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In recent years, many colleges have changed their college admissions testing policies, making standardized tests like the SAT optional, and placing more emphasis on other factors, such as GPA and essays. One reason for the shift is a growing concern that these tests tend to unfairly reward students with more wealth and access to test prep courses and tutors.

The SAT might be dropping as a requirement for admissions to some colleges, but the number has an impact beyond just getting into a school. Read on to learn how SAT requirements are changing, but why taking the SAT and submitting your score can still be helpful.

How SAT Requirements Are Changing

The number of colleges dropping SAT scores as a requirement for admission is growing. However, policies vary from school to school and from admission year to admission year, so students might want to double- and triple-check before assuming that their dream school doesn’t want to see their standardized test score.

A “test-optional” policy allows applicants to decide whether or not they want to submit their SAT or ACT scores to a college. This means that you can take the SAT (or ACT) and, based on how you do and how those scores compare to the average SAT score of admitted students, can decide whether or not you want to submit the score with your application.

Less commonly, colleges will have a “test-blind” or “test-free” policy. This means that even if a student submits SAT or ACT scores, the school will not consider them during the application process.

While some schools no longer require or consider their applicants’ SAT scores, others are making it easier to put your best foot forward with scores. Many colleges and universities, including the common application, now allow applicants to submit their SAT superscore.

An SAT superscore allows you to mix and match individual section scores from different test dates to come up with a “superscore” that is higher than the SAT score from a single sitting.

For some, this takes off some of the pressure of standardized testing. It means if a student feels off on one section, they can use a higher score from a previous test to get their best score possible.

Two other major recent changes to the SAT come from the College Board (which creates the test) itself: The SAT no longer contains the essay or subject tests. This means you no longer have the option to take — or submit — these tests.


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How SAT Scores Still Matter

Colleges and universities might be changing their guidelines about requiring SAT scores, but standardized tests still matter not only in the admissions process but beyond.

Here are some reasons why the SAT and a student’s score still matter:

•  Avoiding the SAT could limit options. A student’s target school might not require an SAT score, but what about their safety or reach options? Bypassing the SAT test altogether could end up limiting a student in where they can apply to schools. With no test score at all, they may be limited to schools that don’t require an SAT score, potentially missing out on another great option for them. Forgoing the SAT test completely could mean dramatically cutting off a student’s options before the application process even begins.

•  Considered, but not required. Some schools no longer require SAT scores for applicants, but will still consider them if submitted. Sharing SAT scores can help give admissions officers a more comprehensive picture of the applicant. In addition, if the school is particularly competitive, a strong standardized test score could help a student stand out.

•  Scholarship eligibility. Some universities and nonprofits require an SAT score when applying for merit scholarships. Without an SAT score, applicants might be ineligible, losing out on an opportunity to get funding for education.

•  They’re just a piece of the puzzle. SAT scores aren’t the only thing college admission boards consider. They’ll also look at a student’s GPA, extracurriculars, essays, recommendations, and more. No applicant is just a number, and the SAT score is only one small part of a student’s profile. Oftentimes, the score serves only as a screening tool in the beginning and is considered less and less the further a student progresses in the admissions process.

•  Testing out of college courses. Applicants might not need SAT scores to apply to a school, but providing them might make them eligible to test out of core classes. In some schools, SAT scores might determine placement into, or out of 101 classes all students are required to take. Testing out of these courses could lead to graduating faster or spending less on higher education.

While students might not need an SAT score to get into their dream school, preparing for and taking a standardized test could help them secure admission, scholarships, and entry into higher-level courses.


💡 Quick Tip: It’s a good idea to understand the pros and cons of private student loans and federal student loans before committing to them.

Another Number that Matters: Financing Your Tuition

A student’s SAT score isn’t the only number they’ll have to consider during the admissions process. Another important figure is the cost of tuition, and students will have to start thinking of how they can pay for their education.

On top of federal student loans and scholarships, students might consider private student loans. These are educational loans available through banks, credit unions, and online lenders. Unlike federal student loans, private loans typically don’t come with benefits like income-driven repayment plans and loan forgiveness options — which is why it’s best to apply for federal student loans first.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SOIS0823004

College is a place for learning new things, preparing for a career, expanding one’s point of view, making new friends, and, of course, having fun. But putting more emphasis on a good time than on academics can lead to bad grades and worse.

One way to help ensure you thrive in school is a no-brainer: to study. You may find, however, that your high school study habits aren’t highly effective in college, where the work load tends to be higher, teachers are less personally involved, classes are larger, and exams are tougher. On top of that, college life is full of distractions.

That doesn’t mean you won’t succeed in your college classes. You may, however, need to kick it up a notch. What follows are some of the best study strategies for college classes.

Get Enough Sleep

Sleep is critical to a well-functioning brain and body. If you get enough sleep, you will generally find it easier to focus and feel healthier overall. Young people ages 18 to 25 need seven to nine hours of sleep a night, according to the National Sleep Foundation.

If you’re having trouble sleeping, try to go to bed and wake up around the same time every day, make sure your bed is comfortable, and a void drinking caffeine or alcohol, especially in the evening. Also helpful: Doing some yoga or meditating before bed, using ear plugs if your dorm is noisy, and using room-darkening shades on your windows.


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Feed Your Brain

Some foods, like candy and greasy dining hall pizza and french fries can make you feel good in the moment but may cause you to crash later or give you a stomachache. Instead, you’ll want to aim to eat nutritious foods that will power your brain.

Some of the best brain foods include: fatty fish that contain omega 3s , dark chocolate, blueberries, pumpkin seeds, nuts, eggs, oranges, and green tea.

Drinking water and tea instead of soda and sugary fruit juices is also a good idea.

Recommended: 11 Strategies for Paying for College and Other Expenses

Get a Study Partner

A good study partner can hold you accountable as well as keep you focused.

If you have a tough time sitting down and focusing on your studies on your own, you may find that learning with a study partner will force you to stick to a study schedule and may also help ensure that the information actually sticks.

Recommended: A Guide to Making Friends in College

Find a Quiet Space

Many people are unable to concentrate when they’re in a noisy environment. Unfortunately, a college dorm room can be loud because it’s where social gatherings often take place. Plus, there are so many students crammed into one area, nobody has any personal space. That’s why it can be a good idea to hunt for a quiet study space.

Quiet spaces on campus could include a library, where students might be able to reserve a private room; a secluded place outside; the campus cafe when it’s not busy; or an empty classroom.

If you have a car, you can drive off campus to a park, uncrowded eatery, or public library.

Recommended: Using Student Loans for Living Expenses and Housing

Put on Some Focus Music

Listening to music can be one of the best study tips for some college students. As long as the music isn’t distracting, you might find it helpful to pop in your earbuds when you study. Generally, the best types of music for focusing on work include nature sounds, songs without lyrics, songs played at medium volume, and songs with a specific tempo.

You might also like listening to your favorite upbeat bands that make you excited, as it may help you study and get your work done faster.

Don’t Wait Until the Last Minute

Practitioners of the fine art of procrastination often pay a price.

Procrastination can lead to bad grades, higher levels of stress, and negative feelings. Procrastinators are likely to not have a great study session because they are rushed.

To stop postponing the inevitable, you might want to put reminders on your phone that tell you when to study and when your assignments are due. A study partner can also help put feet to the fire.

If you procrastinate over and over again, perhaps it’s a sign that you are not interested in your studies and may want to pursue a different major.

Get Organized

If your papers are scattered everywhere, you won’t know where your important books or files are, or you may forget when your tests are scheduled.

If you could benefit from better organization, you might want to set up a Google Calendar and put every test, class, and appointment in there. You can also set reminders that will show up on your computer or phone when you need to study.

You could also clean your room at least once a week, filing papers in folders, putting books in a neat pile, and storing backpacks, clothes, and other items in closets. You might also want to purchase storage systems from places like IKEA and the Container Store so you have a place for everything.

In addition, it can help to create ongoing to-do lists and check off each task as you complete it. The night before you go to class or have to take a test, you can organize your backpack and put everything you need into it instead of rushing the morning of the test.

Recommended: 11 Strategies for Paying for College and Other Expenses

Shut Out Distractions

The noise in a dorm room or on a college campus can be distracting. Social media, text messages, and emails also take focus away from studying.

To buckle down, you may want to log out of social media and email and put your phone on do not disturb, only allowing emergency contacts to reach you.

If you are addicted to your phone or social media, you might want to install an app that turns off distractions and tracks how much time you’re spending on their phone.

Put Together a Study Schedule

Studying isn’t just going to happen. That’s why one of the most important study tips is to put together a study schedule that is realistic.

For instance, if you like to go to bed at 2 a.m., you can’t plan to study at 6 a.m. the day you have a test because you’ll be exhausted. Instead, you can plan to study the evening before the test.

You may also want to schedule a time when you can find a quiet place to study or when your dorm room is going to be less noisy. You will likely not be able to concentrate on a Friday or Saturday night in your dorm because of surrounding shenanigans. You could block out time on a calendar when the dorm is quieter and make sure you stick to it.

Recommended: How to Get Involved on Campus in College

Take Breaks

Studying for hours without a break could lead to burnout. Instead, pause to walk around, get some fresh air, or grab a glass of water or a healthy snack.

Some research suggests that the most productive people focus on intense work for 52 minutes and then take a 17-minute break.

You don’t have to follow the rule of 52 and 17 to a T; instead, you might get up every 20 minutes or so, or at least once an hour, whenever you start to feel you’re losing focus or your body is cramping.

If you are studying by looking at a computer screen, you can shut off the screen and phone and look at something else during that break. Looking at a screen for too long can hurt your eyes and have a negative effect on focus.


💡 Quick Tip: It’s a good idea to understand the pros and cons of private student loans and federal student loans before committing to them.

Here’s to Hitting the Books

You might have to try different techniques, and most of them will require practice, but once you hit a groove, you should be well on your way to getting good grades — a stepping stone to a fulfilling career.

You may also find it easier to focus on your studies if you’re not worried about paying all of the costs associated with college. There are a variety of ways to cover your college tuition and expenses, including financial aid, federal student loans, and private student loans.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOIS0823003

When you fill out your college applications, you may have the option of declaring your intended major. Selecting a major at this stage of the game often isn’t required, and many students don’t. However, you may be wondering –- will declaring a major improve (or potentially hurt) your chances of getting into a college?

Whether it’s better to begin college as an undecided major or select a major before you arrive on campus will depend on your situation, as well as the school and program you are applying to. Here’s what you need to know about applying to college with or without declaring a major.

What It Means to Declare a Major

Declaring a major can have varying levels of importance, depending on which school you’re applying to. At some schools, choosing a major merely indicates an interest in a field of study.

It could be okay to swap majors later as well, and the major you declare on your application could have little to no bearing on your chances of getting admitted to the school.

However, at some schools, and even within particular programs, declaring a major is a much bigger decision. It indicates that the student only wants to attend for that specific program and could come with more weight on whether the applicant is accepted or not.

It can be a good idea to inquire further from the admissions department at each school you are applying to, or even reach out to the department heads of their prospective majors to learn more.


💡 Quick Tip: Some lenders help you pay down your student loans sooner with reward points you earn along the way.

What It Means to Be Undeclared

Going into the application process as an undeclared student can be okay, so long as you understand how it could affect your chances of admission. Applying undeclared indicates to a school that you aren’t quite ready to commit to a program yet.

However, by applying at all, you are still showing your commitment and desire to attend that college or university, which may matter most.

Recommended: Ultimate College Application Checklist

When It Makes Sense to Declare a Major

If you’ve known what you’ve wanted to do since childhood — and there is absolutely nothing standing in the way of your goals — then you may want to go ahead and make that declaration. Manifest it into the universe by saying, “yes, I will study this and only this,” and mark it on every application.

Of course, there are also other reasons to declare. Some programs require choosing a major for admittance. This is typical of particularly competitive programs. This way, admissions officers know who is serious and who isn’t.

Some programs within specific universities may have additional requirements or supplemental essays with student applications. For example, Yale and Cornell both have supplemental essays for students applying to engineering programs. UPenn even requires a separate application for its international business program, the Huntsman.

It’s a good idea to check in with the college or university you are applying to and make certain your application is in order, particularly if you intend on applying to a rigorous or competitive program.

One more reason you may want to consider declaring a major is if you are going to apply for any study-specific scholarships. By declaring a major, you may become eligible for additional financial support including department-specific aid, housing, or professional development that are open only to specific majors.

When It’s OK to Remain Undeclared

Look, no one is going to fault a teenager for not having their entire life mapped out by the time they turn 18. You may know you want to gain a higher education, but are unsure exactly what you want to study, and that is totally okay too.

The good news is, many schools don’t require students to declare a major when they apply. In fact, some colleges and universities require students to take a number of general education courses in their first and second year in school. This provides students with not only a well-rounded education, but also with the opportunity to explore new things and discover potential passions they didn’t know they had before.

Some colleges and universities even offer “undeclared courses” to help students find the right path for them.

Essentially, if you are truly unsure of what you want to study, you will likely want to check “undeclared.” However, you may not want to use this as a way into a college or university believing you can transfer into your preferred program later as there is no guarantee that will happen. At which point, you might have to make a tough decision — pick a new major or transfer schools.

Recommended: Understanding Lower Division Vs. Upper Division Courses

How Being Undeclared Could Affect a College Experience

Being undeclared has both its pros and cons as a college student. As mentioned above, it could afford you more opportunity to explore several different fields of study at once, meet people from across your college, and even potentially decide you want to study more than one field and go for either a dual major or a major and a minor.

However, there are pitfalls you’ll also want to be aware of.

By going into college as an undeclared major, you may end up taking classes that do not count toward their college degree, adding up to both a waste of time and money.

Undeclared students may also find themselves left in the lurch when it comes time to apply to their preferred program. If they do not get in, then they may be forced to quickly pivot and find a new path.

Students admitted to college as an undeclared major may also miss out on important social aspects of college as well. If you declare a major in your third year, you could be entering a program where the rest of the students have all worked and studied together for the previous two years.

College is a surprisingly important place to learn to network and form life-long relationships, and declaring a major early could help.


💡 Quick Tip: Would-be borrowers will want to understand the different types of student loans that are available: private student loans, federal Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized loans, Direct PLUS loans, and more.

Get at Least One Decision Off Your Plate

Whether you decide to go into the application as a declared or undeclared major, it can be a good idea to at least ensure all your financial ducks are in a row to pay for that college education.

Being financially prepared from the get-go can help you feel more at ease with exploring different academic pursuits, or going all-in on your dream program, without worrying about paying for tuition along the way.

A great first step is to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). This will let you know if you qualify for any federal or state financial aid programs, including grants, scholarships, work-study programs, and subsidized and unsubsidized federal student loans.

Once you get your financial aid package, however, you may find there are still gaps in funding. At this point, you might consider applying for a private student loan. These are available through banks, credit unions, and online lenders. Rates and terms will vary depending on the lender, but students who have excellent credit (or who can recruit a cosigner who does) generally qualify for the lowest rates.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOIS0823002

It doesn’t matter whether you’re the student or the parents wading through college application and tuition figures: Going to college is a huge life decision, almost always synonymous with huge sticker shock.

According to U.S. News & World Report, the average cost for tuition and fees to attend a private college for the 2022-2023 academic year was $39,723. The price tag for a public college was $10,423 as an in-state student and $22,953 as an out-of-state student. Tuition, it should be noted, does not include room and board and other living expenses.

Fortunately, there are financial aid systems in place for college students to help offset the high costs. Here’s what you need to know about college financial aid, including how it works, the different types of financial aid, and how to apply.

What Is Financial Aid?

Broadly speaking, the term “financial aid” refers to any funding that doesn’t come from the student’s (or their family’s) savings. It can be heartening to know that schools typically don’t expect enrollees to cover college costs from their savings and income alone. According to the 2023 Sallie Mae survey How America Pays for College, the typical family covered 29% of college costs with scholarships and grants.

Financial aid is available from a variety of sources, including federal and state agencies, colleges, high schools, community organizations, foundations, and corporations. It can be awarded in the form of loans, grants, scholarships, and work-study programs. The type of aid determines whether it will have to be repaid or not: federal grants don’t need to be repaid, for example, but a loan will.

You can generally use financial aid to cover a range of college-related costs, including tuition and fees, room and board, books/supplies, and transportation.


💡 Quick Tip: Fund your education with a low-rate, no-fee SoFi private student loan that covers all school-certified costs.

Federal Student Aid

To apply for federal financial aid, you simply need to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). This form is required in order to be considered for federal aid as well as for most college and state assistance. (Some private colleges use a supplemental form called the College Scholarship Service Profile, or CSS, which is more detailed and can be more time-consuming to complete.)

The FAFSA form is known for being cumbersome, but the U.S. Department of Education rolled out a simplified FAFSA for the 2024-2025 academic year. The next form, for the 2025-2026 academic year, will be released in stages: The first students will get access on October 1, 2024, with the remainder receiving the form on or before December 1, 2024.

There’s a run-down of the deadlines here, but the key one for the 2024-2025 academic year, for example, is June 30, 2025 to submit your FAFSA; the window for corrections or updates is by 11:59 p.m. Central Time, September 14, 2025. Note that each state and college may have its own deadlines on top of that.

The Federal Student Aid office advises filling out the FAFSA as soon as possible after it becomes available, even if you’re unsure whether or not you will qualify for any financial aid.

Some states award aid on a first come basis, so submitting a FAFSA application early could be helpful. A FAFSA application is also a pre-requirement to be considered for federal grants like the Pell Grant, which is “usually awarded only to undergraduate students who display exceptional financial need and have not earned a bachelor’s, graduate, or professional degree.”

The FAFSA is also required to be considered for the federal work-study program, which provides part-time jobs to help pay for education expenses. Such programs usually encourage community service work and work related to the expected course of study. Here’s studentaid.gov’s official site tackling the FAQs of these highly variable programs.

State-Based Student Aid

Depending on where you live or choose to go to school, you’ll likely also have access to aid at the state level. Virtually every state education agency has at least one grant or scholarship available to residents, and many states have a long list of available student aid programs.

While eligibility for state-based financial aid is usually restricted to state residents attending a college in-state, that’s not always the case. SoFi has a state-by-state breakdown of grants and scholarships available for college students.

Some schools may also offer state-based aid or discounts.

Merit- vs Need-Based Financial Aid

Financial aid can generally be broken down into two types — need-based aid and merit-based aid.

Some federal aid is need-based — like the Pell Grant and Direct Subsidized Loans (more on this loan type below) — meaning eligibility is based solely on the assets and income of the prospective student and their family. Factors like test scores or athletic ability, for example, have no bearing here.

The opposite is true for merit-based scholarships, which are based on a student’s talents and interests, whether they are artistic, academic, or athletic. A student’s financial situation is not considered here.

To learn about both merit- and need-based aid programs that may be a good fit for you, it’s a good idea to talk to your high school guidance counselor, as well as the financial aid office at your selected school.

You’ll be automatically considered for many need-based aid programs just by filling out the FAFSA. However, you may also want to search for private scholarships (which can be merit- or need-based) online. While these awards tend to be small, you may be able to combine several scholarships, which could make a dent in your expenses.

Recommended: What Is a Scholarship & How to Get One?

Federal Student Loans

Most students’ federal financial aid packages include federal student loans, which are awarded based on financial need and the cost of attending college. These include Direct Subsidized Loans, Direct Unsubsidized Loans, and Direct PLUS Loans.

The advantages of federal student loans include low, fixed interest rates, no credit checks required to borrow them, unique borrower protections (like forbearance and deferment), and repayment plans based on income and/or your commitment to eligible public service work post-graduation.

With Direct Subsidized Loans, the government pays the interest while the student is attending school at least half-time. That’s what the “subsidized” means here. These loans are awarded based on financial need.

Direct Unsubsidized Loans, on the other hand, are awarded regardless of financial need. However, you are responsible for paying the interest on these loans from the moment you get them, though you can defer making any payments until six months after you graduate. While you are in school, the interest will accumulate and get added to your loan balance.

Direct PLUS Loans are also unsubsidized, and are awarded to either eligible graduate students or parents of undergraduate students and require a credit check to ensure there’s no “adverse credit history.” In short, that means they can be more difficult to qualify for as compared to Direct Unsubsidized Loans.

💡 Quick Tip: Parents and sponsors with strong credit and income may find much lower rates on no-fee private parent student loans than federal parent PLUS loans. Federal PLUS loans also come with an origination fee.

Private Student Loans

If your federal student aid package and other forms of funding don’t quite cover your cost of attending college, there are also private student loans to consider.

Private student loans are offered by banks, credit unions, and online lenders. The interest rates may be fixed or variable, and are set by the lender. Unlike federal student loans, private student loans require a credit check. Students who have excellent credit (or who have cosigners who do) tend to qualify for the lowest rates.

An advantage of private student loans is that you may be able to borrow up to 100% of the cost of college tuition and living expenses. However, private loans don’t always offer the same protections, such as income-driven repayment plans, that come with federal loans.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs. SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOIS0823001

A backdoor listing can allow a private company to become publicly traded, without having to pursue an initial public offering (IPO). This strategy can be less time- and cost-intensive for companies that are interested in being listed on a public stock exchange.

There are different ways backdoor listings can occur. A key question for investors is whether it makes sense to invest in stocks associated with a backdoor company.

What Is a Backdoor Listing?

In most cases, a company that wants to make its shares available for trade on a stock exchange would go through an initial public offering, or IPO. This process, regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), ensures that companies meet certain requirements before they can be listed on the Nasdaq or the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).

A backdoor listing allows companies to list shares of stock on a public exchange while circumventing the traditional IPO process. These companies effectively go through the “back door” to get their shares listed. Some investors also call this process a reverse listing, reverse IPO, a reverse takeover or a backdoor to the trade.


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How Do Backdoor Listings Work?

Generally speaking, a backdoor list transaction allows companies to go public without the usual IPO requirements. There are typically three strategies private companies use to pursue a backdoor listing.

•   Reverse merger/takeover. In a reverse merger or reverse takeover, a private company purchases a majority shareholder interest in a publicly-traded company in exchange for shares in the public company. The two companies then merge, operating under the name of the publicly-traded company going forward.

•   Shell company. In some cases, the backdoor company may wish to continue doing business independently, even after completing a reverse merger or takeover. To do this, they create a shell company, that allows both the formerly private company and the publicly-traded company it acquired or merged with to continue operations.

•   SPAC. This strategy essentially combines the other two. A SPAC is a “special purpose acquisition corporation,” a shell company created specifically to purchase a private company. The SPAC goes public and then uses the proceeds from its IPO to purchase a private company.

Recommended: What You Need to Know Before Investing in SPACs

Each approach offers a shortcut to trading on a public exchange for private companies. In the case of a reverse merger, the private company would gain control of the public company’s board of directors. Depending on the terms of a backdoor listing, this can result in a restructuring or reorganization of the public company it acquired.

Backdoor Listing Example

It can be helpful to have a real-world example of a backdoor listing to better understand how they work. One high-profile instance of a backdoor listing over the last decade involved the reverse merger of T-Mobile USA with MetroPCS in 2013.

In that deal, MetroPCS declared a 1-for-2 reverse split of its stock, while paying out $1.5 billion in cash to its shareholders. T-Mobile USA assumed a 74% ownership stake in the company, a deal approved by MetroPCS shareholders. Following the reverse takeover, MetroPCS stock began trading under the symbol TMUS.

Using a more general example, Company A may wish to go public but not meet the SEC’s IPO requirements for size or valuation. Instead, it chooses to buy a majority ownership stake in its competitor, Company B, which trades on the NYSE. Following the reverse merger, Company A assumes Company B’s name and is now a publicly-traded stock.

Advantages of Backdoor Listings

Private companies may prefer a backdoor listing for several reasons, including:

•   Capital preservation. Filing an IPO involves numerous costs, including underwriting fees and SEC registration fees. This can amount to millions, or tens of millions of dollars in some cases. Choosing a backdoor IPO could yield substantial cost savings for private companies.

•   Speed. The traditional IPO timeline can take anywhere from six months to a year to complete, owing to the various steps in the process that must be completed. On the other hand, companies can complete a reverse takeover, in as little as a few weeks, allowing private companies to go public at a much faster pace.

•   Avoiding IPO valuation rules. The SEC has some strict guidelines with regard to things like how IPO valuations are set. By going through the backdoor to the trade, companies can sidestep these requirements altogether.

•   Skipping the lockup period. Early investors and employees typically can’t trade their stocks during a certain period before and after a traditional IPO. Companies that use a backdoor IPO typically don’t impose such restrictions on shareholders.

•   IPO failure. Companies may also turn to a backdoor listing if they had an unsuccessful IPO.

There can also be advantages for the original shareholders of a backdoor company. If a reverse IPO boosts the share value of the newly merged company, that can increase the value of shareholders’ equity.

Disadvantages of Backdoor Listings

Backdoor listings also pose some potential problems for the private company executing it and the publicly-traded company it acquires. Some of the key issues that may result from a backdoor listing include:

•   Share dilution. Share dilution occurs when a public company issues new shares to the market, which can sometimes happen in a reverse takeover. This may decrease the value of equity for shareholders who already own stock in the company.

•   Incompatibility. It’s also possible that a backdoor listing fails to yield sufficient benefits for both companies involved.In that case, rather than driving profits up, a reverse IPO could result in financial losses.

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What Do Backdoor Listings Mean for IPO Investors?

Buying IPO stocks may appeal to investors who want to get in on the ground floor of a company that’s going public. If an IPO takes off, early investors could reap significant rewards later if they’re able to sell their shares at a profit down the line.

Backdoor listings can mean fewer opportunities to invest in IPOs. They’re not, however, shut out from trading stocks upon completion of the merger. Say, for example, there’s a private company you’ve been hoping will go public. Instead of launching an IPO, the company chooses to execute a reverse takeover instead.

You may be able to capitalize on that by purchasing shares of the public company it plans to merge with ahead of a reverse IPO. Or you may wait until the dust settles on a backdoor listing to invest in the newly merged company. In either case, the opportunity to invest in the private company you had your eye on isn’t lost. It simply takes on a new form.

Recommended: SPAC IPO vs. Traditional IPO: Pros and Cons of Investing in Each

The Takeaway

Backdoor listings allow a private company to become publicly traded, without having to pursue an IPO through traditional means. There can be advantages to going public via a backdoor listing, and it may be used as a way to speed up the process or to IPO in a less expensive way.

For investors, knowing about backdoor listings can simply be another way to be privy to new company shares hitting the stock exchanges. But investing in companies that are fresh to public markets has considerable risk. It can be attractive, but investors would do well to think their investment choices through before investing. It may also be worthwhile to speak with a financial professional for advice.

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