Dec
23
2023
What Is Initial Margin? Initial Margin Definition & Examples

What Is Initial Margin? Examples and Minimums

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on What Is Initial Margin? Examples and Minimums

When an investor buys a security using a margin account, the initial margin or initial margin requirement is how much of the purchase price – represented as a percentage – that the investor must cover with either cash or the collateral in that account.

The Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation T sets the minimum initial margin at 50%, meaning investors trading on a margin account must have cash or collateral to cover at least half of the market value of the securities they buy on margin.

Using Initial Margin

Investors who want to open a margin account at a brokerage must first deposit the initial margin requirement. They can make that deposit in the form of cash, securities or other collateral, and the amount they deposit will vary depending on how much trading the investor plans to do on margin, and where the brokerage firm sets its initial margin.

Once the investor makes that initial margin deposit as collateral, they essentially have a line of credit with which they can begin margin trading. That line of credit allows the investor to buy securities with money borrowed from the brokerage.

As noted, Regulation T sets minimum initial margin levels. It’s important to note, however, that the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation T only sets the minimum for margin accounts. Brokerage firms offering margin accounts can set their initial margin requirement higher than 50% based on the markets, their clients, and their own business considerations. But brokerages cannot set the initial margins for their clients any lower than 50%. The level that a brokerage sets for margin is known as the “house requirement.”

Risks of Margin Trading

Trading on margin brings its own unique set of opportunities and risks. It can lead to outsized profits if investors buy appreciating stocks on margin. But if investors buy sinking securities on margin, they can lose even more than if they’d purchased the securities outright.

In the unfortunate situation where the securities purchased on margin lose all value, the investor must deposit the full purchase price of the securities to cover the loss. Given these risks, you’re typically not able to trade on margin in retirement accounts such as an IRA or a 401(k).

Sometimes investors use margin to short a stock, or bet that it will lose value. In that instance, they’d borrow shares from the brokerage firm that holds a position in the stock and sell them to another investor. If the share price goes down, the investor can purchase them back at a lower price.

In general, investors looking for safer investments might want to avoid margin trading, due to their inherent risk. Investors with a high appetite for risk, however, might appreciate the ability to generate outsize returns.


💡 Quick Tip: When you’re actively investing in stocks, it’s important to ask what types of fees you might have to pay. For example, brokers may charge a flat fee for trading stocks, or require some commission for every trade. Taking the time to manage investment costs can be beneficial over the long term.

How Do You Calculate Initial Margin?

An investor who wants to trade in a margin account, must first determine how much to deposit as an initial margin. While that will depend on how much the investor wants to trade, and how big a role margin will play in their strategy, there are some guidelines.

The New York Stock Exchange and some of the other securities exchanges require that investors have at least $2,000 in their accounts. For day traders, the minimum initial margin is $25,000. Each brokerage has its own set of requirements in terms of the amount clients need to keep as collateral, and the minimum size of the account necessary to trade on margin.

Increase your buying power with a margin loan from SoFi.

Borrow against your current investments at just 11%* and start margin trading.

*For full margin details, see terms.

Initial Margin Requirement Examples

It’s possible, for example, that a brokerage firm might require 65% initial margin. That’s the first number an investor needs to know. The next is how much they plan to invest. The initial margin calculation simply requires the investor to multiply the investment amount by the initial margin requirement percentage. For an investor who wants to buy $20,000 of a given security, they will take that purchase price, multiply it by the margin requirement is 65% or 0.65 – to arrive at an initial margin requirement of $13,000.

The advantage for the investor is that they get $20,000 of exposure to that stock for only $13,000. In a scenario where the investor is buying a stock at a 50% margin, that investor can buy twice as many shares as they could if they bought them outright. That can double their return if the stock goes up. But if the stock drops, that investor could lose twice as much money.

If the price falls far enough, the investor could get a margin call from their broker. That means that they must deposit additional funds. Otherwise, the broker will sell the stock in their account to cover the borrowed money.

Initial Margin vs Maintenance Margin

For investors who buy securities on margin, the initial margin is an important number to know when starting out. But once the investor has opened a margin account at their brokerage, it’s important to know the maintenance margin as well.

The maintenance margin is the minimum amount of money that an investor has to keep in their margin account after they’ve purchased securities on margin. It is generally lower than the initial margin.

Currently, the minimum maintenance margin, as set by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA,) is 25% of the total value of the margin account. As with the initial margin requirements, however, 25% is only the minimum that the investor must have deposited in a margin account. The reality is that brokerage firms can – and often do – require that investors in margin accounts maintain a margin of between 30% to 40% of the total value of the account.

Some brokerage firms refer to the maintenance margin by other terms, including a minimum maintenance or a maintenance requirement. The initial margin on futures contracts may be significantly lower.

Maintenance Margin Example

As an example of a maintenance margin, an investor with $10,000 of securities in a margin account with a 25% maintenance margin must maintain at least $2,500 in the account. But if the value of their investment goes up to $15,000, the investor has to keep pace by raising the amount of money in their margin account to reach the maintenance margin, which rises to $3,750.

Maintenance Margin Calls

If the value of the investor’s margin account falls below the maintenance margin, then they can face a margin call, or else the brokerage will sell the securities in the account to cover the difference between what’s in their account and the maintenance margin.

With a maintenance margin, the investor could also face a margin call if the investment goes up in value. That’s because as the investment goes up, the percentage of margin in relation by comparison goes down.

The Takeaway

Initial margin requirements and maintenance margins are just two considerations for investors who are looking to trade on margin. They allow investors to understand how much cash they need to hand on hand in order to trade on margin — and when they might be susceptible to a margin call.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

What is an example of initial margin?

If initial margin is 65% and an investor wants to purchase $20,000 of a given security, they will take that purchase price, multiply it by the margin requirement is 65% or 0.65 – to arrive at an initial margin requirement of $13,000.

Is initial margin refundable?

Yes, initial margin is refundable, as it acts as a deposit put forward to enact a transaction or trade.

Why is initial margin important?

Initial margin is important because it acts as a form of collateral to cover a loss in the event loses money using borrowed funds. It helps the lender – or brokerage – recoup some of those losses.

Why is initial margin paid?

Initial margin is paid or put forth to act as a deposit or a form of collateral and establish good faith between a borrower and lender, typically an investor or trader and their brokerage.

Who sets the initial margin requirement?

Initial margin requirements are established by the Federal Reserve’s Regulation T. But there can also be other requirements put in place by an individual brokerage, and FINRA’s additional margin rules can further increase the amount.

Does initial margin have to be cash?

Generally, initial margin needs to be in the form of cash deposits, but it’s possible that some brokerages will allow it to take the form of other securities, such as government bonds.

Is initial margin a cost?

Initial margin is not a cost per se, but a form of collateral, and is money that is returned or refunded like a deposit. As such, it’s not spent or a typical “cost,” though it may be a financial barrier of sorts for some traders.

Photo credit: iStock/FG Trade

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

*Borrow at 11%. Utilizing a margin loan is generally considered more appropriate for experienced investors as there are additional costs and risks associated. It is possible to lose more than your initial investment when using margin. Please see SoFi.com/wealth/assets/documents/brokerage-margin-disclosure-statement.pdf for detailed disclosure information.

Claw Promotion: Customer must fund their Active Invest account with at least $50 within 30 days of opening the account. Probability of customer receiving $1,000 is 0.028%. See full terms and conditions.

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Dec
22
2023

Net Worth Calculator by Age Table with Examples

By | Growing Wealth, money, Tools & Calculators | Comments Off on Net Worth Calculator by Age Table with Examples

When it comes to your money, the more you know, the better equipped you are to make informed financial decisions. One piece of your overall financial picture that you may want to understand is how much you’re “worth.” This information can help you understand where you are with your finances now and what you need to do to reach your goals for the future.

Before we look at a net worth growth calculator table that shows you how you compare against other people your age, let’s dive a bit deeper into what net worth is and why it’s important.

Key Points

•   A net worth calculator helps determine your financial health by calculating your assets and liabilities.

•   It provides insights into your overall financial picture and helps track progress over time.

•   Factors such as age, income, and debt impact your net worth.

•   Regularly updating and reviewing your net worth can help with financial planning and goal setting.

•   Use the calculator to assess your financial situation and make informed decisions about saving and investing.

What Is Net Worth?

You may hear this term being batted around in conversations surrounding billionaires, but in reality, everyone has a net worth. It’s simply a total of all your assets minus any debts you have.

Those assets can include cash, real estate, intellectual property, and other items like jewelry, stocks, insurance policies, and bonds. The cash may come from a job you have or from unearned income, such as your Social Security payment

Having a lot of assets does not necessarily mean you have a high net worth, particularly if you also carry a lot of debt. For example, you may have a million-dollar mansion, but if you have debts of $500,000, your net worth dwindles rapidly.

💡 Quick Tip: When you have questions about what you can and can’t afford, a spending tracker app can show you the answer. With no guilt trip or hourly fee.

Check your score with SoFi Insights

Track your credit score for free. Sign up and get $10.*

How Does a Net Worth Calculator Work?

There are many personal net worth calculators available online, though you don’t need one to calculate your net worth. Just take the total amount of all your assets and subtract the total amount of your liabilities:

Assets – liabilities = net worth

Some calculators will also factor in future growth so you can understand what your net worth will be in the future, as the value of your assets grows.

Recommended: What Is Disposable Income?

How to Calculate for Net Worth

As you can see, it’s fairly easy to calculate your net worth, though it may take time to gather the values of all your assets, such as the current value of a piece of high-end jewelry. But once you do, you can add up all your assets and then subtract your liabilities to calculate your net worth.

What Is the Average American Net Worth?

Knowing your own net worth is one thing, but where does it stand against other people in your age bracket? Generally, people see an increase in their net worth the older they get, and it can be helpful to use a net worth percentile calculator by age to see your percentile rank.

For example, if your net worth was $100,000, you would be in the 46.92 percentile for people between the ages of 18 to 100. The median net worth for this age bracket is $121,760.

Here’s the average net worth by different age groups, according to the most recent data available from the Federal Reserve.

Age Average Net Worth
18-24 $112,104
25-29 $120,183
30-34 $258,075
35-39 $501,295
40-44 $590,710
45-49 $781,936
50-54 $1,132,497
55-59 $1,441,987
60-64 $1,675,294
65-69 $1,836,884
70-74 $1,714,085
75-79 $1,629,275
80+ $1,611,984

Source: Federal Reserve’s 2022 Survey of Consumer Finances

Why Is Net Worth Important?

Calculating your net worth is smart because it can help you understand where you’re strong financially (maybe you have little debt) and where you’re weak (maybe you’ve overextended your credit to buy your home).

It may also help you make plans for the future. For example, if your net worth is high, you might explore strategies for reducing taxable income, such as contributing more to a tax-deductible retirement account. And if your net worth isn’t where you’d like it, you can take steps to improve it.

💡 Quick Tip: Income, expenses, and life circumstances can change. Consider reviewing your budget a few times a year and making any adjustments if needed.

How to Increase Your Net Worth

If you’ve used a liquid net worth calculator, or compared your net worth to the table above and don’t feel like your numbers are as high as you’d like them to be, you can do a few things to increase your net worth.

If your debt levels are high, you can increase your net worth by decreasing that debt. Get a plan for paying off credit cards, student loans, car loans, and home mortgages. Consider increasing the amount you pay on each slightly to shorten your repayment period and decrease the amount of interest you pay on these loans and credit cards.

Creating a budget is one way to keep tabs on your finances as you’re paying off debt. A money tracker app can help make the job easier.

If you don’t have an abnormally high amount of debt but want to increase your assets, you might explore making more money. If you’re still in the workforce and have the ability to make a career change, you might consider cultivating potential high-income skills that could help you command a higher salary.

If you’re retired, you could take on part-time flexible work.

Recommended: How to Negotiate Your Signing Bonus

Examples of Celebrity Net Worths

Not that you need to compare yourself to celebrities when it comes to net worth, but it can be fun to see how the other half lives. Keep in mind that while A-list celebrities often command millions of dollars for their work, they’re usually also smart with their money. They don’t typically blow their money on sports cars and mansions (though certainly some do). Many are financially responsible, investing in multiple income streams and spending responsibly.

Let’s look at the net worth of a few celebrities.

Reese Witherspoon

Reese Witherspoon didn’t limit her career to acting. She also founded a lifestyle brand called Draper James and a media brand called Hello Sunshine. Today her net worth is about $300 million.

J.K. Rowling

The well-known author of the Harry Potter books has an estimated net worth of $1 billion, and she’s the first author in history to reach this height. Before she was published, however, she struggled financially, which makes hers a true rags-to-riches story.

Jay-Z and Beyoncé

Superstar artists Jay-Z and Beyoncé reign supreme when it comes to net worth. Thanks to touring, albums, clothing lines, movies, endorsements, merchandise, and more, the couple’s combined net worth is $3 billion.

The Takeaway

You may not be able to match the likes of Jay-Z and Beyoncé when it comes to net worth, but knowing yours can help you make smart financial decisions for the future. To figure out your net worth, you can subtract the total amount of your liabilities from the total amount of your assets. You can also use a personal net worth calculator; some will even factor in future growth.

Take control of your finances with SoFi. With our financial insights and credit score monitoring tools, you can view all of your accounts in one convenient dashboard. From there, you can see your various balances, spending breakdowns, and credit score. Plus you can easily set up budgets and discover valuable financial insights — all at no cost.

See exactly how your money comes and goes at a glance.

FAQ

How do I calculate your net worth?

Net worth can be calculated by subtracting all your liabilities from your assets. In other words, subtract everything you owe (debts, loans, credit card debts) from everything you have (cash, property, real estate, jewelry, stocks).

What is a good net worth by age?

A “good” net worth depends on your financial goals and age. For example, the average net worth for 40-44 year-olds is $590,710. Yours may be higher or lower than this.

What net worth is considered rich?

According to a 2023 survey conducted by Charles Schwab, Americans need an average net worth of at least $2.2 million to feel wealthy. However, that amount varies based on where you live.

Photo credit: iStock/Kanatip Chulsomlee

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Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Dec
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2023

2023 VA Home Loan Limits vs 2022 VA Home Loan Limits

By | Family Finances, Home Ownership, mortgage | Comments Off on 2023 VA Home Loan Limits vs 2022 VA Home Loan Limits

Thanks to rapidly rising home prices, VA loan limits got a substantial boost in 2023.

For most U.S. counties, the baseline limit for VA loans is now $726,200, compared to $647,200 in 2022. And loan limits for single-family homes in counties with higher home costs also increased — from a maximum (or “ceiling”) of $970,800 in 2022 to $1,089,300 in 2023.

What could higher loan limits mean for you? If you’re a veteran considering a VA-backed home loan, read on for a breakdown of what you can expect if you purchase a home this year.

What Is the VA Loan Limit?

To be clear: The VA doesn’t limit how much an eligible veteran, service member, or survivor using a VA loan benefit can borrow to finance a home. There are only limits on how much of the loan amount the VA will guarantee if the borrower is unable to repay the mortgage. And that limit can vary based on the status of the borrower’s VA entitlement.

Most borrowers who apply for a VA loan have something called “full entitlement.” This means that if the borrower defaults, the VA will guarantee — or repay the lender — up to 25% of whatever loan amount the lender approved based on its own criteria. If you’re a first-time homebuyer, or if you’ve paid off a past VA loan, you can expect to have a full entitlement.

But if a borrower has what the VA refers to as a “remaining entitlement” (they have a VA loan they’re still paying back), the VA will limit its guarantee based on the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) loan limit in the county where the home is being purchased.

Instead of paying the lender up to 25% of the full loan amount if the borrower defaults, the VA will limit its guarantee to up to 25% of the applicable FHFA loan limit minus the amount of the entitlement the borrower already used. Borrowers can still get a VA loan using their remaining entitlement, but they may have to make a down payment to get that loan if the loan amount is more than $144,000.

To check your VA entitlement status, you can request a certificate of eligibility (COE) through your lender, online, or by mail.


💡 Quick Tip: Buying a home shouldn’t be aggravating. SoFi’s online mortgage application is quick and simple, with dedicated Mortgage Loan Officers to guide you from start to finish.

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.

When Do VA Loan Limits Apply?

You may wonder when VA loan limits apply and, more specifically, how annual changes to loan limits are calculated. The VA bases its loan guarantee limits on the same conforming loan limits (CLL) the FHFA sets for conventional home mortgage loans that are eligible for purchase by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

By law, the FHFA must adjust these limits annually to reflect changes to home prices in the U.S. Between the third quarters of 2021 and 2022, home prices increased, on average, by 12.21%, based on the FHFA House Price Index. So the 2023 baseline CLL increased by that percentage.

But your county’s loan limit could be considerably higher, depending on average home prices in your area.

These differences are, in part, due to the variability of cost of living by state.

2023 VA Loan Limit Calculator Table

Higher home prices across the U.S. brought the FHFA’s baseline limit (and, therefore, the VA’s baseline limit for 2023) to $726,200 for a single-family home in most counties.

But in counties where 115% of the median home value is higher than the baseline CLL, the limit has been increased by a percentage that reflects those higher prices. There is a ceiling, or cap, however, of 150%.

Here’s what that looks like for a single-family home in 2023 vs. 2022.

VA Loan Limits in 2023 and 2022

Year National Baseline 115% to 149% National Ceiling (150%)
VA Loan Limits 2023 $726,200 $835,130 to $1,082,038 $1,089,300
VA Loan Limits 2022 $647,200 $744,280 to $964,328 $970,800

If you’re buying in Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, or the U.S. Virgin Islands, special statutory provisions dictate the loan limit, which in 2023 is $1,089,300 for a single-family home.

VA Loan Limit Example

Here’s a hypothetical example of how a borrower could be affected by the county loan limit on a VA loan.

Let’s say Joe, a Navy veteran, wants to buy a home in San Diego County, even though he knows the cost of living in California is higher than average. Joe manages to find a $600,000 single-family home and he wants to buy with a VA loan, but he still owes $100,000 on another VA loan.

The 2023 limit in San Diego County is $977,500. Since the VA will guarantee up to a quarter of that amount, Joe has a maximum entitlement of $244,375.

$977,500 x .25 = $244,375

But Joe has to subtract the amount of his entitlement he’s already used, which leaves him with $144,375.

$244.375 – $100,000 = $144,375

So, the VA would guarantee up to $144,375 of Joe’s loan.

Since most lenders want at least 25% of a borrower’s loan amount to be covered by the VA entitlement and/or a down payment, Joe might have to make a $5,625 down payment to get a VA loan for this home.

$600,000 x .25 = $150,000

$150,000 – $144,375 = $5,625


💡 Quick Tip: Apply for a VA loan and borrow up to $1.5 million with a fixed- or adjustable-rate mortgage. The flexibility extends to the down payment, too — qualified VA homebuyers don’t even need one!†^

How Does My County Loan Limit Affect Me?

Just like Joe in the example above, if you’re using a remaining entitlement and your loan amount is over $144,000, your county loan limit could determine whether you’ll have to make a down payment to buy the home you want.

It doesn’t mean you can’t get the loan. If you have enough to make the down payment required by your lender, you may even qualify for a VA-backed loan that’s more than your county loan limit.

It’s important to note that though the example provided here is for a home purchase, the same entitlement limits apply if you’re considering refinancing your VA loan. In that case, your county limit could affect how much you’ll be asked to pay in closing costs.

How to Apply for a VA Home Loan

Most VA loans are “VA-backed” loans, which means they’re issued by approved private lenders. The VA’s guarantee that it will help repay the lender if a borrower defaults is an incentive for lenders to offer these loans with attractive terms.

Still, it can be a good idea to shop around for the loan that best meets your family needs, and compare interest rates, fees, customer service, and any additional benefits various lenders might be offering.

You also may want to compare the terms of your top VA loan offer to what you can get with different types of mortgage loans, including a conventional loan.

Of course, no matter which type of loan you ultimately choose, you’ll still have to qualify for a mortgage with a lender.

There isn’t a requisite minimum credit score for VA loans. Instead, the VA asks lenders to review the borrower’s “entire loan profile,” which could include your credit history, DTI ratio, employment history, and assets. Individual lenders also may have their own approval criteria you should be aware of when you’re ready to apply for a VA loan.

Pros and Cons of VA Loan Limits

The VA loan limit is just one of several factors you may want to consider if you’re thinking about using a VA loan for a home purchase or a mortgage refinance. Like any other mortgage option, VA loans have their pros and cons. Here are a few to keep in mind:

VA Loan Pros

The upsides of VA loans can include:

•   Interest rates may be lower with a VA loan than with a conventional loan.

•   You may not need to make a down payment or pay mortgage insurance.

•   Though non-VA jumbo loans may require a higher down payment, this isn’t necessarily true with a VA jumbo loan.

•   If you decide to sell your home, you can allow the buyer to assume (or take over) your existing mortgage.

VA Loan Cons

Now, for the downsides:

•   VA purchase loans are only for primary homes; you can’t use the loan to buy a vacation home or to invest in a home that isn’t your main residence.

•   The VA charges a one-time “funding fee” that’s designed to cover foreclosure costs when homebuyers default on a loan. Currently, the fee ranges from 1.25% to 3.3% of the loan.

•   The home you hope to buy must be evaluated by a VA-approved appraiser to ensure it meets the VA’s minimum property standards. If the home you want is too rundown, it may not pass this appraisal.

Recommended: 2023 Home Loan Help Center

The Takeaway

VA loan limits are based on home prices in the U.S., and they’re adjusted annually to reflect price increases.

If you’re a first-homebuyer or you’ve paid off a past VA loan, you shouldn’t have to worry about VA loan limits. But if you want to buy a home and you already have a VA loan, the loan limit for your county could determine whether you’ll have to make a down payment to qualify for the amount you hope to borrow.

SoFi offers VA loans with competitive interest rates, no private mortgage insurance, and down payments as low as 0%. Eligible service members, veterans, and survivors may use the benefit multiple times.

Our Mortgage Loan Officers are ready to guide you through the process step by step.

FAQ

Will VA home loan limits increase in 2023?

Yes, VA home loan limits increased significantly in 2023. The baseline limit for VA loans is now $726,200, compared to $647,200 in 2022.

What is the conforming limit for 2023?

The national baseline conforming loan limit for 2023 is $726,200 in 2023. But the VA loan limit may be higher in U.S. counties where home prices are especially high.

What is the DTI limit for a VA loan in 2023?

The Department of Veterans Affairs hasn’t set a hard-and-fast limit on the debt-to-income ratio it requires for its loans. But generally, lenders allow a 41% maximum for a VA loan.

Photo credit: iStock/Thai Liang Lim
†Veterans, Service members, and members of the National Guard or Reserve may be eligible for a loan guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by VA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. VA loans typically require a one-time funding fee except as may be exempted by VA guidelines. The fee may be financed or paid at closing. The amount of the fee depends on the type of loan, the total amount of the loan, and, depending on loan type, prior use of VA eligibility and down payment amount. The VA funding fee is typically non-refundable. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.
^SoFi VA ARM: At the end of 60 months (5y/1y ARM), the interest rate and monthly payment adjust. At adjustment, the new mortgage rate will be based on the one-year Constant Maturity Treasury (CMT) rate, plus a margin of 2.00% subject to annual and lifetime adjustment caps.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.


SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.


External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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Nov
30
2023
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How to Read Stock Charts as a New Trader

By | Growing Wealth, Investing, Terminology | No Comments

Learning how to read stock charts can feel similar to learning how to drive a car. It can be baffling at first, but once you learn the basics, including types of stock market charts, and the patterns they’re forecasting, you’ll hopefully get the hang of it.

With that in mind, learning how to read stock charts is a bit of a heavy lift, and can be difficult or intimidating for newer investors. Keep that in mind: It’ll take some time and practice before you feel comfortable! But the sooner you learn to decipher stock charts, the more useful that knowledge will be in your investment strategy.

The Art of Reading Stock Charts

Learning how to read stock charts can feel like you’re training in some sort of higher art. But again, with some practice, many investors can learn to do it and implement it into their investment strategy.

Understanding Chart Types

There are a handful of basic stock chart types, including line charts, bar charts, and candlestick charts. Thankfully, these charts are more or less exactly what they sound like.

For instance, line charts simply graph a financial security’s historical performance with a line, allowing investors to see the ups and downs over time. A candlestick chart, on the other hand, shows a stock’s high, low, opening, and closing prices for a specific time period. Bar charts also show a security’s price change over time, but there are some slight differences between bar charts and candlestick charts – often, bar charts aren’t color-coded, for example.

Decoding Stock Chart Data

Stock charts are relaying a lot of information about a stock’s performance over certain time periods. Taking that all into account can be difficult, but the main data points investors will want to try and utilize to guide their investment decisions involve prices, dates, and trading volume.

Before you proceed any further, though, you’ll want to make sure you know what stock symbols are.

Stock symbols, or tickers, are the series of letters, and sometimes numbers, by which a particular stock is uniquely identified. For example, the stock symbol for Apple is AAPL, and the stock symbol for Amazon is AMZN. Stock symbols are defined by the exchanges on which those stocks are traded — for instance, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or the Nasdaq. These are the markets on which stocks and other assets are bought and sold. Stocks traded on the NYSE and Nasdaq can have tickers up to 5-letters long, but most are only 2-4.

With that in mind, using graphs and charts to figure out what’s happening in the stock market is the next step.
The first thing you’ll notice when looking at the chart itself is that it’s pretty much a line graph. Remember middle school math? You’re dealing with a basic X and Y axis—and the X axis refers to time.

On a stock line chart, the trend line is measuring the asset’s performance over that period of time. Investors might want to view the stock’s performance over a single day, week, or month, or see its long-run trend line over the past year or longer. It all depends on your personal trading goals.

Some stock charts may spell out the stock’s opening price, low price, high price, and closing price during a given time period, usually marked simply O, L, H, and C. Here’s what those figures each refer to:

•   The opening price is the first price at which the stock traded during the given time period.

•   The low price is the lowest price at which the stock sold during the given time period.

•   The high price is the highest price at which that stock sold during the given time period.

•   Finally, the closing price is the last price at which the stock sold before the exchange closed.

If the exchange is still open and the stock is being actively traded, the stock chart will likely display the last price, which is just what it sounds like: the last price at which the stock was successfully sold.

You might also see the change in that price from the one immediately before it, or last change, usually displayed as both a dollar value and a percentage.

For example, if you were looking at a chart for Company X (using a fictitious stock ticker, CMPNYX) stock, it might display the following string of letters and numbers:

CMPNYX 197.16 +0.05 (+0.04%)

In this example, CMPNYX is the ticker symbol, and $197.16 is the last recorded price of a single share sold on the exchange. That price was five cents higher than the trade immediately before it, meaning the value of the stock rose, in that time, by 0.04%.

By looking at how the trend line moves over the chart period, you can get a sense of the stock’s price and performance over time as well as its most recent statistics.

Volume corresponds to how many shares are bought and sold within a specific time period. In other words, it’s a measure of supply and demand. Volume is often represented as a series of bars running along the bottom axis of the chart. The bars’ size aligns with the number of trades made during that time period, and can be useful for guesstimating upcoming sales trends for that asset.

It’s not a perfect science, of course, but if a stock is trading at low volume — i.e., few shares are being bought and sold each day — it may indicate that the current price trend is about to change. Perhaps the stock is in poor demand because it’s valued too highly for the market. It could also just mean the investment is out of favor with investors.

On the other hand, a high trade volume might indicate that you’ll have an easier time selling the stock quickly if you’re considering short-term trading.

The Role of Technical Indicators

Investors and traders can use a variety of technical indicators to try and make sense of the market, too. That can include things like the 200-day moving average, which attempts to focus on overall pricing trends for a specific stock, or a variety of other trend and momentum indicators.

There are many technical indicators that investors can use to their advantage. It may be worth taking the time to learn more about each, and decide whether to fold them into your strategy.


💡 Quick Tip: How do you decide if a certain trading platform or app is right for you? Ideally, the investment platform you choose offers the features that you need for your investment goals or strategy, e.g., an easy-to-use interface, data analysis, educational tools.

Technical vs. Fundamental Analysis

We’ve discussed technical analysis, but fundamental analysis is another important element to introduce into the mix. Chart-reading, though, does rely heavily on technical analysis. For that reason, it may be worth revisiting some of the core reasons that investors will want to bone up on the subject.

The Case for Technical Analysis

Fundamental analysis focuses on a company’s underlying performance, whereas technical analysis is more focused on a stock’s performance. While there may be drawbacks to technical analysis, technical indicators are the type that will reveal patterns in stock charts that can be used to make investment decisions. While the buy or sell signals those patterns relay may or may not be faulty, those indicators are what investors are going to want to use when reading stock charts.

When Fundamentals Intersect with Charts

As mentioned, fundamental analysis concerns a company’s financial and operational health, more so than deciphering lines on a chart. Fundamental analysis involves looking at indicators such as earnings per share, price-to-earnings ratios, and return on equity, which can have an effect on how investors decide to buy, sell, or hold a stock. That, naturally, can dictate what a stock’s performance looks like on a chart – which is where it intersects with technical indicators, in many respects.

Essential Stock Chart Knowledge

When it comes down to it, investors may be best served by garnering essential stock chart knowledge involving the various styles of stock charts, their uses, and the language, or key terms, used to describe what those charts are displaying.

Stock Chart Styles and Their Uses

As mentioned, there are a few main types of stock charts: line charts, bar charts, and candlestick charts (there may be others, but we’ll stick with a few basic ones). Each shows the performance of a specific stock, albeit in different ways. Learning what those charts show, how they show it, and how to translate that information into action is ultimately what investors should aim to do when learning how to read stock charts.

Key Terms Every Trader Should Know

There are also a number of key terms that traders should know. The list can be lengthy, but should probably include words and phrases such as market capitalization (as discussed), price-to-earnings ratios, dividend yields, options, assets, and many more. You should become more familiar with them as you move through your investing journey – you’ll likely start using many of them yourself as your trading activity and strategies become more sophisticated, too.

Applying Your Stock Chart Skills

At the end of the day, learning how to read stock charts, for most investors, is all about one thing: applying that knowledge and making better-informed investing decisions.

How to Use Charts for Smarter Investing

There’s really no limit to the way that investors or traders can use charts to make smarter decisions. The more time you spend studying charts and learning what they show or say, the more information you’ll end up having at your disposal with which to make a decision. The issue, of course, is that all of that information still can’t tell you in all certainty what a stock’s value is going to do next.

That’s perhaps the most important thing to remember about stock charts: they are not a crystal ball, and there’s no guarantee that investors will achieve the outcomes they were hoping or planning for.

Can Charts Enhance Your Investment Strategy?

Stock charts can enhance your investment strategy by adding a whole new dimension – and pile of data and information about specific stocks – to your tool kit. But again, you can spend hours looking at charts, and that still doesn’t mean that a position or investment won’t blow up in your face. You may think of it this way – all investing involves a level of risk, but learning to use stock charts as a part of your strategy may help you gauge how big those risks are, and in some cases, avoid particularly risky investments.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
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Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.
For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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20
2023
How Does High Frequency Trading (HFT) Impact Markets

How Does High-Frequency Trading (HFT) Impact Markets?

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on How Does High-Frequency Trading (HFT) Impact Markets?

High-frequency trading (HFT) firms use ultrafast computer algorithms to conduct big trades of stocks, options, and futures in fractions of a second. HFT firms also rely on sophisticated data networks to get price information and detect trends in markets.

A key characteristic of HFT trading — in addition to high speed, high-volume transactions — is the ultra-short time time horizon.

How high-frequency trading impacts markets is a controversial topic. Proponents of HFT say that these firms add liquidity to markets, helping bring down trading costs for everyone. HFT critics argue such firms are an example of how bigger, better-funded players have an advantage over smaller retail investors, and that HFT technology can be used for illegal purposes like front-running and spoofing.

What is High Frequency Trading?

Ultrafast speeds are paramount for high-frequency trading firms. Executing these automated trades at nanoseconds faster can mean the difference between profits and losses for HFT firms.

There are broadly two types of HFT strategies. The first is looking for trading opportunities that depend on market conditions. For instance, HFT firms may try to arbitrage price differences between exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and futures that track the same underlying index.

Futures contracts based on the S&P 500 Index may experience a price change nanoseconds faster than an ETF that tracks the same index. An HFT firm may capitalize on this price difference by using the futures price data to anticipate a price move in the ETF.

Another type of HFT is market making. Not all market makers are HFT firms, but market making is one of the businesses some HFT firms engage in.

A big market-making business for HFT firms is payment for order flow (PFOF). This is when retail brokerage firms send their client orders to HFT firms to execute. The HFT firms then make a payment to the retail brokerage firm.


💡 Quick Tip: Are self-directed brokerage accounts cost efficient? They can be, because they offer the convenience of being able to buy stocks online without using a traditional full-service broker (and the typical broker fees).

How HFT Works and Makes Money

High-frequency trading enables traders to profit from miniscule price fluctuations, and permits institutions to gain significant returns on bid-ask spreads. HFT algorithms can scan exchanges and multiple markets simultaneously, allowing traders to arbitrage slight price differences for the same asset.

Bid-Ask Spreads 101

High-frequency trading firms often profit from bid-ask spreads — the difference between the price at which a security is bought and the price at which it’s sold.

For instance, an HFT may provide a price quote for a stock that looks like this: $5-$5.01, 500×600. That means the HFT firm is willing to buy 500 shares at $5 each — the bid — while offering to sell 600 shares at $5.01 — the ask. The 1 cent difference is how the market maker makes a profit. While this seems small, with millions of trades, the profits can be sizable.

How wide bid-ask spreads are is also a marker of market liquidity. Bigger chunkier spreads are a sign of less liquid assets, while smaller, tighter spreads can indicate higher liquidity.

Recommended: What Is Quantitative Trading?

Payment For Order Flow 101

When it comes to payment for order flow, high-frequency traders can make money by seeing millions of retail trades that are bundled together.

This can be valuable data that gives HFT firms a sense of which way the market is headed in the short-term. HFT firms can trade on that information, taking the other side of the order and make money.

Background on High-Frequency Trading

High-frequency trading became popular when different stock exchanges started offering incentives to firms to add liquidity to the market. Liquidity is the ease with which trades can be done without affecting market prices.

Like momentum trading, the HFT industry grew rapidly as technology in the financial space began to take off in the mid-2000s.

Adding liquidity means being willing to take the other sides of trades and not needing to get trades filled immediately. In other words, you’re willing to sit and wait. Meanwhile, taking liquidity is when you’re seeking to get trades done as soon as possible.

During 2009, about 60% of the market was said to be HFT. Since then, that percentage has declined to about 50% as some HFT firms have struggled to make money due to ever-increasing technology costs and a lack of volatility in some markets. These days the HFT industry is dominated by a handful of trading firms.

Pros and Cons of High-Frequency Trading

HFT comes with certain pros and cons.

Pros of HFT

High-frequency trading is automated and efficient, thanks to its use of complex algorithms to identify and leverage opportunities.

HFT may create some liquidity in the markets.

Cons of HFT

Because high-frequency trades are conducted by institutional investors, like investment banks and hedge funds, these firms and their clientele tend to benefit more than retail investors.

Because high-frequency trades are made in seconds, HFT may only add a kind of “ghost liquidity” to the market.

Some HFT firms may also engage in illegal practices such as front-running or spoofing trades. Spoofing is where traders place market orders and then cancel them before the order is ever fulfilled, simply to create price movements.

The Debate Over High Frequency Trading

High-frequency trading is a controversial topic, and HFT firms have been involved in lawsuits alleging that they create an unfair advantage and potentially create volatility.

Criticism of HFT

One complaint about HFT is that it’s giving institutional investors an advantage because they can afford to develop rapid-speed computer algorithms and purchase extensive data networks.

Critics argue that HFT can add volatility to the market, since algorithms can make quick decisions without the judgment of humans to weigh on different situations that come up in markets.

For instance, after the so-called “Flash Crash” on May 6, 2010, when the S&P 500 dropped dramatically in a matter of minutes, critics argued that HFT firms exacerbated the selloff.

HFT critics also argue that such traders only provide a very temporary kind of liquidity that benefits their own trades, but not retail investors. A December 2020 paper published by the European Central Bank also argued that too much competition in the HFT industry can cause firms to engage in more speculative trading, which can harm market liquidity.


💡 Quick Tip: Before opening any investment account, consider what level of risk you are comfortable with. If you’re not sure, start with more conservative investments, and then adjust your portfolio as you learn more.

Defense of HFT

Defenders of high-frequency trading argue that it has improved liquidity and decreased the cost of trading for small, retail investors. In other words, it made markets more efficient.

This can be particularly important in markets like options trading, where there are thousands of different types of contracts that brokerages may have trouble finding buyers and sellers for. HFT can be helpful liquidity providers in such markets.

When it comes to payment for order flow, defenders of HFT also argue that retail investors have enjoyed price improvement, when they get better prices than they would on a public stock exchange.

The Takeaway

It’s tough to be an investor in many markets today without being affected by high-frequency trading. HFT firms are proprietary trading firms that rely on ultrafast computers and data networks to execute large orders, primarily in the stocks, options, and futures markets.

HFT proponents argue that their participation helps markets be more efficient. Critics argue that they have a big advantage over smaller investors, given how much they pay for information and data networks.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).


Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

FAQ

Is high-frequency trading profitable?

High-frequency trading aims to profit from micro changes in price movements through the use of highly sophisticated, ultrafast technology. That said, HFT investors are subject to losses as well as gains.

Is high-frequency trading illegal?

High-frequency trading has been the subject of lawsuits alleging that HFT firms have an unfair advantage over retail investors, but HFT is still allowed. That said, HFT firms have been linked to illegal practices such as front-running.

What is an example of high-frequency trading?

High-frequency trading can be used with a variety of strategies. One of the most common is arbitrage, which is a way of buying and selling securities to take advantage of (often) miniscule price differences between exchanges. A very simple example could be buying 100 shares of a stock at $75 per share on the Nasdaq stock exchange, and selling those shares on the NYSE for $75.20.

Photo credit: iStock/wacomka

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.
For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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