InvestSLR Archives | Page 57 of 77

Jun

2023

Guide to Junk Bonds and Their Pros and Cons

By Samuel Becker | Growing Wealth, Investing | No Comments

A high-yield bond, often called a junk bond, is debt issued by a corporation that has failed to achieve the credit rating of more stable companies. Though they tend to be high-yield, they’re also very risky in most cases.

All investments fall somewhere along the spectrum of risk and reward. In order to increase the chance at a higher reward, an investor must generally increase risk. High-yield bonds are no exception and have a higher likelihood of default than investment-grade bonds. That’s why they are also often called “junk bonds.”

Overview of Bond Market

Bonds are popular with investors for being mostly lower risk than stocks. The bond market works in such a way that it’s made up of a wide asset class that are essentially investments in the debt of a government — federal or local — or a corporation.

They are packaged as a contract between the issuer (the borrower) and the lender (the investor). With bonds, you are acting as both the lender and the investor. That’s why bonds are also referred to as debt instruments, and a key component in how bonds work.

The rate of return that an investor makes on a bond is the rate of interest the issuer pays on their debt plus the increase in value when the bond is sold from when it was purchased. You may hear the interest rate on a bond referred to as the coupon rate. Most bonds make interest payments — coupon payments — twice annually.

You’ll also hear bonds commonly referred to as fixed-income investments. That’s because the interest on a bond is predetermined and will not change, even as markets fluctuate. For example, if a 20-year bond is issued with a 3% interest rate, that interest rate is set and will not change throughout the life of that bond.

Although the interest rate on the bond does not change, the underlying price of the bond can change. Therefore, it is possible to experience negative returns with a bond investment. Bond prices may also retreat in an environment of rising interest rates — this is called interest rate risk.

💡 Quick Tip: When people talk about investment risk, they mean the risk of losing money. Some investments are higher risk, some are lower. Be sure to bear this in mind when investing online.

What Is a High-yield Bond?

As you might expect, high-yield bonds are bonds that pay a high relative rate of interest. Why might a bond pay a higher rate of interest? Most commonly, because there is a higher degree of risk associated with the bond. Hence, the “junk bond” moniker.

The trade-off is that “safer” bond investments typically tend to have a lower yield. Therefore, bonds with lower credit ratings generally must offer higher coupon rates.

In addition to classifications by type (corporate, Treasury, and municipal bonds), bonds are graded on their riskiness, which is also known as their creditworthiness.

A default can occur when the issuer is unable to make timely payments or stops making payments for whatever reason. In some cases of default, the principal — the amount initially invested — cannot be repaid to the lender (i.e., the investor).

Credit Rating Agencies and Junk Bonds

There are two main credit-rating agencies: S&P Global Ratings, and Moody’s.

Each has its own grading system. The S&P rating system, for example, begins at AAA, which is the best rating, and then AA, A, BBB, and so on, down to D. Bonds that are ranked as a D are currently in default and C grades are at a high risk of default.

Using S&P’s system, high-yield bonds are generally classified as below a BBB rating. These bonds are considered to be highly speculative. Bonds at a BBB rating and above are less speculative and sometimes referred to as “investment grade.” With Moody’s rating, high-yield bonds are classified at a Baa rating and below.

This means that bonds with better credit ratings are generally the ones that are least likely to default. Treasurys and corporate bonds issued by large, stable companies are considered very safe and highly unlikely to default. These bonds come with a AAA rating.

Fallen Angels in Bond Market

Fallen angels are companies that have been downgraded from a higher investment-grade credit rating to junk-bond status. Diminished finances, as well as a tough economic environment, could send a company from the coveted investment-graded status to junk.

Rising Stars in Bond Market

A rising star is a junk bond that has potential to become investment grade due to an improved financial position by the company. A rising star could also be a company that’s relatively new to the corporate debt market and therefore has no history of debt. However, analysts at credit-rating firms may judge that the company has high creditworthiness due to its finances or competitive edge.

Junk Bonds Pros & Cons

It’s up to each investor to decide if high-yield bonds have a place in their portfolio. Here are the pros and cons of high-yield bonds so you can make a decision about whether to integrate them into your overall investment strategy.

5 Pros of High-yield Bonds

Here’s a rundown of some of the pros of high-yield bonds.

1. Higher Yield

High-yield bond rates tend to be higher than the rates for investment-grade bonds. The interest rate spread may vary over time, but high-yield bonds having higher rates will generally be true or else no investor would choose a higher-risk bond over a lower-risk bond with the same rate.

2. Consistent Yield

Even most high-yield or junk bonds agree to a yield that is fixed and therefore, predictable. Yes, the risk of default is higher than with an investment-grade bond, but a high-yield bond is not necessarily destined to default. A high-yield bond may provide a more consistent yield than a stock–which is a key thing to know when researching bonds vs. stocks.

3. Bondholders Get Priority When Company Fails

If a company collapses, both stockholders and bondholders are at risk of losing their investments. In the event that assets are liquidated, bondholders are first in line to be paid out and stockholders come next. In this way, a high-yield bond could be considered safer than a stock for the same company.

4. Bond Price May Appreciate Due To Credit Rating

When a bond has a less than perfect rating, it has the opportunity to improve. This is not the case for AAA bonds. If a company gets an improved rating from one of the agencies, it’s possible that the price of the bond may appreciate.

5. Less Interest-Rate Sensitivity

Some analysts believe that high-yield bonds may actually be less sensitive to changes in interest rates because they often have shorter durations. Many high-yield bonds have 10-year, or shorter, terms, which make them less prone to interest rate risk than bonds with maturities of 20 or 30 years.

4 Cons of High-Yield Bonds

Here are some of the cons of high-yield bonds.

1. Higher Default Rates

High-yield bonds offer a higher rate of return because they have a higher risk of default than investment-grade bonds. During a default, it is possible for an investor to lose all money, including the principal amount invested. Unstable companies are particularly vulnerable to collapse, especially during a recession. The rating agencies seek to identify these companies.

2. Hard to Sell

If an investor invests directly in high-yield bonds, they may be more difficult to resell. In general, bond trading is not as fluid as stock trading, and high-yield bonds may attract less demand or have smaller markets, and therefore, may be harder to sell at the desired price, or at all.

3. Bond Price May Depreciate Due to Credit Rating

Just as a bond price could increase with an improved rating, a bond price could fall with a decreased rating. Investors may want to investigate which companies are at risk of a lowered credit rating by one of the major agencies.

4. Sensitive to Interest Rate Changes

All bonds are subject to interest rate risk. Bond prices move in an inverse direction to interest rates; they can decrease in value during periods of increasing interest rates.

💡 Quick Tip: It’s smart to invest in a range of assets so that you’re not overly reliant on any one company or market to do well. For example, by investing in different sectors you can add diversification to your portfolio, which may help mitigate some risk factors over time.

How to Invest in High-yield Bonds

There are two primary ways to invest in junk bonds: by owning the bonds directly and by owning a pool of bonds through the use of mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

By owning high-yield bonds directly, you have more control over how your portfolio is invested, but it can be difficult for retail investors to do this. Brokerage firms typically allow sophisticated investors to directly own junk bonds, but even then it could be labor-intensive and a hassle.

Investing in high-yield bond mutual funds or ETFs, on the other hand, may allow you to diversify your holdings quickly and easily.

Junk-bond funds may also allow you to make swift changes to your overall portfolio when needed; they might be more economical for smaller investors; and they allow you to invest in multiple bond funds if desired. It’s important to check both the transaction costs and the internal management fee, called an expense ratio, on your funds.

Do Junk Bonds Fit Into Your Investment Strategy?

The only way to truly determine whether junk bonds are a good or suitable fit for your portfolio and investment strategy is to sit down and take stock of your full financial picture. It may also be worthwhile to consult with a financial professional for guidance.

But generally speaking, junk bonds are likely going to be a suitable addition to your portfolio if you’ve already covered all, or most, of your other bases. That is, that you’ve built a diversified portfolio, and are taking your risk tolerance and time horizon into account. In that case, having some room to “play” with junk bonds may be suitable — but again, a financial professional would know best.

If you’re a beginner investor, or someone who’s trying to build a portfolio from scratch, junk bonds are probably not a good fit. If you’ve been investing for years and have a large, diversified portfolio? Then adding some junk bonds or other high-risk investments to the mix probably wouldn’t be nearly as big of an issue.

Other Higher-Risk Investments

Junk bonds are high-risk investments, but they’re far from the only ones. Here are some other types of relatively high-risk investments to be aware of.

Penny Stocks

Penny stocks are stocks with very low share prices — typically less than $5 per share, and often, under $1 per share. While these stocks have the potential for huge gains, they’re also very risky and speculative. As such, they may be considered the “junk bonds” of the stock market.

IPO stocks

Another type of high-risk stock is IPO stocks, or shares of companies that have recently gone public. While an IPO stock may see its value soar immediately after hitting the market, there’s also a good chance that its value could fall significantly, which makes IPO stocks a risky investment.

REITs

REITs, or real estate investment trusts, allow investors to invest in real estate assets without actually buying property. But the real estate market has significant risks, which filter down to REITs and REIT shareholders. That, like the aforementioned investments, makes them risky and speculative.

The Takeaway

High-yield bonds, or junk bonds, are debt instruments issued by a corporation that has failed to achieve the credit rating of more stable companies. Though they tend to be high-yield, they’re also very risky in most cases. That doesn’t mean that they don’t necessarily have a place in an investor’s portfolio, however.

While companies that issue high-yield bonds tend to be lower on a scale of creditworthiness than their investment-grade counterparts, junk bonds still tend to have more reliable returns than stocks or nascent markets like cryptocurrencies.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

What is considered a junk bond?

A junk bond describes a type of corporate bond that has a credit rating below most other bonds from stable companies. The low credit rating tends to mean they’re riskier, and accordingly, pay higher yields.

Are high yield bonds good investments?

Generally, no, high-yield bonds or junk bonds are not good investments, mostly because they’re risky and speculative. Again, that doesn’t mean that there isn’t necessarily a place for them in a portfolio, but investors would do well to research them thoroughly before buying.

Which bonds give the highest yield?

High-yield bonds, or junk bonds, tend to give investors the highest yield. These are risky bonds issued by corporations, and have low credit ratings. As such, they’re speculative investments.

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

Jun

2023

5 Tips For Getting the Lowest Rate When Refinancing Student Loans

By Sarah Brooks | Fresh Out of School, Student Loans, student_loan | No Comments

The main reason for refinancing student loans with a private lender is to combine your loans into one new loan with a lower interest rate. If you extend the loan term and get a lower student loan interest rate, your monthly payment will go down. Another option is to shorten your loan term, which will allow you to pay potentially thousands of dollars less in interest over the life of the loan.

Reduce Your Interest on Student Loans

Consolidating multiple student loan balances into one new loan with a low interest rate can be ideal for those looking to reduce the amount they owe in interest. It’s important to note, though, that if you refinance federal student loans, you lose access to federal benefits such as student loan forgiveness.

Getting approved for student loan refinancing isn’t just a matter of submitting an application. You need a game plan — one that will help you become a strong loan candidate, who’ll land a quick “yes” and a lower student loan interest rate. Here are five ways to get a lower interest rate on student loans.

5 Point Plan for Getting a Low Interest Rate

1. Check your credit.

If you want to reduce your student loan interest rate through refinancing, the first thing you should do is check your credit score. The better your credit profile, the less risky you appear to lenders. If your credit profile is solid — meaning you have a decent credit score and a low debt-to-income ratio — lenders should offer you their best rates.

If, however, your credit profile isn’t quite where you want it to be, that’s OK. Take a few months to build up your credit and reapply for student loan refinancing down the line to see if you qualify for a better rate.

Recommended: Why Your Debt to Income Ratio Matters

2. Take a hard look at your cost of living.

Some cities are more expensive to live in than others. Someone renting an apartment in a small Midwestern town, for example, has lower living expenses than someone who owns a row home in San Francisco. Cost of living ties directly into your debt-to-income ratio, and therefore matters when you want to get a lower interest rate on student loans.

To some extent, this is out of your hands; your zip code helps lenders determine your cost of living. But anything you can do to pay down debt and make choices that free up more cash—such as renting a smaller apartment, taking on a roommate, or leasing a cheaper car—can help your case.

3. Give lenders a complete history.

Some student loan refinancing lenders consider things like where you went to school and how you’re doing professionally when they weigh your application. Provide as much information as you can when it comes to your undergraduate and graduate degrees.

Be sure to also include all relevant work experience. Again, if you can show lenders that you have a solid work history and your income has steadily increased, you will appear less risky. The less riskier you are to lenders, the better your student loan interest rate will be.

If there’s a job offer on the horizon, be sure to submit your offer letter with your application. And if you get a promotion while your application is under review, notify the lender immediately. If you’re in line for a promotion that will positively affect your paycheck, wait until that’s materialized before you apply.

4. Show all your income.

When lenders ask for income information, they mean all of your income, not just job earnings. List dividends, interest earned, bonuses, and the extra money you make from your side hustle or Airbnb rental property. As long as you can prove these income sources, it will all count towards your debt-to-income ratio and help to lower it. And again, the lower this ratio, the better chances you have at qualifying for a low student loan refinance rate.

The higher your income, the more cash you have to throw at the refinancing equation.

Also, make sure your driver’s license is current and that your student loan statements are all correct. If you’re self-employed, wait until you’ve filed your taxes to apply for refinancing—it’s the easiest way to prove the previous year’s income.

5. Be flexible.

If you have a number of student loans and you’re not offered the best rate when you apply for refinancing, consider refinancing only a couple of them. You may snag a lower interest rate with a smaller refinance balance. You can always apply for the full balance down the road after you’ve received a raise or moved to a less expensive location.

Being flexible also means you might want to think about asking a friend or relative for help if your application isn’t as strong as you’d like. When you refinance your student loans with a cosigner who has a good credit profile and low debt-to-income ratio, you may be able to get a lower rate than if you refinanced on your own.

Refinance Student Loans With SoFi

The stronger you are as a student loan refinancing candidate, the better your chances are of getting the best student loan refinance rate possible. To get the lowest rate when refinancing, check your credit, take a close look at your living expenses and debt-to-income ratio, give lenders a complete history of your education and employment, make sure to include all of your income sources in the application, and finally, be flexible, even if that means applying with a cosigner.

Keep in mind, though, that if you choose to refinance your federal student loans with a private lender, you lose access to federal benefits, such as student loan forgiveness and income-driven repayment plans. Make sure you don’t plan on using these benefits now or at any point in the future before deciding to refinance.

If you do think a student loan refinance may be in your best interest, consider SoFi. SoFi offers competitive rates and does not charge any origination fees. It takes just a few minutes to see your rates, and your credit score will not be affected when you prequalify.

See if you prequalify for a student loan refinance with SoFi.

FAQ

Can you negotiate your student loan interest rate?

Not necessarily. Rates are determined by both the market and your credit profile, leaving little room for negotiation. You can, however, present your lowest offer to another lender to see if they will match that.

How can I get a lower interest rate when refinancing my student loans?

You can get a lower interest rate when refinancing student loans by building your credit profile, having a reliable source of income, and making sure your debt-to-income ratio is low.

Is it possible to get lower rates when refinancing student loans?

Yes, it is possible to get a lower interest rate when refinancing student loans. Your student loan interest rate will depend on current market rates, your credit profile, and your debt-to-income ratio.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Jun

2023

10 Top Career Training Programs

By Brandi Lucey | Building Your Career, Life & Career, Student Loans, student_loan | Comments Off

When it comes to getting a secure, well-paying job, it’s not always necessary to get a college degree first.

Some students may choose a career training program to learn the necessary skills for a specific job, often more quickly and for less money than a four-year college degree. These programs may also be referred to as career certificate programs, usually certifying the students to work in a particular role once the course is completed.

Recent high school graduates or those who have attained their GED can often attend career training programs and get started on their careers after receiving their certificate.

Why Do People Choose Career Training Programs?

Two big factors in choosing to go through a career training program before or instead of going to college are time and money.

Career training programs typically can be completed in less time than it generally takes to complete an undergraduate degree. Some programs can be finished in as little as four months.

In addition, they’re also less expensive, which may mean that students have less student loan debt. On average, a career certificate program may cost around $100 per credit. By comparison, the average annual cost of in-state tuition at a public two-year institution is $3,862, and at a public four-year college, the in-state tuition averages $9,377 a year.

For instance, at Minnesota State University, certificate programs consist of nine to 30 credits, which can be completed in one year or less of full-time study. If these programs cost the average $100 per credit, they would cost between $900 and $3,000. This is fairly affordable compared to the cost of tuition at either a two-year or a four-year institution.

Another reason some people choose a career training program is that they need to, or would like to, start earning money relatively soon after graduating high school. And that way, if they borrowed money to help pay for their certificate program, they can put more money toward student loans to pay them off.

A career training program could be a more direct route to employment than getting an associate or bachelor’s degree for people who are sure about their career path. This could also be a beneficial route for students who want to save money to attend college later in life.

Choosing a Program

The most important thing to look for when choosing a career training program, whether it’s in-person or an online career training program, is accreditation. Accreditation verifies that an institution is meeting a certain level of quality. Usually, a certificate will need to come from an accredited institution for it to be considered legitimate.

Accreditation is done by private agencies, and most programs or institutions will list accreditations on their website.

The most up-to-date accreditation information can be found in the database of postsecondary institutions and programs compiled by the US Department of Education or with the specific accrediting agency’s website.

Once it’s clear that the potential programs are accredited, students can begin to narrow down which one will be best for them. This will be a highly personal choice, but there are a few factors worthy of attention, including cost, course length, and type of instruction (online vs. in-person).

Job search assistance—which might include resume writing workshops, job fairs, or interview prep—is another element that may help set students up for success.

Top Paying Jobs For Certificate Holders

In addition to career training programs having the potential to save students time and money, people want to know that they’ll be able to make a good living with those jobs. They also want jobs that can help pay off any money borrowed for school.

These are some of the highest paying jobs for those opting to go through a career training program:

1. Web Designer

According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average annual income for a web designer is $78,300, with the educational requirements ranging from a high school diploma to a bachelor’s degree. This job is growing faster than average, so it has a promising future.

2. Paralegals and Legal Assistants

Paralegals and legal assistants make, on average, $56,230 per year. The required education for an entry-level job as a paralegal is a certificate or an associate degree. This job is also growing at a rate much faster than average, showing great potential for a long-term career.

3. Solar Photovoltaic Installer

Solar panel installation is a growing field with decent pay and a lot of projected growth for the future. The median annual pay is $47,670, with only a high school degree or a certificate required to begin working.

4. Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses

Training to become a licensed practical or licensed vocational nurse typically takes only one year of full-time study, and the median annual salary is $48,070. This job is growing as fast as average and is in a field that will certainly always exist. This could be a good choice for someone who wants to be in the medical field without the time and financial commitment it takes to become a doctor.

5. Medical Records Technician

Working as a medical records technician usually only requires a certificate, and sometimes an associate degree. This job has a median annual pay of $46,660 and the potential to work from home.

6. Pharmacy Technician

The median pay for a pharmacy technician is $36,740 per year. This job is growing at an average rate and typically requires on-the-job training or a formal training program, most of which last one year. Some longer pharmacy tech training programs culminate in an associate degree.

7. Computer Support Specialist

The role of a computer support specialist can vary widely, which means the educational requirements may also vary. Some jobs in this field may require a bachelor’s degree, but others may only require an associate degree or a certificate. The median annual pay for a computer support specialist is $57,910, and the field is growing as fast as average.

8. Phlebotomists

Phlebotomists draw blood and may work in hospitals, labs, or doctors’ offices. Professional certification, which can be gained after completing a phlebotomy training program, is the credential generally preferred by employers. This job has a median annual pay of $37,380 and it’s growing much faster than average.

9. Medical Assistants

Medical assistants have a median annual pay of $37,190 and the job only requires a certificate or on-the-job training. This job is growing much faster than average.

10. Wind Turbine Technician

The median pay for this job is $56,260 per year and the only education required is a training certificate through a technical program. This job is growing at a rate much faster than average, which could make it a great choice for students who are ready to start their career shortly after graduating high school.

Paying for a Career Training Program

Just because career training programs are typically less expensive than college doesn’t mean they’ll be easy to pay for. Some programs last longer than others and could end up costing a fair chunk of money. Here are some ways to help cover the costs.

Pay for it. One way to pay for a career training program is to save up the amount of money needed before starting it, especially if the program is short or has a lower cost. Paying in full with cash means no debt to worry about.

Financial aid. Another potential way to pay for a career training program is to apply for federal student financial aid, which may be available to students enrolled in eligible degree or certificate programs and who meet other eligibility requirements. Completing the Free Application for Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) is the first step. After submitting the FAFSA, students will find out if they’re eligible for federal student aid, which could include federal student loans and/or work-study.

Scholarships. Students who aren’t eligible for financial aid or those who can’t cover tuition costs may want to look for scholarships. There may be fewer scholarships available for certificate programs than there are for degree programs, but they’re out there.

The best place to start looking for scholarships is with the school the student is attending. Some schools set up their own scholarships. Alternatively, students can search for scholarships offered by professional organizations in their related fields.

Private student loans. A private student loan may be another option to cover the cost of a career training program.

One of the basics of student loans is that loan terms will vary from lender to lender, and applicants are encouraged to shop around. It also makes sense for students to exhaust all federal student aid options before considering private student loans.

Learn more about how private student loans work with this private student loans guide.

Student loan refinancing. If you took out student loans and the payments are difficult to manage, or you’d like to get a lower interest rate, you can look into refinancing student loans.

One of the advantages of refinancing student loans is that you may be able to qualify for more favorable terms or a lower rate, which could help you save money.

Just be aware that when you refinance federal student loans, you lose access to federal protections and programs like income-driven repayment plans. Be sure you don’t need those benefits if you choose to refinance.

The Takeaway

Students can be under a lot of pressure to go right into a four-year college or university after graduating high school, but career training programs provide an alternative that can also set them up for success, typically in less time and for less money.

There are a number of options to help pay for a certificate training program, including saving up for it, applying for federal student financial aid, looking for scholarships, and taking out a private student loan.

If you have student loans and you’d like to get a more favorable rate or better terms, consider student loan refinancing. SoFi offers loans with low fixed or variable rates, flexible terms, and no fees. And you can find out if you prequalify in two minutes.

Learn your options for student loan refinancing with SoFi.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Jun

2023

Guide to Mega Cap Stocks

By Rebecca Lake | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

Mega cap, or “megacap,” is a term that describes the largest publicly-traded companies, based on their market capitalization. Mega cap stocks typically include industry-leading companies with highly recognizable brands.

Investing in mega cap stocks, along with companies that have a smaller market capitalization, can help build a diversified investment portfolio. Spreading investment dollars across different market caps may allow investors to minimize potential risks. But like any security, mega cap stocks have both pros and cons that investors should consider. Learning more about how they work and what sets them apart from other types of stocks can help you decide whether there’s a place for them in your portfolio.

Market Capitalization, Explained

Mega cap stocks sit at one end of the market capitalization spectrum, representing the very largest companies in the public markets. Market capitalization is a commonly used method for categorizing publicly-traded companies. In simple terms, market capitalization or market cap measures a company’s value, as determined by multiplying the current market price of a single share by the total number of shares outstanding.

For example, say a company’s stock is priced at $50 per share and it has 10 million shares outstanding. Following the formula of $50 x 10,000,000, the company would have a total market capitalization of $500 million.

Most often, companies are assigned to one of three categories, based on their market capitalization as follows:

• Small cap: Market value of $250 million to $2 billion

• Mid cap: Market value of $2 billion to $10 billion

• Large cap: Market value above $10 billion

While most companies fit into one of these three groups, some outliers exist on either end of the spectrum. The smallest of the small cap stocks are microcap stocks, while the largest companies are the mega caps.

💡 Quick Tip: Investment fees are assessed in different ways, including trading costs, account management fees, and possibly broker commissions. When you set up an investment account, be sure to get the exact breakdown of your “all-in costs” so you know what you’re paying.

Mega Cap Stock Definition

Mega cap stocks have a market capitalization that’s significantly beyond $10 billion required for classification of large cap stocks. Instead, these companies have market capitalizations in the hundreds of billions or even of $1 trillion or more.

There are a handful of companies with market caps of more than $1 trillion, and those companies only passed the trillion-dollar mark in recent years. That said, it’s likely more companies will become mega cap stocks in the years ahead.

10 Companies With the Largest Market Cap

As of June 2023, these are the ten companies with the largest market caps. Note, too, that there isn’t always a direct correlation between market cap and stock price!

1. Apple

Apple, which trades under the market ticker AAPL, has a market cap of $2.9 trillion, and shares trade at more than $185. Apple is a tech company that produces consumer tech goods and software, including the iPhone. Its latest quarterly report (Q2 2023) showed revenue of almost $95 billion.

2. Microsoft

Microsoft trades under the MSFT ticker, and has a market cap of more than $2.5 trillion. Microsoft, like Apple, is a large tech company that creates software and hardware for businesses and consumers. Microsoft shares trade for nearly $340, and its latest revenue numbers tallied nearly $53 billion for the quarter.

3. Alphabet

Yet another large tech company, specializing in software and ad sales, Alphabet (the parent company of Google) has a market cap of more than $1.57 trillion. Alphabet trades under the GOOG ticker (it has numerous share classes), and shares trade for around $124. Its latest quarterly revenue was almost $70 billion.

4. Amazon

Amazon is an ecommerce company that sells just about everything under the sun on its digital platform, as well as offering cloud services to businesses. Amazon trades under the AMZN ticker, and has a market cap of $1.22 trillion, and shares trade for more than $125. Amazon’s latest quarterly revenue was $127 billion.

5. NVIDIA

NVIDIA makes computer chips, and has a market cap of $1.07 trillion, with share prices of around $434. NVIDIA trades under the NVDA ticker, and its most recent quarterly revenue was $7.19 billion.

6. Tesla

Tesla, an electric car maker, is not a mega cap stock, but close. Its market cap is $857 billion, with share prices of more than $270. It trades under the ticker TSLA, and saw revenue of $23.3 billion during Q1 2023.

7. Berkshire Hathaway

Berkshire Hathaway is a conglomerate holding company, meaning that it is involved in many industries, including real estate and insurance. It has many stock classes, but trades under the ticker BRK.A, and is valued at more than $516,000 (its other shares trade for significantly less). Its market cap is nearly $743 billion, and its latest quarterly revenue was more than $85 billion.

8. Meta

Meta is the parent company of Facebook, and trades under the ticker META. Its market cap is $726 billion, and shares trade for more than $283. Revenue for the first quarter of 2023 was almost $28 billion.

9. Visa

Visa is a financial services company, which most recently brought in quarterly revenue of almost $31 billion. Visa trades under the ticker V, and has a market cap of more than $466 billion, with shares trading for more than $227.

10. UnitedHealth Group

UnitedHealth Group is a healthcare and insurance company with a market cap of $437 billion. Shares are trading for nearly $470, and its latest quarterly revenue numbers amounted to $336 billion.

3 Pros of Investing in Mega Cap Stocks

There are several good reasons to consider making mega cap stocks part of your asset allocation strategy.

1. Diversification

Investing across different sectors and market capitalizations spreads out risk, since economic ups and downs may affect smaller, mid-sized and larger companies differently.

2. Stability

Established mega cap companies are among the most stable in the economy and may be better able to withstand a market downturn compared to smaller or newer companies without cash reserves or a solid brand reputation.

3. Dividends

Some mega cap stocks pay dividends to investors since they don’t need to reinvest profits into growth. That can provide an additional stream of income or allow for faster portfolio growth if they’re reinvested.

Cons of Investing in Mega Cap Stocks

While there are some things that make mega cap companies attractive to investors, it’s important to consider the potential downsides:

Limited Upside

Since many mega caps have already done most of their growing, there may be limited space for their share prices to increase.

Perception vs Reality

Market capitalization measures the stock market’s perceived value of a stock, not its intrinsic value. So mega cap status alone shouldn’t be considered a reliable indicator of a company’s fundamentals or financial health.

💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

How To Invest in Mega Caps

If you understand the investment risk and potential rewards that come with mega cap stocks and you’re interested in adding them to your portfolio, there are two ways to do it. You can choose to invest in individual mega cap stocks, or you can put money into an investment fund, such as a mutual fund or an exchange-traded fund (ETF) that holds mega caps.

You can also look at investing in a market index that can give your portfolio exposure to mega cap stocks.

Buying individual stocks allows you to pick and choose which mega caps you want to purchase. But this may require more of a hands-on approach as you’ll need to research individual companies. There are similarities and differences, in that regard, between investing in mega cap and investing in small cap stocks.

Investing in a thematic ETF focused on mega cap stocks may be a simpler way to diversify with larger companies. This allows you to have exposure to more mega cap stocks in your portfolio.

ETFs can be traded on an exchange, just like a stock, allowing for greater liquidity and flexibility than traditional mutual funds. Lower turnover ratios can make ETFs more tax-efficient than regular mutual funds. Depending on which mega cap ETF you choose, you may pay a much lower expense ratio than you would with traditional mutual funds.

Buying Stocks With SoFi

Mega cap stocks refers to stocks that have a market capitalization of more than $10 billion, and in some cases, more than $1 trillion. As of June 2023, there are only a handful of mega cap stocks out there, but several companies may become mega cap stocks in the subsequent years.

Mega cap stocks offer stability and the potential for dividend income, though they may have lower upside than smaller stocks that have more room to grow. The right role for mega cap stocks in your portfolio will depend on your investment goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon.

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

What are examples of mega caps?

Some examples of mega cap stocks include Apple (AAPL), Microsoft (MSFT), Alphabet (GOOG), and Amazon (AMZN), the first two of which have market caps of more than $2 trillion.

How many mega cap stocks are there in the U.S.?

Mega cap stocks are stocks with share prices of vastly more than $10 billion, and as such, there are many on the market – dozens, in fact. But there are only three or four with market caps of more than $1 trillion.

What is the difference between a large-cap and mega cap?

While mega cap stocks are typically defined as having market caps of more than $10 billion (often more than $200 billion), large-cap stocks have market caps ranging from $2 billion to $10 billion.

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

Jun

2023

25+ Potential Ways to Invest in a Carbon-free Future

27 Potential Ways to Invest in a Carbon-free Future

By Laurel Tincher | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

Impact investing and socially responsible investing has been growing in popularity in recent years, and will continue to grow for the foreseeable future.

Investing in a carbon-free future is one of the most powerful ways for individuals to help restore the climate. Studies have shown that investing in climate mitigation and adaptation now will prevent trillions of dollars in future losses from disaster relief, GDP decreases, and property losses, and it will cost far less to act now than to deal with future damages.

Another reason to start investing in a carbon-free future now: Since there will be a worldwide focus on the transition to a carbon-free economy in the coming years and decades, some investors might consider investing in green stocks to be one way to build a strong long-term portfolio. As with all investing, it’s essential to carefully consider the risks involved in your chosen investment strategies. Some, all, or none of the below strategies may be appropriate for you.

How Carbon Impacts Our Planet

Current carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere are higher than they have been in at least 800,000 years, and likely higher than they have been in the past 3 million years.

Human activities ranging from automobile use and building construction to agriculture results in greenhouse gas emissions. Over millions of years prior to the Industrial Revolution, carbon was removed from the atmosphere naturally through plant photosynthesis and other processes—but by fossil fuels like coal and oil, humans have put that carbon back into the atmosphere in just a few hundred years. Once emitted, that CO2 stays in the air for centuries.

Changing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere changes the Earth’s carbon cycles and results in global climate change. Some effects of climate change are already visible: rising sea levels, more intense hurricanes and fires, disappearing glaciers, and more. Around half of the CO2 emitted since 1850 is still in the atmosphere, and the rest of it is in the oceans causing ocean acidification, which interferes with the ability of marine life to grow skeletons and shells.

Currently, CO2 emissions continue to increase yearly—so it’s just as important for us to scale up the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere as it is to continue working on reducing emissions.

There are ways companies can do construction, agriculture, and all other industrial activity without emitting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, but scaling up these solutions will require a massive amount of investment. That’s where individual investors can make a difference—by putting money behind companies that are working to create a carbon-free planet.

Climate-Friendly Industries and Companies to Invest In

Ready to make a difference by supporting climate visionaries? Here are 25+ ways to invest in a carbon-free future.

1. Carbon Offsets

Individuals and companies can purchase carbon offsets to zero out their carbon emissions. How they work: You can calculate your estimated emissions from air or car travel or other activities, and invest in local or international projects that contribute to the reduction of emissions. For instance, an individual could invest in a solar energy project in Africa to offset their annual emissions.

Although carbon offsets are controversial because they don’t directly work to reduce one’s emissions, they do help to build out renewable energy infrastructure, regenerative agriculture, and other important initiatives. They are also helpful for offsetting certain activities that are often unavoidable and have no carbon neutral option, such as flying in a plane.

2. Carbon Credits

Carbon credits give a company the right to emit only a certain amount of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases.

They create a cap on the amount of emissions that can occur, and then the right to those emissions can be bought and sold in the market. Caps may be placed on nations, states, companies, or industries.

Carbon credits are controversial because larger companies can afford more credits which they can either use or sell for a profit, and some believe the program may lower the incentive for companies to reduce their emissions.

However, companies may be incentivized to reduce emissions in two different ways:

1. They can sell any extra credits they don’t use, thus making money.
2. Generally, limits are lowered over time, and companies that exceed their limits are fined—therefore, transitioning to lower emissions practices is in their best interest.

Although carbon credits are used by companies, individuals can invest in carbon credits through ETFs, or consider carbon emissions alternative investments.

3. ESG Indices and Impact Investing ETFs

Individuals can invest in ESG (environmental social governance) and impact investing ETFs, which are funds made up of companies focused on socially and environmentally responsible practices. Companies included in these funds may be working on renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, plastics alternatives, or other important areas.

4. Climate and Low-Carbon ETFs

Within the impact investing and ESG investing space, there are ETFs specifically focused on climate change and carbon reduction. These exclude companies that rely on fossil fuels, focusing exclusively on companies deemed as climate-friendly.

5. Carbon Capture, Sequestration, and Storage

There are many ways that carbon can be removed from the atmosphere, including through trees and other plants, or by machinery. CO2 can also be captured at the source of emission before it is released into the atmosphere. Once captured, the carbon needs to be stored in the ground or in long-lasting products, so it doesn’t get leaked into the air. Interested investors might want to consider buying stocks in companies that sequester millions of tons of CO2 each year.

6. Products and Materials Made from Captured Carbon

Once removed from the atmosphere, carbon can be used to make many products and materials, including carbon fiber, graphene, and cement. The construction industry is one of the biggest emitters of carbon dioxide, so replacing standard materials with ones made from sequestered CO2 would have a huge impact. All of these materials industries are poised to see huge growth in the coming years, and investing in them helps promote market growth, which can lower the cost of materials and make them more accessible to customers.

7. Tree-Planting Companies and Sustainable Forestry

The business of planting trees is growing. Newer tree planting companies are currently private, but investors can buy stocks, REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) and ETFs in companies that practice sustainable forestry and land management, as well as companies that allow investors to purchase a tree.

8. Regenerative Agriculture

The way the majority of agriculture is currently practiced worldwide depletes the soil and land over time. This not only makes it harder to grow food, it also decreases the amount of CO2 that gets removed from the atmosphere and stored in the soil. But with regenerative agricultural practices, the quality of soil improves over time. Spreading the knowledge and use of regenerative farming is extremely important to both food security and greenhouse gas management. Individuals can invest in regenerative agriculture through REITs, or even by investing in individual farms.

9. Green Bonds and Climate Bonds

Green bonds function the same way as other types of bonds, but they are specifically used to raise money to finance projects that have environmental benefits. Projects could include biodiversity, rewilding, renewable energy, clean transportation, and many other areas in the realm of sustainable development. In addition to buying individual bonds, investors can buy into bond funds.

10. Blue Bonds

Blue bonds focus on protecting the oceans by addressing plastic pollution, marine conservation, and more.

11. Refrigerant Management and Alternatives

Refrigerants used for cooling are among the top five highest emitters in the world, according to nonprofit org Project Drawdown . There are several ways to invest in improvements in the refrigerant industry:

•  Invest in alternative refrigerants such as ammonia and captured carbon dioxide.
•  Invest in companies making new types of cooling devices.
•  Invest in refrigerant management companies that reclaim refrigerants.

Other companies are working to retrofit old buildings and provide new buildings with more efficient HVAC systems.

12. Plant-based Foods

Raising livestock for food has a huge environmental footprint: It leads to huge amounts of deforestation, and cows emit methane when they burp, which is a much stronger greenhouse gas than CO2. Raising cows also uses a lot of water, transportation, chemicals, and energy. Replacing meat and materials with plant-based options can significantly reduce emissions and resource use.

13. Food Waste Solutions

Food waste in landfills does not biodegrade naturally—instead it gets buried under more layers of refuse and biodegrades anaerobically, emitting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere for centuries. Landfills are one of the biggest contributors to global emissions, with food waste contributing 8% of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide.

Some companies are heavily investing in waste-to-energy and landfill gas-to-energy facilities, which turn landfill waste into a useful energy source—essentially making products out of food ingredients and byproducts that would otherwise have gone to waste. One has developed a promising food waste recycling unit that could help reduce the amount of waste that sits in landfills as well.

14. Biodiversity and Conservation

Protecting biodiversity is key to creating a carbon-free future. Biodiversity includes crucial forest and ocean ecosystems that sequester and store carbon while also maintaining a planetary balance of nutrient and food cycles.

Interest in biodiversity investments has been growing, and there is even an ETF focused on habitat preservation.

15. Sustainable Aquaculture

The demand for fish rises every year, in part because eating fish is better for the planet and emissions than eating livestock. But a lot of work goes into making sure fishing is done sustainably to avoid overfishing and species depletion, and prevent widespread disease and wasted seafood. Investors may choose to support sustainable aquaculture by seeking out new and established businesses in the industry, or by investing in ETFs that include companies involved in responsible use and protection of ocean resources.

16. Green Building Materials

Creating construction materials such as steel and concrete results in a significant amount of CO2 emissions. There is currently a race in the materials industry to develop new materials and improve the processes of making existing ones. Both new and established businesses are part of this race. Besides steel and concrete, other key building materials that can contribute to a carbon-free future include bamboo and hemp.

17. Water

Clean water systems are essential to the health of the planet and human life. As the population grows, there will be more demand for water, which requires increased infrastructure and management. Proper water management can have a huge impact on emissions as well.

There are three main ways for individuals to invest in the future of water. One is to invest in public water stocks such as water utilities, equipment, metering, and services companies. Another is to invest in water ETFs or in ESG funds that focus on water.

18. Green Shipping

The transportation of goods around the globe is a huge contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. In order to improve shipping practices, a massive shift is underway. The future of green shipping includes battery-operated vessels, carbon-neutral shipping, and wind-powered ships. Other technologies that play into green shipping including self-driving vehicle technology and AI. Investing in any of these areas can help the shift towards a carbon-free future.

19. Electric cars and bicycles

The use of electric cars and bicycles can significantly reduce the amount of CO2 emissions that go into the atmosphere. Interested investors might want to research stocks in the electric vehicle, charging, and battery space.

20. Telepresence

As has been proven during the COVID-19 pandemic, the reduction of work-related travel can significantly reduce global CO2 emissions. Video conferencing and telepresence tools continue to improve over time, which reduces the need for people to fly and drive to different locations for business meetings. Investing in companies working on these technologies may help solidify and continue the trend of remote work.

21. Bioplastics

Bioplastics include plastics that are completely biodegradable as well as plastics that are made partially or entirely out of biological matter. Currently bioplastics make up a very small portion of global plastic use, but increasing their use can greatly help to reduce waste and emissions.

22. Energy Storage

One of the biggest hurdles to scaling up renewable energy is creating the technology and infrastructure to store the energy, as well as reducing the costs of energy storage to make it more accessible. Investing in energy storage can help develop and improve the industry to help hasten the transition away from fossil fuels.

23. Green Building

Making the construction industry carbon-free goes beyond the creation and use of green building materials to include LED lighting, smart thermostats, smart glass, and more. These technologies can drastically reduce the energy used in buildings. There are many companies to invest in in the green building industry, as well as ETFs that include green building stocks.

24. Recycling and Waste Management

As the world’s population grows and becomes more urbanized, waste management and recycling will become even more important. Preventing waste from going to landfills is key to reducing emissions, as is the reuse of materials. For interested investors, there are many companies to invest in within waste management.

25. Sustainable Food

Food production is heavily resource-intensive, with many moving parts. In addition to companies working to improve soil health, refrigeration, plant-based foods, and food waste, there are also companies working on sustainable fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, seeds, and other areas. One way to invest in sustainable food is through an ETF.

26. Sustainable Fashion

The fashion industry is one of the world’s worst polluters. In fact, the fashion industry produces about 10% of global carbon emissions, in addition to its huge water use and polluting the ocean with plastics. Several of the world’s most well-known sustainable fashion brands are privately held, but increasingly, public companies are also making big strides in sustainability. Individuals can also support sustainable fashion by investing in material companies and agricultural producers that make bioplastics, bamboo, hemp, and sustainable leather alternatives.

27. Renewable and Alternative Energy

Energy is another important area to invest in for a carbon-free future. Within the renewable and alternative energy space, individuals can invest in companies working on wind, solar, biomass, hydrogen, geothermal, nuclear, or hydropower. There are countless companies and ETFs to invest in within renewable energy.

The Takeaway

Every industry around the world needs to make big shifts in the coming years to reduce emissions and build a carbon-free future. As an individual, investors can make their voices and their choices heard with their dollars, by investing in companies leading the way in sustainability.

Looking to start building your investment portfolio? SoFi Invest® is a great place to start. Using the investing platform, you can research and track stocks and ETFs, view your financial information in one simple dashboard, and buy and sell stocks right from your phone.

Find out how to get started with SoFi Invest.

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