The Ultimate Financial Guide for College Students

College life is about getting a great education, exploring interests and activities, and forging your own adult identity. It’s also a perfect time to establish some good money habits that will set the scene for financial success today and tomorrow.

From developing a budget to opening bank accounts, there are ways you can make your money work harder for you over time so you can achieve your goals.

Read on to learn the 10 best strategies for good money management for college students.

Key Points

•   To save money as a college student, set up a budget to monitor the money that’s coming in (income) vs. the money that’s going out; make sure your income is more than your expenses.

•   Open a savings account to start accumulating funds, even if you only save small amounts of money at a time.

•   Save money on everyday expenses by cooking food at home and renting textbooks or purchasing used ones to minimize school-related expenses.

•   Use credit cards wisely and pay off your balance each month to help build credit.

•   Learn how to manage your student loans so that you don’t borrow more money than you need for college.

Why Learning to Manage Your Money in College Is a Superpower

As a student, you’re at a key point in your life where you’re taking charge of your finances, perhaps for the first time ever. Learning the skills and knowledge you need to make informed decisions about your money — something known as financial literacy — is important now and in the future. It can help you save more, spend wisely, and avoid too much debt. Being financially savvy can also help manage your student loans and choose the bank accounts and credit cards that make the most sense for you.

The financial moves you make as a college student can set you up to build wealth and reach your financial goals in your twenties, thirties, and beyond. This includes buying a car, renting an apartment, putting a down payment on a house someday, and saving for retirement.

10 Essential Money Management Tips for College

Here are 10 financial tips for college students that can help you spend less and save more during and after school.

1. Create a Simple College Budget That Actually Works

Budgeting may sound complicated, but making a budget is simply a matter of figuring how much is coming into your bank account each month and how much is going out, and then making sure the latter doesn’t exceed the former.

To get started, list all of your sources of income, such as from a part-time job or family contributions.

If you are living off a fixed amount of money for each semester, say from summer earnings, you may want to divide this lump sum by the number of months you need to make the money last.

Once you know how much you have to live on monthly, make a list of regular expenses that you will be responsible for paying, such as your cell phone or a car payment, or maybe rent if you live off campus.

Next, you’ll want to subtract your fixed expenses from your monthly income. This will give you the amount you have left over to cover variable and discretionary expenses, such as eating out, buying clothes, and entertainment. You can then come up with target spending amounts for each category.

Doing your best to stay within these spending limits can help ensure that your money lasts until the end of the semester, and help you avoid running up costly credit card debt.

2. Open a Student-Friendly Bank Account (like SoFi)

You might feel like you don’t have enough income to start saving money yet, but even just putting a small amount in the bank regularly can add up over time.

You can open a checking account as a place to start saving. If you’re able to set aside $50 a month, you could soon have a decent sum. And if you have a part-time job, your paycheck can be directly deposited into your account. That way you won’t be tempted to spend it.

Being diligent about saving money each month can help cultivate a habit that will serve you later when you can afford to save more for your future goals, including retirement.

As you’re choosing a bank, you may want to look for one with an ATM near you for convenience and to avoid out-of-network fees. For example, with a SoFi checking account, you’ll have fee-free access to more than 55,000 ATMs worldwide.

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3. Build Your Credit Score Responsibly With a Credit Card

When you open a bank account, you’ll likely also apply for a debit card to make managing your financial transactions easier. But don’t forget about a credit card for convenience, as a backup for emergencies and to start building a credit history.

But don’t overdo it. To manage finances in college, use your credit card only when you need it. Pay off your debt in full each month, otherwise you could end up paying a high-interest rate on the balance, which can make it even harder to pay off.

Using your credit card responsibly by making small purchases and paying off the balance in full can help you build your credit.

4. Start a Small Emergency Fund for Unexpected Costs

Life can be unpredictable and having a financial safety net can help protect you from costs that pop up — if your car breaks down or you’re facing a sudden (and costly) medical procedure, for example. That’s why it’s important to start an emergency fund or back-up savings fund as a critical part of your long-term financial health.

Having an emergency fund can help keep you from having to rely on credit cards to get through a financial challenge.

How much you should put aside for emergencies each month is up to you and your financial situation. Many financial professionals recommend saving at least three to six months’ worth of expenses. But it’s better to have a small fund than not to have a fund at all. The key is to start saving something each month, no matter how small the amount may seem.

When building your emergency fund, it’s a good idea to fund the account regularly if you can. Consider setting up an automatic transfer to your savings so you don’t have to think about it.

Ideally, your emergency fund should be in a separate savings account so you won’t be tempted to spend the money on something else.

5. Understand How Your Student Loans Work

A crucial part of money management for college students is understanding how your student loans work and what’s required to repay them. Familiarize yourself with the types of loans you have (federal and/or private), and then take a look at how the interest on each loan is handled. For example, if you have federal Direct Subsidized Loans, the interest is covered for you while you’re in school. With federal Direct Unsubsidized Loans, however, you are responsible for all the interest that accrues — even while you’re in school — and it accrues daily, meaning it can build up significantly over time. For this reason, you may want to make interest-only payments on your loans while you’re in school, if possible.

You can find information about your loans by logging into your account at StudentAid.gov. There, you’ll see the different loans you have, how much you owe, the interest rate of each, and who your loan servicer is.

While you’re at it, start exploring the different options for repayment, so you can get started without a hitch when the time comes. Many changes are coming to student loans as part of the big domestic policy bill that was signed into law in July 2025, so it’s a good idea to study up on the options now.

6. Find Ways to Earn Extra Income On Campus or Online

There are a number of side hustles for college students that can help you earn some extra cash. For instance, you could become a tutor and help other college students learn a subject in which you excel. Or you could pet-sit on evenings and weekends or do lunchtime dog walking (as long as you don’t have class). Other potentially lucrative side hustles include becoming a ride share driver or delivering food and groceries for a company like DoorDash or Instacart.

A side hustle can be flexible so you can fit it around your class schedule. You can also set your own hours for the most part, unlike a more traditional job. You can use some of the money you earn to cover your daily expenses and then put the rest into the bank to build your savings.

7. Master the Art of Saving on Everyday Expenses

Financial tips for college students include saving money on the daily expenses that can add up over time. Take eating out. You may get tired of cafeteria fare. At the same time, you don’t want to blow your budget on eating in restaurants every weekend. If you have access to a kitchen, consider purchasing ingredients from your local supermarket and putting together some simple, tasty meals, instead of eating out. This can be a good way to save money on food.

Another idea to stretch your money is to find freebies. Facebook has groups where people can post items they no longer want. You might be able to score free clothes, furniture, or room decor. Freecycle and NextDoor also have listings for things that people are giving away.

Finally, rethink some of your major expenses, like textbooks. Buying them new can be costly. Fortunately, there are a number of ways to save on college costs like this. One option is to buy up-to-date versions of used textbooks whenever you can. Getting the digital version of a book can also yield savings. You could also rent what you need from a third-party bookseller, such as Amazon or Chegg.

Sell any books that you’ve purchased (new or used) that you won’t need again in the future to recoup some of the expense.

8. Use Your Student ID for All It’s Worth

You may think of your ID card only as a form of identification and a way to get into college sporting events. But there are actually additional benefits that come with a student ID, and many can help you save money.

Some businesses, especially those near universities, offer students discounts when they show a student ID card.

Next time you go to the movies, shop for school supplies, go out to eat, or get a haircut, it’s a good idea to ask if they offer any discounts for local college students.

In addition, many national and online retailers, including major clothing, sneaker, and computer brands, offer discounts to college students.

You may also be able to use your student ID to get a better deal on your cell phone plan and streaming services. Make sure to maximize this valuable resource.

9. Protect Yourself From Financial Scams Targeting Students

College students who are on their own for the first time and learning how to manage their money can be prime targets for scammers. In fact, young adults ages 18 to 24 report the second median highest dollar loss to scams after adults 65+), according to the Better Business Bureau’s 2024 BBB Scam Tracker Risk Report.

Some common scams that target college students include:

•   Fake employment offers — students are asked to pay a fee or provide personal and financial information to fill out an “application”.

•   Student loan debt-relief scams — students are contacted by representatives who claim to be from debt relief companies and offer to reduce or eliminate their college debt for a fee.

•   Fake scholarships or grant offers — students receive notice that they’ve been awarded a grant or scholarship they never applied for and are asked to supply their Social Security number or other personal information in order to receive it.

To avoid becoming a victim of a scam, never give out personal information to anyone you don’t know. If you are contacted unsolicited by a person asking for information or a fee or a supposed service they can provide for you, hang up or don’t respond to their text or email. And beware offers that seem too good to be true. Always err on the side of caution.

10. Dip Your Toes Into Investing (Even With Small Amounts)

Investing when you’re young can potentially be one of the best ways to help your money grow over time.

That’s thanks to compound returns, which is when any returns you earn are reinvested to earn additional returns. The earlier you start investing, the more benefit you may gain from compounding.

It’s important to keep in mind, however, that all investments involve some level of risk because the market fluctuates over time.

If you’re interested in investing, you could start small by opening a traditional or Roth IRA and putting a little money from a part-time job into it, or you could opt for an online brokerage account. Either way, even if you invest just $50 a month, you’ll be saving for your future.

A Deeper Dive: How to Build Your Credit in College

Building your credit now as a college student can help you once you graduate. Without a credit history, it can be challenging to take out a loan or get a credit card, among other things. If you’ve already established credit, you’ll likely be able to get your post-college life started more easily.

To help build your credit, get a credit card while you’re in college. Use it judiciously for small purchases and then consistently pay your bill on time and in full each month. This kind of responsible credit card use can help you build your credit history. You’ll need a strong credit history if you want to get the best terms on a car loan, a mortgage, or a student loan for grad school. Your credit can even affect your job prospects and your ability to rent an apartment.

It’s also a good idea to monitor your credit report regularly to make sure it’s accurate. You can get a free credit report annually from the three major credit bureaus. If you spot any errors, be sure to report them right away.

And finally, once it’s time to start making your student loan payments, be sure to make each monthly payment on time and in full. This can help you establish a positive payment history, which can also strengthen your credit.

A Deeper Dive: Making Sense of Your Student Loans

As noted earlier, understanding your student loans and how they work is extremely important. A student loan is a legal obligation and you are responsible for paying what you borrow, plus interest. Staying on top of your loans now, while you’re still in college, can make it easier to manage them.

First, make sure you know what kind of student loans you have. There are federal and private student loans, and they each work differently. Find out the interest rate for each loan and how the interest is handled.

Keep track of how much you’re borrowing with student loans and try not to borrow more than you need. Read the terms and conditions of your loans and make sure you understand them. Keep all your loan documents so you can refer to them when you have questions. Know who your loan servicer is and contact them if you have questions.

And log into your account on StudentAid.gov to make sure all the information on your federal loans is correct and up to date.

Finally, make your monthly student loan payments in full and on time. If you are struggling to repay your loans, contact your loan servicer to see what your options are. For instance, with federal student loans, you may be able to switch to a repayment plan that bases your monthly payments on your discretionary income and family size.

The Takeaway

College can provide a great opportunity to develop the money skills you’ll need after you graduate. By learning basic money management techniques now, you can gain confidence in your ability to handle your finances well after graduation.

In 10 years, you’ll likely thank yourself for putting in the effort to learn how to set and stick to a monthly budget, use credit cards wisely, save and invest money, manage your student loans, and build your credit score.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.


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FAQ

How much money should a college student have in savings?

College students should have an emergency savings fund to help cover any unexpected expenses. While financial professionals often recommend having three to six months’ worth of living expenses in an emergency fund, that amount might be difficult for a college student with a limited income. Instead, some financial pros suggest aiming to have $500 or $1,000 in the bank as a college student. To help get there, save regularly. Even if you deposit just $20 in your emergency fund each week, it will continue to grow steadily.

How can I start a budget in college?

One method for starting a budget in college is to use the 50/30/20 rule. Here’s how it works: You allocate 50% of your income to needs (such as bills, rent, and other fixed monthly expenses), 30% to wants (such as eating out or going to the movies), and 20% to saving for your financial goals (such as a down payment on a car or a house, or for retirement). Because the formula is simple, it can be an easy way to manage your money as a college student and after graduation.

Is it a good idea to get a job during my freshman year?

Whether or not it’s a good idea to get a job during your freshman year depends on your unique circumstances and financial situation. A job can help you cover some of the costs of college, but you’ll want to make sure that it doesn’t interfere with your classwork or studies. If you need the income, you may want to consider a flexible part-time job that you can do after classes or on weekends as your schedule allows, such as pet-sitting or tutoring.

What are the most common financial mistakes students make?

Some of the most common financial mistakes students make include overspending, charging too much on credit cards, failing to put money into savings, and mismanaging student loans, including borrowing more than needed. To avoid these mistakes, make a budget so that you don’t spend too much. Also, use credit cards only for small purchases and pay your bill in full each month to avoid accumulating credit card debt. Put money into a savings account regularly. And finally, make sure you know exactly how much you need to pay for college, and don’t borrow more than that in student loans.

What percent of college students drop out because of money?

According to the most recent statistics from the Education Data Initiative, approximately 23% of college students leave school every year, and 41% of college dropouts say they left for financial reasons.



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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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How Do You Change Your Major?

Choosing a major in college is no small decision, but that doesn’t mean you can’t change your mind at some point down the road. Indeed, roughly one-third of undergraduates actually change majors during their college careers, and around 10% change majors more than once.

While the decision to change your major can be stressful, actually making the switch doesn’t have to be. The key to a smooth transition is to do some strategic planning and to keep up communications with your university.

Here’s what you need to know to successfully change your major.

Key Points

•   Data suggests that around one third of students switch at least once during their college career.

•   Common reasons for changing majors include discovering a better academic fit, a shift in career goals, or a change in interests.

•   A negative internship experience can also prompt a change in major.

•   Changing majors is typically a formal process that requires meeting with academic advisors and paperwork.

•   Before changing majors, consider course transferability, potential costs, and impact on your graduation timeline.

First, Declaring a Major

Many colleges and universities ask undeclared students to choose a major by the end of their sophomore year. This gives students time to earn general education credits and try different types of classes to see what interests them.

Once you’re ready to declare a major, the official process varies by school. Generally, you need to schedule a meeting with your assigned academic advisor. You might also need to meet with a department advisor for your chosen major.

In a department or advisor meeting, you will typically review your academic progress and roughly outline the rest of the required courses you need in order to complete your major.

These courses and their timing aren’t set in stone, but it can help give students an idea of how heavy their course load will be until graduation, and set expectations for how long it’ll take them to complete the degree.

From there, the request to declare a major needs to be approved by that specific department or college. That might be as informal as a meeting or as formal as an application.


💡 Quick Tip: Pay down your student loans faster with SoFi reward points you earn along the way.

Possible Reasons to Change a Major

Deciding to change majors is a personal choice. There’s no one sign for all students. In fact, a combination of factors may inspire a switch.

While not an exhaustive list, here are a few reasons why you might feel it’s a good idea to change majors:

•  More excitement about a different area of study: Maybe you’re a computer science student but feel more excited by an art history elective than anything else on your schedule. That could be a reason to think about changing majors. Of course, a major isn’t only about passion for the subject, but that does come into play. When nearly every class is boring, it might be time for a change.

•  Poor grades: College courses should be challenging, but if you’re regularly failing, or just barely passing required courses, it might be time to consider a different major. Not only does it indicate that the area of study might be outside your talents, but bad grades can also jeopardize graduation and completing the degree on time. If you’re giving a course your all and still coming up short, it might be time to consider alternatives.

•  Really, really good grades: This might sound counterintuitive, but if courses aren’t challenging, then the major might not be the best fit. If you feel bored in class but continue to ace the coursework, it might be a good idea to look at other majors or consider a double major or adding a minor.

•  Money: Selecting a major is often a delicate balance between finding something you love and something that leads to a career post-graduation. Picking a major solely because it could mean big bucks after college could lead to regrets down the line. Remember that post-grad life should feel fulfilling, too.

•  An awful internship: Now this can be a little tricky. If you end up hating a summer internship related to your major, you should try to evaluate if it was the work or the management that you disliked. It might have been a poor fit culture-wise but a good fit workwise.

If any or all of the above sound familiar, it might be time to think about changing majors. Additionally, it might just be helpful along the way to evaluate satisfaction with a major, even if you decide to continue in that area of study.

Recommended: Credit Hours: What Are They & What You Need to Know

Considerations Before Changing a Major

If it feels like it may be time to change majors, here are a few considerations to keep in mind before crossing the t’s and dotting the i’s:

•  What courses transfer? If your desired new major is far outside your current area of study, you might have to basically restart college. For example, a psychology major who changes tack to engineering might not have much overlap on course curriculum. Just like mapping out courses when declaring a major the first time, you’ll want to consider doing the same before changing majors. It can show you how much work or courses will be required.

•  Will it cost more? Depending on tuition pricing or area of study, changing majors might end up costing you more in the long run. That could be from additional course fees or taking more classes to catch up over the summer. Once you map out the course load for a major change, crunching the numbers is a good idea.

💡 Quick Tip: Even if you don’t think you qualify for financial aid, you should fill out the FAFSA form. Many schools require it for merit-based scholarships, too. You can submit it as early as Oct. 1.

•  Will it take longer? It may not be possible to graduate in four years if the new major is vastly different or the change comes late in an academic career. More time at school could mean more taking out more student loans. (Then again, less than half of bachelor’s degree earners graduate within four years.)

•  Will it line up with post-graduate goals? It’s important to enjoy an area of study, but it’s also important to ensure it aligns with jobs you want after graduating. If you enjoy classes in international relations but don’t like the job prospects, that might be a poor choice of major.

Time, money, or heavy course loads don’t have to squelch a change in major, but they should be factors to be aware of before making the switch.

💡 Quick Tip: Even if you don’t think you qualify for financial aid, you should fill out the FAFSA form. Many schools require it for merit-based scholarships, too. You can submit it as early as Oct. 1.

How to Change a Major

The reality is, deciding to change majors is likely harder than the actual process of doing so. Changing majors won’t be so different than declaring a major in the first place.

First, you’ll want to schedule a meeting with your current academic advisor to talk through the choice. Your advisor may be able to offer insight or even provide course recommendations in your new major.

Typically, students are required to fill out a short form and have their current as well as new academic advisor sign it to make the major change official.

Depending on the college or area of study, you might have to apply to the specialty school on campus you wish to transfer to as well.

The Takeaway

How to change your major? It requires thought and a talk with your academic advisor. Changing majors can alter a lot about the college experience, from course load to post-grad plans. It can also impact how many years you’ll spend in school and the total cost of your education.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

Is switching your major easy?

Switching your major can be relatively straightforward, but the ease depends on your school’s policies, the timing, and your intended new major. Generally, the earlier in your college career you change majors, the easier it will be. Some majors have competitive entry requirements or limited spots, which can make switching harder. Your academic advisor can guide you through the prerequisites, paperwork, and deadlines.

How can you change your major?

Changing your major typically involves meeting with an academic advisor to discuss your goals, reviewing degree requirements, and completing a formal change-of-major form. Some schools allow changes online, while others require department approval, especially for competitive programs. You may need to meet minimum GPA requirements or complete certain prerequisite courses before switching.

What year is too late to switch majors?

While there is no absolute “too late,” switching majors becomes more complicated the further you progress in your degree. Changing during your first or second year usually causes minimal disruption, but doing so in your third or fourth year may require additional semesters to meet new requirements.

How common is it to change majors?

Changing majors is actually fairly common. Studies show that around one third of students switch at least once during their college career. Many students enter college unsure of their long-term goals, and discovering new interests through coursework often leads to a change. Some switch for better career prospects, while others change to follow passions they hadn’t considered before. While changing majors can extend graduation for some, it’s a normal part of the academic journey and not a sign of failure.



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The Ultimate Guide to Liberal Arts Colleges

When considering where to go to college, a young adult has an array of choices, such as public versus private schools and colleges versus universities. There are also liberal arts colleges, which can offer an appealingly broad-based education with an emphasis on producing well-rounded individuals versus, say, putting graduates on a specific career track.

Students can major in a wide range of subjects at a liberal arts college, including the arts, literature, philosophy, social sciences, natural sciences, and even math or engineering. Read on to learn more about liberal arts colleges, including what they offer, how they compare to larger universities, and how you can cover the cost of a liberal arts education.

Key Points

•   Liberal arts colleges offer a broad, well-rounded education, emphasizing critical thinking, communication, and personal growth over direct professional training.

•   Smaller class sizes and close faculty interaction can create a more personalized learning experience compared to larger universities.

•   Admissions typically prioritize writing ability, diverse extracurriculars, and character, often requiring supplemental essays and strong letters of recommendation.

•   Graduates of liberal arts colleges can achieve strong financial outcomes, with many reaching top income brackets despite what may initially be lower salaries.

•   Though liberal arts colleges often have high sticker prices, most students pay significantly less thanks to need-based aid, scholarships, and other financial resources.

A More Personal Vibe

Though both universities and liberal arts colleges will help prepare students for entering the working world, there are some differences in what the experience will be like:

1.   Liberal arts colleges are typically smaller. Most classes will have far fewer students than is the case at a university lecture hall, which can have hundreds attending at the same time.

2.   Because of the smaller size, it may be easier for students to bond with their professors. The faculty members often have more time to spend with their students.

3.   The focus of a liberal arts school is undergraduate education. At universities, there will likely be graduate programs and major research efforts.

A liberal arts college may be the best college fit for students who prefer a more personalized experience; one where they can get to know faculty members and other students.

Those trying to decide which college is right for them can take this eight-question college personality quiz.


💡 Quick Tip: Fund your education with a low-rate, no-fee SoFi private student loan that covers all school-certified costs.

The Admissions Process

The application process for getting into a liberal arts college is similar to other schools. Students will have to submit the usual components: an application with transcripts, possibly test scores, plus essays and letters of recommendation.

Liberal arts colleges may have a different focus when it comes to reviewing applications, though, so it’s essential to keep the following information in mind when applying to a liberal arts college.

When it comes to test scores and grades, liberal arts colleges don’t always have specific requirements. Admissions can still be very competitive at these schools, but they’re often more interested in whether or not students challenged themselves in high school. Generally, they want to see that applicants are well-rounded but also have an area of interest they specialize in.

Extracurriculars are important when applying to any college, but liberal arts colleges often value a wide range of activities, not just those that involve leadership.

A liberal arts college may be more likely to value extracurricular activities that are outside the box, so students applying to these schools have more options for what they can get involved in.

The Common Application, which can be used to apply to more than 1,000 schools, only requires one essay. However, many liberal arts colleges will require at least two supplemental essays. The reason is that these schools tend to put a high value on writing and critical thinking. This can be beneficial for students who have strong writing skills but who may be weaker in other areas.

Many liberal arts colleges are also interested in a student’s character and how they’ll contribute to the school, so they may put more weight on letters of recommendation and interviews than other schools.

Top-Ranked Liberal Arts Colleges

According to U.S. News’s latest National Liberal Arts Colleges Rankings, the top ten liberal arts colleges are:

1. Williams College
2. Amherst College
3. Swarthmore College
4. United States Naval Academy
5. Bowdoin College
6. Pomona College
7. Wellesley College
8. Carleton College (tie)
8. Claremont McKenna College (tie)
8. United States Air Force Academy (tie)

Financial Value of a Liberal Arts Education

There’s a stereotype about people who pursue a liberal arts education: They won’t find financial success and their degree could be useless. This claim isn’t backed by evidence, though, so students who feel like a liberal arts college is the right choice for them shouldn’t be scared away by this false narrative.

The gap in income between those who attend a liberal arts college and those who attend other schools isn’t necessarily linked to the institution.

Instead, it’s determined more by a student’s career path and the market forces at the time, according to two economists whose landmark study analyzed the payoff of a liberal arts college education.

Another reason for this misconception is that people are unaware of the diverse selection of topics that are studied at liberal arts colleges. If people don’t actually know what is being studied at these colleges, they’ll have a more difficult time conceptualizing what a student’s future could entail.

Though graduates of liberal arts colleges may not earn as much as those from STEM-oriented institutions right away, the economists’ study found that 60% of students ended up in the top 40% of U.S. income after graduation, even if they started out in the bottom 60%.

Choosing where to attend college and whether or not it will have a “payoff” is personal to each student.

Attending a liberal arts college can lead to upward mobility, but students also have to take into account the cost of the education and the availability of financial aid when choosing which school will have the most value for them.

Paying for College

Along with the painstaking process of choosing where to apply for college and making a final decision, there is another difficult process: figuring out the cost of tuition and how to pay for college. Some people believe that liberal arts colleges are pricey, and indeed, if the top-rated school, Williams College, is any indication at $68,560 for tuition and fees, that could be correct.

Luckily, students usually have access to a few options that may help fund the yearly cost of attendance, which goes beyond tuition and fees to usually include room and board, books, supplies, transportation, loan fees, costs related to a disability, and reasonable costs for eligible study-abroad programs.

To figure out financing, a good place to start is by filling out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). This will let you know if you are eligible for federal financial aid, which includes grants, scholarships, work-study, and federal student loans (which may be subsidized or unsubsidized).

Some private colleges use a supplemental form called the College Scholarship Service (CSS) Profile, to determine how to give out their own financial aid. The form is more detailed than the FAFSA. Almost every college that meets financial need for all enrolled students without federal student loans uses the CSS Profile.

Most liberal arts colleges are private and carry a relatively high “sticker price,” which includes tuition, fees, room and board. But students will typically pay less, and sometimes far less, when grants, scholarships, and other benefits are factored in.

If students will require some type of student loan to cover the cost of college, it’s recommended they take out federal loans before private loans, because the former come with benefits that the latter usually do not, like lower fixed interest rates and income-based repayment.

Private scholarships may also be widely available. Some are need based; others are merit based. They’re offered by schools, companies, community organizations, religious groups, and more.

Private student loans are an option as well. Eligibility usually depends on a student’s income and credit score or those of a cosigner. These loans are available through banks, credit unions, and online lenders and rates and terms vary, depending on the lender.

The Takeaway

A liberal arts school isn’t solely focused on teaching students a profession, but a degree from a reputable liberal arts school can lead to a rewarding career. The skills students learn at a liberal arts college — which include communication, analysis, and the ability to work in a team — are ones that are often highly valued by today’s employers.

While liberal arts colleges are known for their high cost, keep in mind that your actual cost of attendance may well be much lower than the sticker price, once you take grants, scholarships, and other types of financial aid into consideration. Student loans can also help bridge any gaps.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

What’s the difference between a liberal arts college and a regular college?

Typically, a liberal arts college focuses on a broad, interdisciplinary education in the arts, humanities, sciences, and social sciences. A regular college or university, however, may offer a specialized curriculum which places a greater emphasis on research and professional training.

What does it mean for a university to be liberal arts?

A liberal arts university is usually an educational institution offering undergraduate and graduate degrees that prioritizes a broad education across various academic disciplines. Instead of focusing on specialized vocational training, these universities prioritize critical thinking, problem solving, and communication skills.

What’s the point of going to a liberal arts college?

A liberal arts education can have many benefits, such as fostering critical thinking, communication skills, and a broad understanding of various subjects. In this way, it can prepare students for diverse career paths and develop deeper engagement in the world around them.



SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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Living On Campus vs Living Off Campus

For many students, heading off to college offers the exciting opportunity to live on their own for the first time. That might mean moving into a freshman dorm or an on-campus apartment or finding an off-campus living space.

Which is better? The answer will depend on your personal preferences, what year you are in school, your budget, and where you go to college. Here’s a closer look at the pros and cons of living on campus vs living off campus.

Key Points

•   Living on campus can offer convenience, built-in community, and proximity to classes and campus resources, but may come with less privacy and higher costs.

•   Off-campus housing can be more affordable and spacious, with more independence, but may require commuting and additional responsibilities like cooking, cleaning, and managing utilities.

•   Some colleges require on-campus living for freshmen or a set number of years, though exceptions may be granted for specific situations.

•   Financial aid and student loans can help cover housing costs, whether you live on or off campus, but scholarship restrictions may apply.

•   The best choice depends on personal preferences, lifestyle, school policies, and budget, so it’s worth comparing all factors before deciding.

Pros of Living On Campus

Many students dream of the day they’ll pack their bags and begin a new life at college. And, for many, a major part of that fantasy involves living on campus. The reason is that living in a freshman dorm with hoards of other students the same age can be a lot of fun.

Living on campus also comes with some other advantages. Generally, arranging on-campus housing is relatively easy, especially for freshmen who may be more likely to get a spot, or may be required to live on campus. Unlike apartment hunting, which can be time-consuming and challenging, living on campus can be a more straightforward arrangement, and there are generally additional resources provided for students in on-campus housing.

For example, there is generally an RA (Resident Advisor/Assistant) that can answer any questions and help resolve conflicts with roommates. Plus RA’s may run programming for the floor, or dorm, to encourage community and help students meet each other.

Typically, students living in on-campus housing can also purchase a meal plan, which means they don’t need to find time to grocery shop or cook meals when they should be cramming for finals.

Living on campus also means students are conveniently close to all of the resources provided by their school. This not only makes it easier and faster to get to your classes, but also to access on-campus dining, gyms, the health center, libraries, and student recreation centers. Attending on-campus events and getting to a professor’s office hours can also be easier when you’re living on campus.

Cons of Living On Campus

While very convenient and exciting in many ways, on campus housing has its downsides.

For one, dormitory living often involves small spaces and lack of privacy. You may need to share a bathroom with your entire hall. And you may end up living in close quarters with a roommate you don’t know or have much in common with. In addition, finding quiet time to focus on your studies can be a challenge in a dorm.

Another potential downside to living on campus is that you may not have access to a kitchen and will need to eat your meals according to the dining hall’s schedule.

Living on campus can also be more expensive than living off campus. Dorm living, including a meal plan, could stack up to be pricier than living off campus and cooking for yourself.

Pros of Living Off Campus

While you may think that living on campus is the key to having a true college experience, there are actually some benefits associated with living off campus.

Some students may greatly appreciate having a bit of separation from their school life and their personal life, especially as they inch closer to graduation and they begin to plan their transition to the post-college era.

Another major benefit of living off campus is the potential to save some money on living expenses and to have some extra flexibility. Living off campus can be cheaper than living on campus, depending on factors like where the college is located and how close to campus the house is located. Living off campus may also allow you to spend less on food, since you will likely have access to a kitchen and full-size refrigerator.

Another potential advantage of off-campus housing is that you may be able to find a larger living space with more privacy than you could get in a dorm. Plus, you may have a 12-month lease, which gives the option of staying on campus over the summer to study, get an internship, or find a summer job. (However, this could end up being a con if you are on the hook for a lease when you don’t actually need to be in town.)

Recommended: 5 Ways to Start Preparing for College

Cons of Living Off Campus

While living off campus can provide more flexibility, it may involve having to commute to campus. In some cases, students may be able to find off-campus housing within walking distance to school but often you will need to drive. This brings its own set of complications, such as traffic and parking (which on some campuses can be expensive and competitive). Owning and maintaining a car also adds to your college costs.

A commute may also make it less appealing to participate in on-campus events and take advantage of campus amenities like gyms, health centers, and libraries. Spending time with friends may also take more coordination than just walking down the hall.

When it comes to living in off-campus housing, many students may also not be prepared to take on the responsibilities of adult living. While each student’s living situation will vary depending on their specific housing arrangements, many can expect to cook more, clean more, and be more responsible for properly maintaining their off- campus housing. And if they’re having issues with their roommate, there is no RA to help them clear the air.

Keeping School Requirements in Mind

At the end of the day, there is no “best” choice for a college living arrangement. There are so many variables, including the school’s location, the student’s priorities and personality, and how much each option will cost.

One caveat is that some students may not have a choice about whether they live on campus or not. Some colleges and universities require their students to live on campus for a certain amount of years. This is a more common requirement for freshman students, as colleges want them to integrate into campus life and feel engaged and supported.

If you don’t want to live on campus, despite there being a requirement to do so, it’s worth seeing if the school allows students to petition to live off campus. Allowances are sometimes made for students whose families live nearby or who have health issues or specific dietary requirements that can’t be met easily through on-campus dining options.

On the other end of the spectrum, some colleges only guarantee housing on-campus for a certain number of years, resulting in students living off campus at one time or another.

Some colleges and universities provide online resources and other information for students who are interested in living off campus. These resources can help students find housing and make the transition to off campus housing a bit easier.

Financing College Life

Regardless of where you live, you’ll need to figure out how to pay for it. Some students may be able to use the financial aid they receive to help pay for their room and board.

Scholarships may have restrictions on how they can be used, and room and board or rent may or may not be eligible expenses. Review the details of specific scholarships to understand what costs they can help fiance. Student loans can generally be used to pay for tuition as well as living expenses and housing.

There are two different types of student loans that you may be able to tap — private and federal student loans.

Federal student loans may be subsidized by the government, which means interest won’t start to accrue until six months after you graduate, or they may be unsubsidized, which means interest begins accruing right away. Either way, you don’t have to start making payments until six months after graduation. Federal loans come with a fixed interest rate set by the Congress annually, and they don’t require a credit check.

If federal student loans do not fully cover your costs, you may also want to explore getting a private student loan.

Private student loans are available through private lenders, including banks, credit unions, and online lenders. Rates and terms vary, depending on the lender. These loans do require a credit check and, generally, borrowers (or cosigners) who have strong credit qualify for the lowest rates.

Keep in mind, though, that private loans may not offer the borrower protections — like income-based repayment plans and Public Service Loan Forgiveness — that automatically come with federal student loans.

The Takeaway

Each student needs to navigate whether living on or off campus in college is the right fit for them, though some educational institutions require on-campus living for at least part of a student’s time on campus. On-campus housing can be convenient and build a sense of community, while off-campus housing may foster independence and might save some money.

Financing college costs, whether living on or off campus, is an important factor for many college students.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

Is living on campus or off campus better?

Deciding whether to live on or off campus is preferable depends on personal priorities and circumstances. Living on campus can offer convenience and a sense of community, while living off campus can provide more independence and lower costs for some students.

Is it usually cheaper to live on or off campus?

The prevailing wisdom is that it’s more affordable to live off campus because you aren’t required to pay for a meal plan and other college charges. That said, if you choose to live off campus in a high-priced city, your costs could be more than living on campus.

What are the cons of living on campus?

Potential cons to living on campus can include lack of privacy, a roommate you don’t get along with, communal bathrooms, and being locked into a cafeteria meal plan that you don’t like. Also, living on campus can be more expensive.


About the author

Jacqueline DeMarco

Jacqueline DeMarco

Jacqueline DeMarco is a freelance writer who specializes in financial topics. Her first job out of college was in the financial industry, and it was there she gained a passion for helping others understand tricky financial topics. Read full bio.




SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third Party Trademarks: Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Center for Financial Planning, Inc. owns and licenses the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER®

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Balancing Being a Student Athlete & Academics in College

For student athletes, staying on top of their academics and extracurricular activities, along with everything else that college entails, can be a challenge. Their chosen sport is basically a full-time job ― and a physically-demanding one at that.

To make it to your college graduation, you’ve got to keep your grades up and find the time to study, which can be especially challenging during your freshman year.

Read on to learn some simple and effective strategies that can help you balance your responsibilities in the classroom and on the court, field, or wherever you play.

Key Points

•   Student athletes should try to plan class schedules around practice and travel times to avoid conflicts.

•   Early meetings with professors can help address scheduling issues and show academic commitment.

•   Health and wellness, including stress management, can be essential for balancing sports and studies.

•   Redshirting can provide a strategic break, spreading degree requirements over ten semesters.

•   NCAA scholarship rules are changing, allowing a mix of full and partial scholarships in all sports.

Planning Your Class Schedule Accordingly

Often, coaches will outline clear timeframes for practice and training that student athletes need to plan their class schedules around. Additionally, games and competitions are usually scheduled far enough in advance for student athletes to know which days of the week they’ll be traveling most often.

Still, there may be some discretion in choosing class times. Keeping in mind when you prefer to eat, sleep, and study is key to creating a schedule that will help you perform as a student and athlete.

Although many student athletes maintain an active training schedule throughout the year, the official NCAA season (or the majority of it) for many sports occurs during either the fall or spring semester. You may want to take advantage of a more flexible off-season schedule by taking more academically demanding classes and those that would otherwise conflict with their practice schedule.

Keeping Your Eye on the Prize

Student athletes invest countless hours in their chosen sport. Yet, the vast majority will graduate and pursue a career outside athletics. On average, barely 2% of college student athletes move up to professional leagues after NCAA competition.

Academics are an integral part of being a successful student athlete. Choosing a degree program you’re passionate about and that supports your career goals can help keep you motivated and on track to graduate.

Each team and college may maintain its own standards for GPA requirements to compete, but the NCAA sets minimum requirements too. Division I and Division II athletes are required to meet initial eligibility criteria set by the NCAA while Division III student-athletes are held to the standards set by the schools they attend.

Just skating by in terms of GPA may allow you to compete, but it could hurt your candidacy for internships and jobs after graduation.

Recommended: 12 Ways a College Athlete Can Make Money

Building Relationships With Your Professors and Classmates

This advice could apply to any college student, but student athletes in particular stand to benefit from getting to know their professors and classmates early on in the semester.

To varying degrees, college sports teams travel off-campus for games and competitions, which means student athletes might miss some in-person class time. Meeting with professors at the beginning of the semester can show a commitment to your studies and help hash out any scheduling conflicts for classes and exams.

Also, making friends with classmates can be beneficial for exchanging class notes to cover each other’s absences, as well as forming study groups.

Finding an Accountability Buddy

Student athletes know the importance of teamwork. In addition to pushing each other to greatness at practice and the gym, teammates can be a support system to help achieve your academic goals too. Forging a partnership or study group to hold each other accountable to these goals, on and off the court or field, is one such strategy.

For starters, who can better relate to your experience and challenges balancing athletics and academics than a teammate? Together, you and your accountability buddy can capitalize on downtime on the road to away games to tackle assignments or plan a study night before a big game to resist the urge to party.

It’s okay if your goals are different. The important thing is that you find an accountability buddy you feel comfortable with and who will help keep you on track.

Recommended: 5 Ways to Start Preparing For College

Prioritizing Health and Wellness

Both academics and sports can be demanding, and taking them on simultaneously requires serious stamina. Prioritizing physical and mental health by eating well, getting enough sleep, and finding ways to destress can help prevent burnout and stay sane. It’s okay to slip up every now and then, but creating a plan that you can stick to could make a difference in succeeding as a student athlete.

Recommended: What Is College Like?

It’s Okay to Ask for Help

Many college students deal with stress between exams and assignments. For college student athletes, the pressure to succeed athletically and academically can be a lot to handle.

There is no shame in asking for help, and the sooner the better. College tutors can assist with everything from proofreading essays to prepping for a chemistry test. Approaching professors early with any concerns could also help with extra credit opportunities or a chance to redo an assignment.

Recommended: The Ultimate Guide to Studying in College

What About Redshirting?

For Division I athletes, the NCAA regulation grants college student athletes a span of five years to compete in four years of athletic competition. For Division II and Division III students there is a 10-semester, or 15-quarter clock. This means that student athletes may take a year off from competing ― a practice known as redshirting ― as long as they continue taking coursework and meet other eligibility requirements.

Traditionally, redshirting is applied to allow students athletes more time to develop or recover from a significant injury. However, student athletes may be able to use redshirting to their advantage in terms of coursework.

Redshirting may allow students to take a more manageable course load by stretching their degree over ten semesters instead of eight. Alternatively, it can provide extra time to complete both a bachelor’s and graduate degree in one go.

Keep in mind that redshirting guidelines vary by division. For instance, Division I and II athletes are permitted to practice with their team during their redshirt season, whereas Division III athletes may not.

Paying for College

College is a big investment, but fortunately there are options for funding education. Financial aid, grants, work-study programs, and scholarships may be enough to pay for all or a portion of tuition and room and board.

Athletic Scholarships

There have usually been some full-ride and partial athletic scholarships available to Division I and II student athletes. Athletics classified as headcount sports offered full ride scholarships to a certain number of athletes per team, whereas equivalency sports traditionally extend partial scholarships.

However, as of the 2025-26 academic year, that has changed. The NCAA is transitioning away from the head count scholarship model, meaning all sports will effectively become equivalency sports. The NCAA explains that “this change allows coaches to offer a mix of full and partial scholarships, rather than being limited to full scholarships in certain sports.” Some sports may have historically been considered head count sports, like men’s and women’s basketball, women’s volleyball, women’s tennis, and women’s gymnastics, the new rules have eliminated these distinctions.

Recommended: Finding Free Money for College

Student Loans

In the event that scholarships, grants, and financial aid are not enough to cover tuition and living expenses, student athletes can take out student loans to help them cover the difference.

Federal student loans may be subsidized, which means interest won’t start to accrue until six months after you graduate, or they may be unsubsidized, which means interest begins accruing right away. Either way, you don’t have to start making payments until six months after graduation. Federal loans come with a fixed interest rate set by the government and don’t require a credit check. Filling out the FAFSA can be a critical first step to obtaining these loans.

If those do not cover your costs, you may also consider private student loans.

Private student loans are available through private lenders, including banks, credit unions, and online lenders. Rates and terms vary, depending on the lender. These loans do require a credit check and, generally, borrowers (or cosigners) who have strong credit qualify for the lowest rates.

Keep in mind, though, that private loans may not offer the borrower protections — like income-based repayment plans and deferment — that automatically come with federal student loans.

The Takeaway

Student athletes have a lot to juggle in college, between academics and athletics. It can be wise for them to plan their schedules to accommodate both pursuits, find an accountability partner, and ask for help if they are feeling overwhelmed. It’s also important to line up financing for college, since not all student athletes will get sports-related scholarships. That’s where federal and/or private student loans can help.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.


Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

How to balance academics and athletics?

To balance academics and athletics as a student who plays a sport can be a challenge. Staying organized, having an accountability buddy, connecting with professors and coaches, and knowing when to ask for help are all important to staying on top of your dual pursuits.

How do college sports affect athletics?

There is some evidence that college sports can help a student perform better academically in terms of problem solving, creativity, and memory.

Why can student athletes struggle with grades?

Student athletes may struggle with grades since their sport takes up significant time that might otherwise be spent studying for their academic classes. Training sessions and practices, as well as games, can all eat up a student’s available time, causing them to struggle with grades.



SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.
Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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