Home Equity?

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What Is the Difference Between Net Worth and Income?

Net worth and income don’t necessarily go hand in hand. Income is the money that is reported on a tax return, while a high net worth results from owning valuable assets. High net worth could be a result of careful saving, inheriting money, or hanging onto highly appreciated assets.

For example, let’s say someone bought a house in a once-undesirable neighborhood decades ago. Today, that neighborhood is super popular and the house is worth much more. Even if they don’t sell, the homeowner has increased their net worth without a boost in income. (It can be useful to see how net worth changes by age and location.)

On the other hand, a professional with a high salary who carries a lot of debt could have a relatively low net worth, especially if they also maintain a costly lifestyle. That said, various types of income certainly can have a big impact on how much wealth a person is able to accumulate.

Income is also one way that researchers sort individuals into economic classes, though the income ranges that delineate class can vary from year to year and by research methodology.

What Salary Is Considered a Middle-Class Income?

Pew Research Center defines middle-income Americans as those whose annual size-adjusted income is two-thirds to double the median size-adjusted household income. (Size-adjusted household income refers to the number of people within the household.)

A middle-income family of three earned $56,600 to $169,800 in 2022, the most recent information available from Pew Research.

What Salary Is Considered an Upper-Class Income?

Upper-income individuals earn more than double the median size-adjusted household income. This means a family of three may earn more than $169,800.

Wondering how your income compares? It can be helpful to look at the median income for a three-person household in each income tier.

Income Tier

 Median Income in 2022
Upper Income $256,920
Middle Income $106,092
Lower Income $35,318

Source: Pew Research Center

Why Wealth Is Relative Person to Person

The definition of “wealthy” differs depending on a person’s background, geography, and age. Consider a law student who earns very little money each year and carries hundreds of thousands in student debt. While their current wealth may be low, their potential future earnings may be quite high, and could catapult them into the wealthiest classes.

Consider, too, that where you live has a big impact on how far your wealth will stretch. A middle-income earner in an expensive city like San Francisco or New York may find it more difficult to make ends meet than someone in a small town in Oklahoma with a lower cost of living.

Ways to Measure Wealth

Wealth and net worth can be considered synonymous in some cases. But there are other factors that play into the perception of wealth and a person’s ability to accumulate it. Examples include demographic differences and potential return on investment, which may not have an immediate impact but can increase future wealth.

Income

As mentioned above, high income does not necessarily lead to high net worth — but it can. High earners may use their income to acquire assets that maintain equity, such as a home. These people may also use their earnings to invest within retirement and brokerage accounts.

Personal Savings

Your personal savings may refer to the cash you have on hand in checking and savings accounts, certificates of deposit, and money market accounts. It may also refer to the savings you have invested in brokerage and retirement accounts.

Ideally, these investments will appreciate over time, increasing net worth and providing a future source of income to maintain your standard of living after you stop working. As you build up your savings, tools like a money tracker app can help you keep tabs on your money.

Investment Rate of Return

An important factor in accumulating wealth is the rate of return (ROR) on your investments. Investment returns are not guaranteed. Stock prices rise and fall according to various trends in the market. Even bonds, which are relatively safe, are subject to default from time to time.

In the past, the stock market tended to rise over the long term. In fact, since 1926, the average annual rate of return for the stock market has been about 10%, surpassing potential returns for other major types of investments, including bonds.

Investors who save more, and hold more of their investment portfolio in stocks, may be better positioned to take advantage of these potential future returns.

Real Estate Assets

One way to think about wealth is as the maintaining of assets. Real estate can be a good place to build equity, and it can appreciate in value. Returns can vary widely depending on what type of real estate you buy — whether a home or commercial property — and where the property is located. Historically, the rate of return on real estate has been close to stock market returns. In the U.S. market, the median return on real estate investment is 8.6% annually, per the S&P 500 Index.

Age and Family Status

Demographic factors can have an impact on how much money you earn and the wealth you can accumulate. For example, median weekly earnings vary by age and gender.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, men and women ages 16 to 24 have the lowest median weekly earnings, with men earning $771 per week and women earning $695 in the second quarter of 2024, according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data.

Men age 35 and over enjoyed the highest median weekly earnings:

•  35 to 44: $1,379

•  45 to 54: $1,470

•  55 to 64: $1,361

Women earned less overall than men:

•  35 to 44: $1,114

•  45 to 54: $1,151

•  55 to 64: $1,048

The number of people in a household has a different impact. More people under one roof may require a larger home and more money spent on things like groceries, clothing, and transportation. As a result, a single individual usually requires less wealth to maintain a certain lifestyle than a family of five.

Good Credit Score

While not exactly a measure of wealth, a good credit score is a measure of financial health. It suggests that you have not taken on more debt than you can handle, and that you are able to make your payments on time.

A good credit score can also help you leverage your wealth to achieve financial goals. For example, lenders will look at your credit score when you apply for a loan to determine your creditworthiness. A good score can help you qualify for loans with lower interest rates. Individuals with bad credit, on the other hand, may be seen as a risk, and lenders may charge higher interest rates to compensate.

As a result, a good credit score can help you qualify for loans, such as a mortgage, at affordable rates that can help you build wealth.

Difference Between Material Wealth vs Spiritual Wealth

Material wealth is dependent on the physical and financial assets that you own and the debts you carry. Spiritual wealth, on the other hand, is not based on tangible items. Rather, it’s based on things like a sense of well-being and happiness.

Are material wealth and spiritual wealth linked? In a 2023 paper, authors Daniel Kahneman, Matthew A. Killingworth, and Barbara Mellers discovered an overall connection between larger incomes and increasing levels of happiness. But they also found that happiness peaks at $100,000 a year and then plateaus in people who are already unhappy.

Appreciating What You Have

One of the reasons that higher income doesn’t always translate into greater wealth is a phenomenon known as “lifestyle creep.” This occurs when increasing income leads to an increase in discretionary spending. A certain amount of lifestyle creep can result from trying to “keep up with the Joneses” — a tendency to accumulate material goods to compete with others in one’s perceived social class.

For example, as a person earns more, they might buy a bigger house, a more expensive car, pricey clothes, and start sending their kids to private school. These costly habits can mean that the individual may not be able to save more than when their salary was lower.

Try to avoid lifestyle creep by putting off grand lifestyle changes, like buying a large home, and putting off big purchases until absolutely necessary. Build and stick to a budget that includes wealth-building line items, such as saving in retirement funds. Track your progress with a budgeting app.

Practice appreciating what you already have, and you may find that some of the upgrades you desire are just wants — not necessities.

Recommended: What Credit Score Is Needed to Buy a Car?

The Takeaway

Net worth and wealth are inextricably linked. Measuring net worth helps people assess how many assets they currently have at their disposal. Accumulating wealth is about acquiring and maintaining assets that hold their value or increase in value. Doing so often requires careful saving and investing, as well as constant monitoring to ensure you stay on track.

Take control of your finances with SoFi. With our financial insights and credit score monitoring tools, you can view all of your accounts in one convenient dashboard. From there, you can see your various balances, spending breakdowns, and credit score. Plus you can easily set up budgets and discover valuable financial insights — all at no cost.

See exactly how your money comes and goes at a glance.

FAQ

What salary is considered middle-class income?

Middle-income Americans have annual incomes that are two-thirds to double the median income, according to Pew Research. For example, a middle-income family of three will earn $56,600 to $169,800.

What salary is considered upper-middle class income?

An upper-middle class income is at the high range of middle class income. According to the U.S. Census Bureau’s “Income in the United States: 2022” report, that’s an average annual income of $94,001 to $153,000.

What salary is considered lower-class income?

Low-income Americans are anyone earning less than two-thirds of the median household income. Per Pew Research Center, that means a family of three would have a household income of less than $56,600.

Photo credit: iStock/fizkes

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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