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Buying a new home requires managing a lot of moving parts, from mortgage preapproval to closing. Even after an offer is accepted, buyers and sellers are still at the negotiating table. If closing costs or surprise expenses become too much for the buyer, a seller concession could help seal the deal.

Although seller concessions can work to a buyer’s advantage, they are neither a guaranteed outcome nor a one-size-fits-all solution for every real estate transaction.

To determine if seller concessions are the right move from a buyer’s perspective, here are some key things to know, including what costs they can cover and when to consider asking for them.

Recommended: How Much Are Closing Costs on a New Home?

What Are Seller Concessions?

Seller concessions represent a seller’s contribution toward the buyer’s closing costs, which include certain prepaid expenses and discount points. A seller concession is not the equivalent of a price reduction; nor is it received as cash or a loan discount.

Closing costs usually range from 3% to 6% of the loan principal on your mortgage. When combined with a down payment, the upfront expense of buying a home can be burdensome, especially for first-time homebuyers.

Buyers can ask for concessions on the initial purchase offer or later if the home inspection reveals problems that require repairs.

Although this can be a helpful tool to negotiate a house price, there are rules for eligible costs and limits to how much buyers can ask for.

Recommended: Home Buyer’s Guide

What Costs Can Seller Concessions Cover?

A buyer’s closing costs can vary case by case. Generally, buyers incur fees related to the mortgage loan and other expenses to complete the real estate transaction.

There are also types of prepaid expenses and home repairs that can be requested as a seller concession.

Some common examples of eligible costs include the following:

•   Property taxes: If the sellers have paid their taxes for the year, the buyer may be required to reimburse the sellers for their prorated share.

•   Appraisal fees: Determining the estimated home value may be required by a lender to obtain a mortgage. Appraisal costs can vary by geography and home size but generally run between $300 and $500.

•   Loan origination fees: Money paid to a lender to process a mortgage, origination fees, can be bundled into seller concessions.

•   Homeowners insurance costs: Prepaid components of closing costs like homeowners insurance premiums can be included in seller concessions.

•   Title insurance costs: A title insurance company will search if there are any liens or claims against the property. This verification, which averages $1,000 but varies widely, protects both the homeowner and lender.

•   Funding fees: One-time funding fees for federally guaranteed mortgages, such as FHA and VA loans, can be paid through seller contributions. Rates vary based on down payment and loan type.

•   Attorney fees: Many states require a lawyer to handle real estate closings. Associated fees can run $500 to $1,500 or more, based on location.

•   Recording fees: Some local governments may charge a fee to document the purchase of a home.

•   HOA fees: If a home is in a neighborhood with a homeowners association, there will likely be monthly dues to pay for maintenance and services. A portion of these fees may be covered by the seller.

•   Discount points: Buyers may pay an upfront fee, known as discount points, to lower the interest rate they pay over the life of the mortgage loan. (The cost of one point is 1% of the loan amount.)

•   Home repairs: If any issues emerge during a home inspection, the repair costs can be requested as a seller concession.

Closing costs can also be influenced by the mortgage lender. When shopping for a mortgage, evaluating expected fees and closing costs is a useful way to compare lenders. Factoring in these costs early on can give buyers a more accurate idea of what they can afford and better inform their negotiations with a seller.

Recommended: Home Improvement Calculator

Rules and Limits for Seller Concessions

Determining how much to ask for in seller concessions isn’t just about negotiating power. For starters, the seller’s contributions can’t exceed the buyer’s closing costs.

Other factors can affect the allowable amount of seller concessions, including the type of mortgage loan and whether the home will serve as a primary residence, vacation home, or investment property.

Here’s a breakdown of how concessions work for common types of loans.

Conventional Loans

Guidance on seller concessions for conventional loans is set by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. These federally sponsored enterprises buy and guarantee mortgages issued through lenders in the secondary mortgage market.

With conventional loans, the limit on seller concessions is calculated as a percentage of the home sale price based on the down payment and occupancy type.

If it’s an investment property, buyers can only request up to 2% of the sale price in seller concessions.

For a primary or secondary residence, seller concessions can add up to the following percentages of the home sale price:

•   Up to 3% when the down payment is less than 10%
•   Up to 6% when the down payment is 10-25%
•   Up to 9% when the down payment is greater than 25%

FHA Loans

FHA loans, which are insured by the Federal Housing Administration, are a popular financing choice because down payments may be as low as 3.5%, depending on a borrower’s credit score.

For this type of mortgage, seller concessions are limited to 6% of the home sale price.

VA Loans

Active service members, veterans, and surviving spouses may qualify for a mortgage loan guaranteed by the Department of Veterans Affairs. For buyers with this type of mortgage, seller concessions are capped at 4% of the home sale price.

VA loans also dictate what types of costs may qualify as a seller concession. Some eligible examples: paying property taxes and VA loan fees or gifting home furnishings, such as a television.

Seller Concession Advantages

There are a few key ways seller concessions can benefit a homebuyer. For starters, they can reduce the amount paid out of pocket for closing costs. This can make the upfront costs of a home purchase more affordable and avoid depleting savings.

Reducing closing costs could help a buyer make a higher offer on a home, too. If it’s a seller’s market, this could be an option to be a more competitive buyer.

Buyers planning significant home remodeling may want to request seller concessions to keep more cash on hand for their projects.

Seller Concession Disadvantages

Seller concessions can also come with some drawbacks. If sellers are looking for a quick deal, they may view concessions as time-consuming and decline an offer.

When sellers agree to contribute to a buyer’s closing costs, the purchase price can go up accordingly. The deal could go awry if the home is appraised at a value less than the agreed-upon sale price. Unless the seller agrees to lower the asking price to align with the appraised value, the buyer may have to increase their down payment to qualify for their original financing.

Another potential downside is that buyers could ultimately pay more over the loan’s term if they receive seller concessions than they would otherwise. If a buyer offers, say, $350,000 and requests $3,000 in concessions, the seller may counteroffer with a purchase price of $353,000, with $3,000 in concessions.

Recommended: Guide to Buying, Selling, and Updating Your Home

The Takeaway

Seller concessions can make a home purchase more affordable for buyers by reducing closing costs and expenses, but whether it’s a buyer’s or seller’s market will affect a buyer’s potential to negotiate. A real estate agent can offer guidance on asking for seller concessions.

The vast majority of homebuyers finance their purchase. So for most buyers, finding the right mortgage is an important step in landing their dream home.

SoFi offers home mortgages with competitive rates and down payments as low as 5%. And prequalifying takes just a few minutes.

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

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Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

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No, an employee’s student loan repayment benefit from their employer is not taxed as income now through the end of December. Thanks to the CARES Act, employees can take advantage of up to $5,250 in tax-free student loan payment contributions from their employer.

For employees lucky enough to work for a company that offers a student loan repayment program, the benefits of this perk are clear: Employees get “free money” from their employers to help pay down their student loans.

Employer Student Loan Repayment Benefit and Taxes

Under employer student loan repayment programs, employers help employees pay back their student loans in amounts that vary from company to company. This monetary assistance can be a great help to individuals struggling with student loan debt — and may even ultimately have an impact on the economy. However, prior to 2020, employer contributions were subject to both payroll and income tax, which means that for employees, the benefit wasn’t quite as big as it might first appear.

That changed in early 2020, when the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act expanded on this financial assistance by making all employer-match contributions up to $5,250 tax-free, exempt from both payroll and income tax.

While the measure implemented in the CARES Act was due to expire in January 2021, the new stimulus bill signed by President Donald Trump in December 2020 has extended that tax-free benefit for another 5 years, with a new expiration of December 31, 2025.

Understanding Employer Match of Student Loan Repayment

What is an employer student loan repayment program? It’s a way for companies to help alleviate their employees’ student loan debt burden by offering them a match (up to $5,250, tax-free) on payments they make toward their student loans every year. Employers make a regular contribution to an employee’s student loan balance, say $100 a month for example, while the employee continues to make regular payments.

In this way, employees can pay down more of their student loan balance and/or interest. Prior to the CARES Act, an employer’s student loan contributions were considered taxable income, but now through the end of 2025, they will be tax-free and fall under the same maximum (up to $5,250), as tuition reimbursement benefits from an employer.

There are a number of services available to companies who are looking to manage this kind of benefit. Just like the companies designed to help HR departments manage other benefits like health care, financial institutions can help assist with student loan repayment plans.

Companies with Student Loan Repayment Benefits

Employer student loan repayment programs are still rather new — only about 17% of companies offer them. However, close to 50% of companies say they plan to offer student loan repayment assistance in the future. To get a sense of what kinds of programs different employers offer, here are several examples of companies who have this incentive in place:

•   In 2019, Chegg, the education technology company best known for online textbook rentals, began offering its employees $1,000 annually toward student loan debt, with an additional equity grant of up to $5,000 annually.

•   Estée Lauder, the cosmetics company, launched their student loan benefit program in 2018 by offering $100 monthly for payback, with a cap of $10,000 total.

•   In 2017, Fidelity, the brokerage firm, began offering up to $5,250 per year in student loan repayment for its employees.

•   Also in 2017, Live Nation, entertainment and events, began contributing $100 monthly to student loans, maxing out at $6,000 in repayment.

•   Penguin Random House, the book publisher, began in 2018 to reimburse up to $1,200 yearly (capped at $9,000) for student loans to full-time employees who have been with the company at least one year.

•   PwC, also in the financial services industry, offers $1,200 annually and up to $10,000 total for student loan payments.

•   SoFi offers one of the more unique employer student loan repayment programs on the market, offering $200 a month in reimbursement with no cap.

Implementing a student loan repayment program with a matching contribution will depend on a company’s size and resources.

But this kind of incentive can appeal to potential new employees. Most companies do not require employees who leave the organization to repay the benefit. Paid out monthly, it can help with the most burdensome student loan payments, which some employees might find more valuable than, say, a year-end bonus.

Save on Student Debt while Saving for Retirement

Helping employees pay down student loan debt, while also still saving for retirement, is a benefit that could really increase the appeal of an employer loan repayment program.

In 2018, the IRS cleared a path for employers to create a different kind of student loan payoff program that could help attract employees. The program was created by Abbott Laboratories, but companies of all sizes could use a similar approach.

The IRS allowed Abbott to help its employees save for retirement and pay down student debt with a new program that allows people who direct a certain amount of their paycheck to pay off student loans to also get a contribution from Abbott for their retirement accounts.

Abbott’s program might inspire more employers to implement similar programs, where the company can make a tax-free contribution to the employee’s 401(k) on the condition the employee makes student loan payments.

The Takeaway

With the recent extension of the rules set forth in the CARES Act, employer student loan repayment contributions up to $5,250 are payroll-tax and income-tax free until December 31, 2025. For individuals whose company offers such a benefit, this makes it more useful than ever before in paying down student loan debt.

Just like a 401(k) retirement match, a company that offers a student loan repayment program is basically offering you extra money. For many employees, even an extra $100 a month could be enough to help them get out of debt faster and feel more confident about their financial security.

To make the most of student loan repayment benefits and pay down loans in the most efficient way possible, it’s always a good idea to evaluate your current payment plan. For some individuals with federal student loans, switching to an income-driven repayment plan or consolidating your loans could make monthly loan payments more manageable.

For individuals with both private and federal student loans, it might make sense to consider refinancing your student loans through a private lender, such as SoFi.

Refinancing combines multiple student loans — federal or private — into a single loan with one monthly payment. It can potentially lower your interest rate or give you access to more favorable loan terms. That said, refinancing with a private lender means forfeiting access to federal loan benefits like income-driven repayment plans, deferment, and public service loan forgiveness. Nonetheless, if your credit score and earnings have improved since graduating from college, refinancing might be a way to pay less in interest with a lower interest rate and a shorter repayment term.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

Undergraduate and graduate students in school at least half-time can put off making federal student loan payments, and possibly private student loan payments, with in-school deferment. The catch? Interest usually accrues.

Loans are a fact of life for many students. In fact, a majority of them graduate with student loan debt.

While some students choose to start paying off their loans while they’re still in college, many take advantage of in-school deferment.

What Is In-School Deferment?

In-school deferment allows an undergraduate or graduate student, or parent borrower, to postpone making payments on:

•   Direct Loans, which include PLUS loans for graduate and professional students, or parents of dependent undergrads; subsidized and unsubsidized loans; and consolidation loans

•   Perkins Loans

•   Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program loans

Parents with PLUS loans may qualify for deferment if their student is enrolled at least half-time at an eligible college or career school.

What about private student loans? Many lenders allow students to defer payments while they’re in school and for six months after graduation. Sallie Mae lets you defer payments for up to 48 months as long as you are enrolled at least half-time.

But each private lender has its own rules.

Recommended: How Does Student Loan Deferment in Grad School Work?

How In-School Deferment Works

Federal student loan borrowers in school at least half-time are to be automatically placed into in-school deferment. You should receive a notice from your loan servicer.

If your loans don’t go into automatic in-school deferment or you don’t receive a notice, get in touch with the financial aid office at your school. You may need to fill out an In-School Deferment Request, which is available at studentaid.gov.

If you have private student loans, it’s a good idea to reach out to your loan servicer to request in-school deferment. If you’re seeking a new private student loan, you can review the lender’s school deferment rules.

Most federal student loans also have a six-month grace period after a student graduates, drops below half-time enrollment, or leaves school before payments must begin. This applies to graduate students with PLUS loans as well.

Parent borrowers who took out a PLUS loan can request a six-month deferment after their student graduates, leaves school, or drops below half-time enrollment.

Requirements for In-School Deferment

Students with federal student loans must be enrolled at least half-time in an eligible school, defined by the Federal Student Aid office as one that has been approved by the Department of Education to participate in federal student aid programs, even if the school does not participate in those programs.

That includes most accredited American colleges and universities and some institutions outside the United States.

In-school deferment is primarily for students with existing loans or those who are returning to school after time away.

The definition of “half-time” can be tricky. Make sure you understand the definition your school uses for school deferment, as not all schools define half-time status the same way. It’s usually based on a certain number of hours and/or credits.

Do I Need to Pay Interest During In-School Deferment?

For most federal student loans and many private student loans, no.

However, if you have a federal Direct Unsubsidized Loan, interest will accrue during the deferment and be added to the principal loan balance.

If you have a Direct Subsidized Loan or a Perkins Loan, the government pays the interest while you’re in school and during grace periods. That’s also true of the subsidized portion of a Direct Consolidation Loan.

Interest will almost always accrue on deferred private student loans.

Although postponement of payments takes the pressure off, the interest that you’re responsible for that accrues on any loan is currently capitalized, or added to your balance, after deferments and grace periods. (This capitalization will no longer occur in certain situations as of July 2023, thanks to new regulations from the Department of Education that are set to take effect.) You’ll then be charged interest on the increased principal balance. Capitalization of the unpaid interest may also increase your monthly payment, depending on your repayment plan.

If you’re able to pay the interest before it capitalizes, that can help keep your total loan cost down.

Alternatives to In-School Deferment

There are different types of deferment aside from in-school deferment.

•   Economic Hardship Deferment. You may receive an economic hardship deferment for up to three years if you receive a means-tested benefit, such as welfare, you are serving in the Peace Corps, or you work full time but your earnings are below 150% of the poverty guideline for your state and family size.

•   Graduate Fellowship Deferment. If you are in an approved graduate fellowship program, you could be eligible for this deferment.

•   Military Service and Post-Active Duty Student Deferment. You could qualify for this deferment if you are on active duty military service in connection with a military operation, war, or a national emergency, or you have completed active duty service and any applicable grace period. The deferment will end once you are enrolled in school at least half-time, or 13 months after completion of active duty service and any grace period, whichever comes first.

•   Rehabilitation Training Deferment. This deferment is for students who are in an approved program that offers drug or alcohol, vocational, or mental health rehabilitation.

•   Unemployment Deferment. You can receive this deferment for up to three years if you receive unemployment benefits or you’re unable to find full-time employment.

For most deferments, you’ll need to provide your student loan servicer with documentation to show that you’re eligible.

Then there’s federal student loan forbearance, which temporarily suspends or reduces your principal monthly payments, but interest always continues to accrue.

Some private student loan lenders offer forbearance as well.

If your federal student loan type does not charge interest during deferment, that’s probably the way to go. If you’ve reached the maximum time for a deferment or your situation doesn’t fit the eligibility criteria, applying for forbearance is an option.

If your ability to afford your federal student loan payments is unlikely to change any time soon, you may want to consider an income-based repayment plan.

Another option to explore is student loan refinancing. The goal of refinancing with a private lender is to change your rate or term. If you qualify, all loans can be refinanced into one new private loan.

Playing with the numbers can be helpful when you’re considering refinancing. Using a student loan refinance calculator can help you figure out how much you might save.

Should you refinance your student loans? If it could save you money, refinancing may be worth it for you. Just know that if you refinance federal student loans, they will no longer be eligible for federal deferment or forbearance, loan forgiveness programs, or income-driven repayment. Make sure you won’t need access to these programs.

As you’re weighing the pros and cons, this student loan refinancing guide can be a valuable resource to help you decide if refinancing makes sense for you.

The Takeaway

What is in-school deferment? It allows undergraduates and graduate students to buy time before student loan payments begin, but interest usually accrues and is added to the balance.

If you’d like to lower your student loan rates, look into refinancing with SoFi. Students are eligible to refinance a parent’s PLUS loan along with their own student loans. And there are no fees.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

More than two out of three of recent college students took out loans to help cover the costs of furthering their education—averaging $37,338 per borrower in federal student loan debt alone.

When it comes to paying back student loans, both the total amount borrowed (i.e., the principal) and the interest rates (i.e., the percentage charged on top of the principal) can shape how much a borrower ends up shelling out over the life of the loan.

And, just as the cost of attending college in the U.S. has changed with the times, the interest rates charged on educational loans have historically fluctuated, as well.

While the cost of attending college has steadily gone up, the history of student loan interest rates shows both ups and downs. For instance, the 2020-2021 federal loan rates for undergraduates were 2.75%—compared to 4.29% five years prior.

For the 2023-2024 school year, fixed interest rates on Direct Subsidized and Direct Unsubsidized Loans for undergraduate students are 5.50%.

A wide variety of educational loans are available to eligible students—including subsidized and unsubsidized federal ones and those handled by private lenders.

Interest rates for different loans change over time. The U.S. government plays a major role in shaping the student loan landscape by setting fixed interest rates each year on federal loans, which can impact the total amount a borrower ends up paying back.

To understand the history of student loan interest rates, it can be helpful to zoom out and take a wide-lens view of the student loan landscape in the U.S.

The U.S. federal government is the major player in student lending—with $1.6 trillion in federal student loan debt owed by more than 43 million borrowers.

Below is an overview of how current rates compare to the recent history of student loan rates.

Understanding US Student Debt

Of the nearly $17 trillion of outstanding household debt, more than $1.7 trillion comes from student debt—that totals more than what Americans owe for cars or credit card debt, respectively.

Besides mortgages, student loan debt accounts for the largest form of household debt. More than 93% of all outstanding student loans are federal student loans, making the student loan interest rate set by the federal government a significant factor for millions of student borrowers.

Private student loans tend to be set according to a combination of prevailing interest rates and the lender’s projection of the student’s ability to pay, whereas federal student loan rates can be shaped, in part, by something even more confusing than the fine print on a financial statement: politics.

Federal student loans are fixed interest (but the rates are adjusted annually), while private lenders often provide both fixed-rate and variable-interest loans.

Recommended: Strategies for Lowering Your Student Loan Interest Rate

Here’s an overview of federal student loan rates and some changes they’ve seen:

What Did the Coronavirus Pandemic Change?

Right now represents an exceptional period in student lending. Typically, federal student loan interest rates are set according to a formula established by the U.S. Congress.

However, presently, the rate is set to zero through June 30, 2023. This means interest will not accrue on Direct Loans, FFEL Loans, and Perkins Loans issued by the Education Department.

Payments due on federally held student loans have also been paused through June 30, 2023, with payments expected to resume 60 days after a court decision or June 30, 2023, whichever comes first. Both actions are a result of several presidential executive orders that extended benefits first established in the CARES Act—in response to the extraordinary economic situations triggered by the novel Coronavirus pandemic.

Recommended: Navigating Your Student Loans During COVID-19

Federal Student Loans

Federal student loans represent the lion’s share of student lending. But, there’s more than one type of federal student loan. There are a variety of federal educational loans with different student loan interest rates that, historically, have changed with time—from subsidized to unsubsidized, from undergraduate to graduate.

Current federally owned student loans include Direct Loans, Direct PLUS Loans, and Parent Plus Loans.

Recommended: Parent PLUS Loans vs Private Parent Student Loans for College

Direct Loans

Direct Consolidation Loans are responsible for the majority of federal student lending. Issued by the U.S. Department of Education, these loans include both subsidized and unsubsidized student loans.

Subsidized loans are for borrowers who can demonstrate financial need and are exclusively available for undergraduate education, while unsubsidized loans can be used by graduate students. There are also Direct PLUS Loans for graduate students and parents of students.

Direct Loans for the 2023-2024 school year have a fixed interest rate of 5.50% for both direct subsidized and direct unsubsidized loans—notably higher than the interest set on federal loans in previous years.

As a point of comparison, Direct Loans for the 2019-2020 academic year were set at 4.53% for subsidized loans and unsubsidized loans. Two years ago (2018-2019), that rate was 5.05%.

Recommended: Why Are Student Loan Interest Rates So High?

Additional Types of Federal Student Loans

The other types of direct loans are Direct PLUS Loans and Parent PLUS Loans. These both carry interest rates determined through a federal government formula. For the 2020-2021 school year, the rate on PLUS loans was 5.3%, coming down from 7.08% in 2019-2020, and 7.6% the year before that. Current Direct PLUS Loans rates for the 2023-2024 school year are 7.54%.

The current rate on Parent PLUS Loans for the 2023-2024 school year is also 7.54%. All rates for Direct Loans and Parent PLUS Loans are fixed interest rates.

Disused Federal Student Loan Types

The Federal Perkins Loan Program, which is no longer available, offered fixed-rate loans at a 5% interest to qualifying students. This program was aimed at students with exceptional financial needs. Schools stopped disbursing Perkins Loans in 2018 after their authority to do so expired under federal law.

How Are Rates Determined?

Traditionally, federal student loan interest rates have been determined in response to laws passed by the U.S. Congress. According to a piece of legislation from 2013 known as the “Bipartisan Student Loan Certainty Act,” the rate on Direct Loans is determined by a formula pegged to borrowing cost for government debt.

The first year under this formula produced 3.86% rates on Direct Loans. During the year before, the 2012-2013 academic year, subsidized loans were 3.4% and unsubsidized loans were 6.8%. (A 2007 bill had lowered the subsidized rate to 3.4%, but it was due to expire in 2012 and go back to 6.8%.) The bill, which set up the formula currently governing federal student loan rates, was meant to address this snapback to a higher rate.

Before the legislation passed, Congress directly set the student loan interest rate, with 3.4% rates on subsidized loans and 6.8% on unsubsidized loans for the 2012-2013 school year. The 2013 bill also introduced caps that limit how high interest rates could go on the new formula.

The cap for Direct Loans to undergraduates was 8.25%, for graduate student loans it was 9.5%, and for PLUS Loans it was 10.5%. Since 2013, the rates have remained well below the legal caps. You can find previous rates for Direct Loans on the Federal Student Aid website.

Politics and Student Loans

Today’s rates are governed by a formula that differs for different types of loans.

For undergraduate loans, the formula is the interest rate on one type of government debt at a certain time of year plus 2.05%. (The extra interest is added to cover the cost of deferrals, forbearance, and defaults.) For graduate student loans, it’s that same government debt rate plus 3.6%. And, for PLUS Loans, it’s that rate plus 4.6%.

Put another way, the cost students pay to borrow money from the federal government is determined by the cost the government pays to borrow money—plus a fixed buffer of extra interest, which is intended to reduce the risk to the government of students not being able to pay back their loans.

The Takeaway

The interest rates on federal student loans are set by Congress each year and are fixed for the life of the loan. They are determined based on a formula that the rate on Direct Loans is determined by a formula tied to borrowing cost for government debt. Currently, federal student loan interest rates for the 2023-2024 academic year are 5.50%.

Millions of students use federal student loans to help them pay for their higher education. These loans come with benefits baked in—including grace periods, income-driven repayment options, forgiveness for public service, and forbearance—that are not guaranteed by private student loans.

But sometimes, federal student aid isn’t enough to cover the cost of tuition and other expenses. For some, a private student loan may help cover the total cost of attending college—including school-certified expenses such as tuition, fees, room and board, and transportation.

Private loans are disbursed by non-government institutions. SoFi, for instance, offers competitive rate in-school loans that come with no fees. And, when a borrower enrolls in autopay, they could get a rate discount.

For those currently with outstanding student debt, refinancing may be an option to consider. Refinancing student loans may help eligible borrowers pay off their loans faster or lower their monthly payments. It’s worth noting, though, that refinancing a federal loan with a private lender eliminates federal benefits.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

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If you already have a semester or two of college under your belt, you might be asking yourself, “How much do I owe in student loans?” It’s hard to keep track of your student loan balance, especially since the pause on federal student loan payments has been in effect since March 2020. But with that pause expected to end in the summer of 2023, it’s important to know what you owe.

The amount might startle you. One year after leaving school, graduates have an average of $33,500 in student loan debt, according to the most recent numbers from EducationData.org.

The sooner you find out your student loan amounts, the sooner you could make a plan to pay them off. Here’s how to check your student loan balance.

How to Find Out How Much You Owe in Federal Student Loans

Federal student loans typically come in two types: unsubsidized loans and subsidized loans. If you’re a graduate student, you might also have a Graduate PLUS federal student loan. So then, how to check a student loan balance? Fortunately, information on all your federal student loans can be found in one spot. You can look up your balance on the Federal Student Aid (FSA) website.

To check your student loan balance, simply log into your account at studentaid.gov with your FSA ID and password. There, you’ll find your current student loan balance, the interest that has accrued on your account, payment status, and your loan servicer. If your loan servicer has changed, that information will be there as well.

How to Find Out How Much You Owe in Private Student Loans

There’s no one central website to check your balance for private student loans. One method to figure out how much you owe in private loans would be to contact each loan servicer individually.

If your loans have new servicers and you’re having trouble tracking them down, call your original lenders and ask who the new servicers are. Your school’s financial aid office should also have this information.

Another way to find your loan servicers is to check your credit report. You can get a free copy of your credit report from the three main credit bureaus (Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion) and also from AnnualCreditReport.com.

Your report will list your student loans, the loan servicers, and how much you borrowed. From there you can call each server to find out how much you currently owe. Keep in mind, private student loan providers set their own terms, including loan term length, interest rates, and repayment plans.

It might be a good idea to organize your private student loans and determine when the repayment phase kicks in for each, as it could be different from the federal student loan repayment plan.

Keeping Student Loan Debt Manageable

If this is your first time looking up how much you owe in student loans, you might be feeling major sticker shock. Take a deep breath. Keeping track of student loans can be a big undertaking, so don’t panic.

One way to help manage your student loan debt while you’re in college is to get a part-time job. You could look for opportunities to become a paid tutor, intern, or residence assistant. If working part-time during school isn’t possible, you could plan on getting a full-time job in the summer and live off the savings throughout the school year.

In addition to picking up paying jobs, you could also explore scholarships. These help pay for your education and you don’t have to pay them back. All it takes is some dedicated time looking for the right match. You could check with your university and any organizations you’re involved with to see if you can help fund your tuition this way.

Paying Off Your Student Loans

Once you’ve learned how to check your student loan balance and then determined how much you owe, it’s time to develop a master plan to pay your loans off. This is important, especially since the median monthly student loan payment is $250, according to EducationDate.org, which is no small change.

These are some of the ways you could pay off what you owe.

Using a Government Repayment Plan

If you have federal student loans, you’ll likely repay your loans using a government repayment plan. This includes income-driven repayment plans where the minimum payment is based upon factors like your income and family size, and the repayment term can be stretched out to 25 years in some cases.

One downside of these options is that they typically increase the total amount you pay back when compared to the standard 10-year repayment plan.

You could also look into Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), as long as you meet the requirements. To qualify, you must work for a government agency or certain types of nonprofit organizations.

Making an Extra Payment Each Month

If you want to pay off your student loans more quickly, there are a few ways to go about it. First, you could make extra payments. You want to make sure the bulk of your extra payment goes toward your principal, not the interest, so it might make sense to contact your servicers or lenders to let them know if you want to do that.

It will be helpful to see all of your expenses and income together to determine how much extra cash you can put toward your loans. Drawing up a budget can help you determine how much extra money you can put toward your student loan balance.

DIY Student Loan Debt Payoff Ideas

You could organize your student loan debt by either the highest interest rate or by the lowest total outstanding balance. These methods are commonly referred to as the debt avalanche and debt snowball, respectively.

Paying off the debt with the highest interest rate could help save you money in the long-run, whereas paying off the smallest loan balance could give you a quick win.

Once you select a method, you might want to make sure you’re actually making a dent in the balance. One way to do that is to regularly check your balances and see what kind of progress you’ve made. If that method isn’t decreasing your student loan debt as quickly as you’d like, you could switch to a different one.

Refinancing Your Student Loans

Alternatively, you may want to work on ways to reduce your student loan payments. In that case, you could explore student loan refinancing.

When you refinance with a private lender, you replace your old loans with a new private loan, ideally one with a lower interest rate and better terms. Using a student loan refinance calculator can help you figure out how much you might save by doing this.

Once you know the potential savings involved, consider this critical question: Should you refinance your student loans? If it could save you money, refinancing might be worth pursuing. However, it’s important to know that if you refinance federal student loans, they will no longer be eligible for federal deferment or forbearance, loan forgiveness programs, or income-driven repayment. If you’re certain you won’t need access to these programs, refinancing may make sense.

Still not sure? This student loan refinancing guide is full of useful information that could help you decide whether refinancing is the right choice.

SoFi Student Loan Refinancing

If you decide to move ahead, student loan refinancing with SoFi could help lower your monthly payments, shorten your student loan term, or save you money on interest. You can choose low fixed or variable rates, and there are no fees. Plus, you can prequalify and get your rate in just two minutes.

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SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

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