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You’ve decided to buy a home. Luckily, you’ve found a real estate agent who can help you find homes to look at and assist with negotiations and inspections. But what if that agent also works for the seller? That is called dual agency, and there’s a lot to consider before agreeing to the arrangement.

Here’s what future homebuyers need to know about dual agency to help decide if it’s the right choice for them.

What Is Dual Agency?

A dual agent represents both the buyer and seller in the same real estate deal. Dual agents are also sometimes referred to as transaction brokers.

Dual agency can be controversial and is banned or severely limited in eight states: Alaska, Colorado, Florida, Kansas, Maryland, Oklahoma, Texas, Vermont, and Wyoming.

Other states do not explicitly make it illegal, but some do warn against using a dual agent.

For example, the New York Department of State issued a memo advising consumers to be extremely cautious when signing on with a dual agent because in doing so they forfeited their right to an agent’s loyalty.

However, in every state where dual agency is legal, the law requires agents to disclose their work with both the buyer and the seller. Both buyer and seller must agree to use a dual agent and sign a consent form indicating they understand what they are agreeing to.

Dual agency may also refer to deal-making of seller’s agents and buyer’s agents at the same real estate company.

For example, Keller Williams, one of the largest real estate firms in the nation, has both seller’s and buyer’s agents. If one of its seller’s agents puts a home on the market, there’s a decent chance that one of its buyer’s agents may have a client for the property.

This is less controversial and poses fewer issues as it is still two separate people overseeing the seller’s and the buyer’s interests.

Recommended: How to Buy a House Without a Realtor

What Are Agents’ Fiduciary Responsibilities?

Real estate agents are legally bound to represent the best interests of their clients. This means agents must disclose any information they have that may or may not help their clients in the negotiating phase.

The obligation to disclose could pertain to information on home inspection reports, defects with the house, or anything else that affects the property’s value.

While representing a buyer, an agent must also disclose any existing relationship with the seller.

Be sure to ask real estate agents important questions about how they work and what they’ll do for you so you’ll know whether they’re the right agent for your needs.

A seller’s agent must disclose any relationship with potential buyers and all offers made on the property—unless, in general, the seller has instructed his agent in writing to withhold certain kinds of offers.

Real estate agents are also expected to put their clients’ financial best interests above their own. This could mean putting in an offer below asking price, which would reduce their own commission.

With all of that in mind, it becomes clear that issues of loyalty and confidentiality become challenging in a dual agency situation.

💡Quick Tip: When house hunting, don’t forget to lock in your home mortgage loan rate so there are no surprises if your offer is accepted.

Pros of Dual Agency

Smoother communication: Having one agent representing both the buyer and seller could help create a smoother communication path. Because the person represents both parties, they may be able to speed up any negotiations. In this case, the dual agent may also understand both the seller’s and the buyer’s timelines, their schedules, and any internal deadlines better than two separate parties could. Buyers wouldn’t have to wait for the seller’s agent to call back and sellers wouldn’t have to wait for a buyer’s agent to call back, because with dual agency they are the same person.

Potentially more information on the home: A dual agent may be able to obtain more information on the home than an agent just representing the potential buyer. In turn, they can relay any pertinent information, such as structural issues, inspection reports, and any updates made to the home, to the potential buyer.

Potentially more access to a larger pool of homes: Remember, dual agency also means a buyer’s agent and seller’s agent working for the same agency. That means, if one home doesn’t work out, the two agents could look internally to find more potential homes their agency represents for the would-be buyers. They may even be able to find a few homes that haven’t hit the market yet.

Possibility for a discount on commission: In a typical real estate transaction, the seller’s agent and buyer’s agent split the commission. A dual agent may be willing to negotiate down their commission since they are double-ending the deal.

Dual agents still have to do their job: In the end, even dual agents must present all offers, prepare all paperwork, present all disclosure agreements, and help to complete the deal.

Recommended: 10 First-Time Homebuyer Mistakes to Avoid

Cons of Dual Agency

Buyers (and sellers) won’t get special treatment: Agents only working for one side will likely be willing to go all out for their client to ensure that the client gets the best deal. An agent working for both sides may be more tempted to get the best deal for themselves to maximize the commission (hey, it’s just human nature to look out for No. 1). A buyer (and a seller) usually wants loyalty above all else when looking for a home. Homebuyers may want to seek out someone who knows what’s needed to buy a house and has their back.

Buyers (and sellers) may not get the price they want: Again, a dual agent’s allegiances are split down the middle during the deal-making process. A seller’s agent is meant to promote the home and get the seller the best price for the home with the fewest contingencies.

A buyer’s agent is on a mission to find every tiny thing that needs to be fixed with the home to get the buyer the best deal they can. If a person is representing both sides, how can they do both? It’s important to discern an agent’s allegiances before signing on the dotted line.

No pushback from the other agent: In a two-sided real estate deal, the two agents will typically go back and forth on the home’s price, any reductions the buyer may want in exchange for repairs, the home’s inspection report, and much more. This creates a system of checks and balances for both sides, which can be important when negotiating a fair deal. However, if one person is playing both sides, things may get muddled, hurting both the seller and the buyer.

The Takeaway

Dual agency is rare in the real estate world because most buyers and sellers want to find an agent who is loyal to them and has their best interests at heart. Still, if you find yourself in a dual agent situation, there is much to know.

There’s another important decision most homebuyers must make: getting the right home loan. Different lenders may offer different terms, rates, or perks that may fit a buyer best.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

FAQ

Is having a dual agent a good idea?

Dual agency isn’t necessarily a good idea and is banned or strictly limited in eight states. A dual agent’s allegiance may be split between the buyer and seller, and most buyers will prefer a dedicated agent. Real estate agents are fiduciaries and obligated to put their client’s interests before their own, but that may be difficult when they have clients on both sides of a transaction.

What is a common challenge with dual agency?

A common challenge with dual agency is that the agent’s allegiance is split since they represent both the buyer and the seller. While this can facilitate some communications, it may raise problems in terms of whose interests the dual agent is representing.

Do dual agents get double commission?

Typically, in a real estate deal, the agent representing the buyer and the agent representing the seller divide the commission between them. If there is a dual agent — someone who represents both parties s

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Monetary policy is how a central bank or similar government organization manages the supply of money, interest rates, and overall economic growth. In the United States, the central bank is known as the Federal Reserve. The Fed has a dual mandate: first, to maintain stable prices, and second, to promote maximum employment. Monetary policy is one tool that the Fed has to try and accomplish those goals.

Overview of Fed Monetary Policy

The Federal Reserve sets the key interest rate in the U.S., called the federal funds rate, that influences the short-term rates other financial institutions use, impacting the availability and cost of credit.

The Fed also has an indirect effect on longer-term interest rates, currency exchange rates, and prices of bonds and stocks, as well as other assets. Through these channels, monetary policy can influence household spending, business investment, production, employment, and inflation.

A country’s economy sometimes experiences inflation, which is when the prices of goods and services overall are rising. The central bank can use monetary policy to tame inflation, mainly by raising interest rates, as it did in 2022 and 2023, and during the 1980s.

In some instances, the economy may have been in a period of deflation when overall prices have fallen. Then the central bank typically responds by loosening monetary policy, either by lowering interest rates or using the more extreme measure of buying assets directly. A sharp period of deflation occurred after World War I, as well as during the first several years of the Great Depression.

What Is the Fed Funds Rate?

The Federal Reserve System has a committee, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), which meets several times a year to review key economic factors. The FOMC watches for signs of recession or inflation. It then sets what’s called the federal funds rate, which informs the interest rate banks charge one another for overnight loans.

It may seem counterintuitive that banks would loan money to each other, but here’s why they do. Banks are required to meet the reserve requirement set by the Fed. This is the least amount of cash a bank must have on hand, either in its own vault or in one of the regional Fed banks. Even when the Fed sets the reserve requirement ratio to 0% for depository institutions, which it did in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, banks are still incentivized to maintain adequate reserves.

When the overnight rates banks use to borrow money are lowered or raised, this in turn can lower or raise the rates businesses and consumers use to borrow. For example, during the housing bubble of 2008, the Fed lowered the federal funds rate to a range of 0% to 0.25% to encourage borrowing. This was part of the Fed’s strategy to mitigate the financial crisis. In contrast to that rate, in 1980, the federal funds rate was 20%, the highest in our nation’s history.

Rates set by the Fed have an impact on the overall financial market. When rates are low, it’s less expensive and easier to borrow, which can boost the market’s liquidity. Overall, when rates are low, the economy grows. When high, it typically retracts.

Recommended: Federal Reserve Interest Rates, Explained

How Monetary Policy Can Affect You

If a bank doesn’t have enough to meet its reserves, it borrows the funds from a bank with excess cash. The lending bank can benefit financially because it would earn interest in the amount of whatever the federal funds rate is that day.

This system helps ensure that each bank has enough cash on hand for its business needs that day, and it also caps that bank’s lending ability because the bank needs to keep a certain amount of cash on hand, rather than lending it out.

Moves made by the Fed can have a significant impact on ordinary people’s personal finances, as well. As the federal funds rate changes, it’s likely that banks’ prime interest rates — or the rates they charge their best, low-risk customers — will change in response, as well. So, if the federal funds rate goes up, your bank may decide to charge a higher interest rate on loans — or if it goes down, a lower rate.

This may affect what consumers are likely to be charged on mortgage loans, car loans, personal loans, and so forth. A credit card rate, as well, is typically tied to the prime rate plus a certain percentage.

At the same time, a rise in the federal funds rate could mean that banks may increase the APY you receive on a bank account, while a cut in the Fed’s rate could lead to a lower APY. An increase in the federal funds rate is typically an incentive to save, rather than spend.

In short, as the federal funds rate and the prime interest rates at banks go up or down, so, too, can both monthly loan payments and the interest received on deposits at financial institutions.


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Famous Fed Decisions

If you want information in significant detail, you can see meeting minutes from the Federal Reserve going back to 1936. You can also see the entire history of rate changes since 1954.

An entire book could be written about Federal Reserve policies and the Great Depression — a decade-long, deep economic downturn when production numbers plunged and unemployment figures skyrocketed. It’s been acknowledged that mistakes the Fed made contributed to this economic disaster.

During this time period, the Fed was largely decentralized, and leaders disagreed on how to address the growing economic challenges. Some policies were implemented that unintentionally hurt the economy. The Fed raised interest rates in 1928 and 1929 to limit securities speculation, and economic activity slowed. The Fed made the same error in judgment in 1931, at the start of the Great Depression.

In 1973, President Richard Nixon stopped using the gold standard to support the U.S. dollar. When inflation rates tripled, the Fed doubled its interest rates and kept increasing them until the rate reached 13% in July 1974. Then, in January 1975, it was significantly dropped to 7.5%.

This monetary policy didn’t effectively address the inflation, and in 1979, then Fed Chairman Paul Volcker raised rates and kept them higher to end inflation. This might have contributed to the country’s recession, but the inflation problem was solved.

Recommended: History of the Federal Reserve

Monetary Policy vs Fiscal Policy

Both monetary policy and fiscal policy are tools government organizations use to manage a nation’s economy. Monetary policy typically refers to the action of central banks, such as changes to interest rates that then affect money supply.

Meanwhile, fiscal policy typically refers to tax and spending by the federal government. In the U.S., fiscal policy is decided by Congress and the presidential administration.

For instance, when the Covid-19 pandemic wrought havoc on the U.S. economy in 2020, causing many businesses to shut down, U.S. fiscal policy generated stimulus packages that included supplemental unemployment benefits, stimulus checks, and small-business loans. These measures were intended to prop up the economy during a difficult time.

The Takeaway

Monetary policies are a key way that central banks try to influence a country’s economy. The main tools that central banks, like the U.S. Federal Reserve, use are interest-rate levels and money supply. On a macroeconomic level, monetary policy can be a powerful, important way to fend off recessions or tame inflationary pressure. On a microeconomic level, the monetary policy interest rates that a central bank sets also affect both loans that everyday consumers take from their banks and the interest rates they receive on their deposits and savings.

Understanding how monetary policy works can inform individuals’ strategies when it comes to spending, saving, and making bigger financial decisions.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

What is the Federal Reserve’s dual mandate?

The Federal Reserve’s dual mandate is to both maintain stable prices — or, keep inflation in check — and to promote full or maximum employment in the economy.

How does monetary policy differ from fiscal policy?

Both monetary policy and fiscal policy are tools used by regulators to manage the economy, but monetary policy refers to tools used by the Fed or a central bank, such as interest rates, whereas fiscal policy refers to tools used by Congress or the executive branch, such as taxation and spending.

Who or what sets interest rates in the U.S.?

The Federal Reserve sets the federal funds rate in the U.S., which then has a broader impact on the availability and cost of credit for consumers. The rates set by the central bank directly impact the rates banks use to borrow from each other, which in turn affects the interest rates consumers may see, ultimately influencing economic activity in the country.

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Annual percentage yield (APY) is variable and subject to change at any time. Rates are current as of 12/23/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Fees may reduce earnings. Additional rates and information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet

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Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, Wise, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder's Eligible Direct Deposit activity to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility.

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Currently, the average cost for one in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle in the United States is $12,400, according to data from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. That alone is a steep price tag, and many patients go through several cycles of IVF before conceiving or attempting other options. Many clinics also charge fees for add-on procedures, which can bring the total cost of a single treatment to well over $20,000.

Fortunately, there are a number of different funding options for fertility treatments. These include budgeting and saving, insurance coverage, flexible spending accounts, IVF financing, loans, and grants. Read on for a closer look at ways to make the cost of IVF more manageable.

IVF Financing: 9 Ways to Pay for Treatment

For many prospective parents, the cost of IVF is worth every penny, as it can provide the chance to have children. If you’re wondering how to pay for treatment, consider these option for funding IVF.

1. Tapping into Your Health Insurance

A good first step is to check whether your health insurance will cover IVF. There are currently 21 states and the District of Columbia that require insurance companies to cover infertility treatment, but only 14 include IVF in the requirement.

You can contact your insurer to find out your specific benefits. Depending on where you live, coverage can run the gamut. Some plans will cover IVF but not the accompanying injections that women may also require, while other plans will cover both. Some insurers will only cover a certain number of attempts. And some plans do not cover IVF at all.

If you have the option and if the timing works out with your enrollment period, you might consider switching your insurance plan to one that covers, or partially covers, IVF.

2. Using Your Health Savings Account or Flexible Spending Account

A health savings account (HSA) allows you to put pre-tax money aside for medical expenses. Typically, you get an HSA in tandem with a qualifying high-deductible health plan. If you have funds in your HSA, you can use them to pay for IVF and related medical expenses. As long as you paid for the expenses after you opened the HSA, you can reimburse yourself for them at any time — it doesn’t have to be in the year that you incurred the costs.

If your employer offers a flexible spending account (FSA), you can also use those funds to pay for IVF. You don’t need a qualifying health plan to have and use this account. However, you can only use the funds for medical expenses incurred during the plan year. Also, if you don’t use all of the money you set aside, you generally lose it. However, you may be able to carry over a certain amount to the following year.

Bear in mind that there are annual limits on how much money you can contribute to either kind of account. For 2025, the individual cap on HSA contributions is $4,300 and the family cap is $8,550. Health flexible spending account limits are $3,300 for 2025.

3. Budgeting and Saving

If you’re planning to pay for IVF out-of-pocket and you don’t just have that kind of cash lying around, the most basic financial move is to save up, the way you would for any major expense. You may want to open a high-yield savings account dedicated to your IVF fund, then set up an automatic recurring transfer from your checking account into that account each month.

Depending on your timeline, you may need to cut back on discretionary expenses, such as meals out, streaming services, a gym membership, and non-essential purchases, at least temporarily. Any expense you cut can now get diverted into your IVF savings fund. You may want to investigate different types of budgeting methods to find a system that works best for you in this scenario.

4. Borrowing From a Loved One

If you have a friend or relative who is financially comfortable, you might consider asking them for a loan. There may be people in your life who would be happy to support your efforts to build your family. If you go this route, however, it’s a good idea to set out the terms of the loan clearly, including whether you’ll pay interest and, if so, at what rate, and when and how you’ll repay the loan. Setting out clear terms, and honoring those terms, can help ensure that the loan doesn’t damage your relationship in any way.

5. Applying for a Fertility Loan or IVF Loan

Some fertility clinics work with lenders that specialize in IVF financing. This allows you to pay for your out-of-pocket IVF costs in installments over time. These loans can offer anywhere from $5,000 to $100,000, and interest rates can range from 0% to 35.99%. IVF lenders typically determine whether you qualify for financing, and at what rate, based on your financial qualifications and credit. With this type of loan, the money is usually paid directly to the clinic rather than you, the borrower.

In addition, there are personal loans designed to help people pay for treatment costs. These are offered by banks and other lenders, and you may see them called fertility loans, IVF loans, and family planning loans. (Learn more about personal loans below.)

6. Applying for a Grant

A number of nonprofit organizations offer grants and scholarships to those who cannot afford to pay for IVF. These grants are usually income-based, meaning you must demonstrate a need to qualify. Organizations that offer IVF grants include the Cade Foundation, Journey to Parenthood, Gift of Parenthood, the Baby Quest Foundation, and the Starfish Fertility Foundation.

Resolve offers a list of fertility treatment scholarships and grants on their site. It’s also a good idea to ask your fertility clinic about any local or national grant or scholarship opportunities they know of.

7. Taking Out a Home Equity Line of Credit

If you own a home, you may be able to take out a home equity loan or home equity line of credit (HELOC) and use the funds to pay for IVF. The amount you can borrow and the terms depend on the amount of equity you have in your home, as well as your credit history, debt-to-income ratio, and other factors.

The advantage of this type of IVF financing is that home equity loans and credit lines often have lower interest rates than credit cards and other types of loans. The downside is that you need to have equity in order to qualify, and you must use your home as collateral for the loan (which means that if you have trouble making payments, you could potentially lose your home).

Recommended: How to Avoid Loan Origination Fees

8. Borrowing From Your Retirement Account

You generally don’t want to tap your retirement nest egg before retirement, but if no other funding sources are available, borrowing from your retirement account, such as an 401(k), could be an option.

You may be able to borrow up to $50,000 or half of the amount vested in your 401(k) — whichever is smaller. If you take this path, you are basically lending the money to yourself at market interest rates for up to five years. Keep in mind, though, that 401(k) plan providers will typically charge fees to process and service a loan, which adds to the cost of borrowing and repayment. Also, not all employers offer these loans.

In addition, you might qualify to withdraw money from your individual retirement account (IRA) or 401(k) to pay for IVF treatment if your plan allows what’s called a hardship withdrawal. This allows you to avoid the 10% early withdrawal penalty, but you’ll still have to pay income tax on any withdrawals you make.

9. Taking Out a Personal Loan

Compared to using high-interest credit cards or tapping your IRA, a personal loan might be a better option for many people. A personal loan can be used for almost any expense, including IVF, and typically comes with a fixed interest rate that is lower than most credit cards.

Unlike a home equity loan or credit line, personal loans are typically unsecured, which means you don’t need to put your home or any other asset at risk. Also, you do not need to have any equity in your home to qualify. Instead, a lender will look at your overall financial qualifications to determine whether or not to approve you for a loan and, if so, at what rate and terms.

Recommended: Personal Loan Calculator

The Takeaway

IVF might be one of the most meaningful investments you’ll ever make, but it can be a major expense. You can look to your insurance, health savings accounts, cash savings, or a loved one for help with IVF funding. If that’s not enough, an unsecured personal loan may be a smart way to finance treatment and help make your dreams a reality.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. See your rate in minutes.

FAQ

What is an IVF loan?

An IVF loan is typically a kind of personal loan designed to pay for fertility treatment costs. It’s an installment loan: You receive a lump sum of cash and then repay it, with interest, over time.

Can I get a personal loan for fertility treatments?

Personal loans can be used for almost any purpose, and fertility treatments are one option. You may see personal loans specially designed for this purpose. To qualify, you will need to go through the application process, have your credit reviewed, and see what terms you are offered.

Are there medical loans that cover IVF?

Yes, you can likely find loans that cover IVF in two ways. Some fertility clinics partner with lenders to offer funding, or you can apply for a personal loan to finance the expense of IVF treatments.

What is the best way to finance IVF?

Deciding how to finance IVF is a very personal decision, based on a variety of factors. Homeowners with equity might choose a HELOC; others might apply for a personal loan; and still others might seek a grant or a loan from a family member.

Does insurance cover IVF?

Some health insurance policies cover IVF. Check your policy for details; the amount of coverage and its details can vary greatly.

Can I use an HSA or FSA for IVF expenses?

Yes, you may be able to use HSA or FSA funds for IVF expenses, but it’s important to check the eligibility guidelines to see which aspects of your treatment are covered.

What are alternatives to IVF loans if I have bad credit?

If you have bad credit and are seeking IVF financing, you may find lenders, albeit with higher interest rates and less favorable terms. Other options include payment plans with your healthcare provider, a loan from a family member or close friend, and/or applying for grants.

About the author

Julia Califano

Julia Califano is an award-winning journalist who covers banking, small business, personal loans, student loans, and other money issues for SoFi. She has over 20 years of experience writing about personal finance and lifestyle topics. Read full bio.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

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