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When a federal Direct PLUS Loan is made to a graduate or professional student, it’s commonly called a grad PLUS loan. A grad PLUS loan can help you pay for graduate school costs that aren’t covered by other types of financial aid.

Grad PLUS loans allow you to borrow up to the full cost of attendance from the U.S. Department of Education as long as you’re enrolled at least half-time at a school that participates in the Direct Loan Program, you don’t have an adverse credit history, and you meet the eligibility requirements for federal financial aid.

Here’s what to know about grad PLUS loans as well as other options that can help you pay for graduate or professional school.

What Is a Graduate PLUS Loan?

A graduate PLUS loan is a federal Direct PLUS Loan that’s made to a graduate or professional student. When a Direct PLUS Loan is made to a parent of an undergraduate student, it’s called a parent PLUS loan.

Unlike other types of federal student loans, Direct PLUS Loans take your credit history into account. You may still be able to qualify for a grad PLUS loan if you have an adverse credit history, but you’ll have to meet additional eligibility requirements, such as having an endorser on your loan.

Another way PLUS Loans differ from other federal loans: You can borrow up to the full cost of school attendance and use the money to pay for tuition, room, board, and fees. Grad PLUS loans are not based on financial need (the way Direct Subsidized Loans for undergraduate student loans are), which means students can apply for one regardless of income level.

Keep in mind that PLUS Loans have some of the highest interest rates of all federal loans. For this reason, it’s a good idea to start by considering a Direct Unsubsidized Loan, another federal student loan.

You can borrow up to $20,500 per year with a Direct Unsubsidized Loan and the interest rate for graduate students is 5.28% for loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2021, and before July 1, 2022. You’ll pay more in interest for a Direct PLUS Loan — a fixed 6.28% interest rate for loans disbursed on or after July 1, 2021, and before July 1, 2022).

How Do Grad PLUS Loans Work?

If you’re approved for a grad PLUS loan, the maximum amount of your student loan will be the cost of attendance minus any other financial aid you receive, such as scholarships, grants, or fellowships. Your school will apply the funds to cover fees such as tuition, room and board, and any other school charges. If there are funds left over, you can use them for other educational expenses, such as books for classes.

You’ll also pay an origination fee with graduate PLUS loan, which covers the U.S. Department of Education’s cost of issuing your loan. The loan fee for the 2021 to 2022 academic year is 4.228% (higher than the 1.057% origination fee on a federal Direct Unsubsidized Loan); this amount will be deducted from the funds you receive.

With a federal grad PLUS loan, you won’t have to make any loan payments if you are enrolled at least half-time in school and for six months after graduation, but interest will begin to accrue as soon as the loan is issued.

You can opt to pay the interest while you’re in school or allow the interest to be capitalized and added to the principal balance of your loan. You’ll likely have between 10 and 25 years to repay your loan, depending on the loan repayment plan that you choose.

Requirements for a Direct Grad PLUS Loan

In order to get a grad PLUS loan you must be enrolled at least half-time at an eligible university or program that participates in the federal student loan program (known as the William D. Ford Direct Loan Program), have a good credit history, and meet the general eligibility requirements for federal student aid.

Again, to be eligible for a Direct PLUS Loan, you must not have an adverse credit history. If you do, you may still be able to receive a grad PLUS loan if you have an endorser on your loan (someone who agrees to be responsible for your loan and pay it if you’re not able to) who doesn’t have an adverse credit history. Another option is to explain the extenuating circumstances for your adverse credit history to the U.S. Department of Education. Both of these options require PLUS credit counseling.

Applying for a Federal Grad PLUS Loan

Before applying for a grad PLUS loan, you’ll need to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) form on the Federal Student Aid website. And while most schools require you to fill out the grad PLUS loan application on the Student Aid site, some schools have different application processes, so check with your school’s financial aid office before you begin.

You’ll undergo a credit check to verify that you don’t have an adverse credit history. You may also need to undergo credit counseling if this is your first PLUS loan. If approved, you’ll sign a Master Promissory Note (MPN) agreeing to repay the loan according to its terms, along with interest and fees.

What Does a Graduate PLUS Loan Cover?

While a graduate PLUS loan can only be used to cover education expenses, those expenses can include:

•   Tuition

•   Room and board (including off-campus housing)

•   Fees

•   Other expenses required by the school

As mentioned earlier, the maximum amount of a graduate PLUS loan amount is based on the costs of your school for that academic year.

Pros and Cons of Graduate PLUS Loans

Grad PLUS loans are not for everyone. Here are some of the pros and cons to consider as you decide whether this type of loan is right for you.

Alternative Financing Options

Before taking out a grad PLUS loan, it’s helpful to consider other ways to finance the cost of graduate or professional school. Alternative options include the Federal Work-Study program, getting a job or teaching fellowship, applying for grants and scholarships, and looking into other types of federal or private loans.

Work-Study

The Federal Work-Study Program provides part-time employment to help undergraduate and graduate students with financial need pay for the cost of school. To qualify for Work-Study, you must file the FAFSA (which opens on October 1 each year), and it’s a good idea to apply early because each school has limited funds.

The amount you can earn depends on the type of work you get, how much your school can offer, as well as your application date, level of financial need, and FAFSA application date. And you cannot earn over the amount of money awarded to you in your financial aid award.

Assistantship Positions

Many universities offer teaching- or research-based assistantships. In return for doing work or research for the school, the school may offer you free or reduced tuition, a monthly stipend, and/or health insurance.

Through an assistantship, you are often considered an employee of the school and you may do a range of work from teaching undergraduate classes or proctoring exams to helping with research projects or collaborating on publishing scholarly articles.

Fellowships

While the terms of a graduate fellowship can vary depending on your school or field, they are often merit-based awards of financial aid to support students pursuing advanced study.

Your school may offer them internally or they may come from an external source.

Fellowships may include a stipend or cost-of-education allowance in addition to support for other educational expenses. Types of fellowships include predoctoral fellowships, dissertation fellowships, and traineeships. Check with your school for more details about these opportunities and to learn more about how to apply.

Job Opportunities

Even if you don’t qualify for any of the above employment options, getting a job can help offset the amount you have to borrow for graduate school. Some companies may even offer tuition reimbursement.

While you’ll have to balance a job with your class schedule and workload, getting a job while you attend graduate school can offer benefits beyond just a paycheck including: gaining real-world skills, employee benefits, and the ability to add some professional experience to your resume.

Scholarships and Grants

There are a range of graduate school scholarships and grants you can apply for to help finance the cost of advanced studies. Scholarships are typically merit-based and grants are often need-based.

This type of funding is ideal because you don’t need to pay it back. You can find both federal and state grants as well as scholarships from schools or independent organizations, such as nonprofits or companies. The key is to do your research (one place to start: the U.S. Department of Labor’s scholarship search tool ) to track down opportunities and apply to a range of options.

Direct Unsubsidized Loans

As mentioned earlier, PLUS Loans have some of the highest interest rates of all federal loans. So it’s worth applying for a federal Direct Unsubsidized Loan before opting for a PLUS loan since it has a lower interest rate.

You can borrow up to $20,500 per year with a Direct Unsubsidized Loan, up to the aggregate federal loan limit of $138,500. Keep in mind that any outstanding undergraduate federal loans that you have will count toward this total amount.

Private Loans

A private student loan — from a bank, online lender, college, credit union, or other private institution — can help make up the difference between what a student can borrow in federal loans for the cost of graduate school and the remaining education expenses after other sources of income from grants, scholarships, work-study, or jobs are taken into account.

Keep in mind that private loans differ from federal loans and they don’t offer the same benefits and protections, such as income-driven repayment, deferment and forbearance and forgiveness programs like Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF).

It’s important to do your research, shop around, and find the best loan options for your personal financial situation. You’ll also need to have strong credit (or have a cosigner who does) and meet eligibility criteria to qualify with a private lender.

If you’re considering a private loan, SoFi offers graduate school loans for with flexible terms, no fees, and no prepayment penalties.

The Takeaway

A grad PLUS loan is a federal Direct PLUS Loan made to a graduate or professional student to help cover the cost of graduate school. Unlike other federal student loans, grad PLUS loans take your credit history into account so if you have an adverse credit history, you’ll need to meet additional eligibility requirements to qualify.

Grad PLUS loans allow you to borrow up to the full cost of attendance for graduate school minus the amount of financial aid you receive from other sources. These loans have some of the highest interest rates of all federal loans and a higher origination fee, so you will likely want to pursue a federal Direct Unsubsidized Loan first.

It’s also a good idea to explore alternative financing options to help cover the cost of graduate school, such as federal Work-Study opportunities, assistantships and fellowships, scholarships and grants, getting a job, as well as federal and private loans.

If you have a high interest rate on existing loans or need to lower your monthly payment before grad school or after you graduate, student loan refinancing is one option to consider. SoFi offers flexible terms, no fees, no prepayment penalties — and you can view your rate in two minutes.

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SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

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SOSL1121003

Once a year, usually in June, the government announces interest rates for federal student loans that will be first disbursed after July 1. Whether you’re a freshman or, say, a junior, these rates apply to the loans you get for the academic year that starts in the fall.

Federal student loan interest rates are determined differently than private student loan interest rates. Here’s what you should know about federal and private student loan interest rates in 2022 and 2023.

Federal Student Loan Interest Rates for 2022

As just noted, interest rates on federal student loans for the upcoming academic year are set by the government. By federal law, they’re based on the 10-year Treasury note auction in May. The rates set for the 2022 to 2023 school year are for loans first disbursed from July 1, 2022 to June 30, 2023.

For the 2024-2025 school year, the federal student loan interest rate is 6.53% for undergraduates, 8.08% for graduate and professional students, and 9.08% for parents. The interest rates, which are fixed for the life of the loan, are set annually by Congress.

How Federal Student Loan Interest Rates Work

Interest rates on federal student loans are fixed for the life of the loan. That means that if you borrowed a Direct Subsidized Loan for the 2020 – 2021 school year, and your interest rate was 2.75%, that interest rate is locked in at 2.75% for the life of that loan.

But, if you borrowed another Direct Subsidized Loan to pay for the 2021 – 2022 school year, your new loan will be disbursed with the 3.73% interest rate offered during that school year.

Since 2006, interest rates on federal student loans have fluctuated from anywhere between 2.75 to 8.50%, depending on the type of loan.

Difference Between Federal and Private Student Loan Interest Rates

Unlike federal student loans, interest rates for private student loans are set based on economic factors and underwriting unique to each lender that issues them. Lenders typically take into account a borrower’s credit history, earning potential, and other personal financial factors.

If you borrowed a private student loan, you may have applied with a cosigner to secure a more competitive interest rate. That’s likely because most college students don’t have much credit history or employment history, so interest rates on private student loans can be higher than those on federal student loans without a well-qualified cosigner.

While federal student loans have a fixed-interest rate, private student loans can have either a fixed or variable interest rate. Borrowing a variable rate loan means that the interest rate can change periodically.

How Private Student Loan Interest Rates Work

The frequency of changes in the interest rate will depend on the terms of the loan and on market factors; typically, private lenders adjust the interest on variable-rate loans monthly, quarterly, or annually. Interest rates on private student loans are typically tied to the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or the 10-year Treasury yield.

So as the LIBOR changes, for example, interest rates on variable-rate student loans can change as well. Typically, lenders will add a margin to the LIBOR, which is determined based on credit score (and, the credit score of your co-signer if applicable).

Generally, the LIBOR tracks the federal funds rate closely. In June 2020, the Federal Reserve announced that it plans to keep the federal funds rate close to zero, likely through 2022.

This means that, so long as the federal funds rate remains low, the interest rates on private student loans are not likely to increase during that time period. However, it’s important to pay attention to interest rates, especially for borrowers with private student loans with a variable-interest rate, since these changes could cause fluctuations to the interest rate of the loan.

And given that LIBOR is scheduled to be discontinued around the end of 2021 , rates could change in other ways as new indices are chosen by lenders.

Lowering the Interest Rate on a Private Variable-Rate Loan

If you have a private variable-rate loan and are worried about interest-rate volatility, there are options available to protect against an interest-rate hike. One option is switching to a fixed-rate loan via student loan refinancing.

When you refinance your student loans, you take out a new loan (typically with a new lender).

The new loan effectively pays off your existing loans, and gives you a new loan with new terms, including a new interest rate. Private lenders, like SoFi, review personal financial factors like your credit and employment history, among other factors, to determine a new interest rate.

If you qualify to refinance, you’re then able to choose between a fixed or variable rate loan, so if you’re worried about rising interest rates in the future, you may have a chance to qualify to lock in a new (hopefully lower) fixed interest rate.

Monthly Payments and Private Loans

You should also have the opportunity to set a new repayment plan, either extending or shortening the term of the loan. If you extend your student loan repayment term, you’ll likely have lower monthly payments, but will pay more in interest over the life of the loan.

Shortening your repayment plan typically has the opposite effect. You may owe more each month, but will most likely spend less on interest over the life of the loan.

To get a general idea of how much refinancing your student loans could impact your repayment, take a look at SoFi’s student loan refinance calculator, where you can compare your current loan to current SoFi refinance student loan rates.

Refinancing Federal Student Loans

Federal student loans can be refinanced, too. Typically, a student wouldn’t do this while still in school, since the government is paying the interest on certain federal loans during this time. Also, federal student loan interest rates are generally lower than rates for private loans disbursed in the same time period.

It should be noted, however, that refinancing a federal student loan with a private lender means you’ll no longer be eligible for federal programs and protections like income-driven repayment, forbearance, or Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF).

The Takeaway

Interest rates for federal student loans reset every year in June for the upcoming school year. For the 2022 school year, rates are up roughly 1% compared to the previous year, which saw the lowest rates in years.

If you refinance your student loans with SoFi, there are no origination fees or prepayment penalties. The application process can be completed online, and you can find out if you prequalify for a loan, and at what interest rate, in just a few minutes.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

SOSL18221

Heading into 2023, many investors had a brighter outlook on the U.S. economy and financial markets. Both staged impressive rebounds in 2021 after Covid-19 quarantine measures triggered wild volatility. Vaccine breakthroughs and stimulus checks further stoked optimism that the finances of many businesses and individuals were on the mend.

However, rising inflation, higher interest rates, and geopolitical conflict have been several headwinds getting in the way of continued economic and financial market growth in 2022. Year-to-date, the benchmark S&P 500 Index is down about 7% through April 20, 2022, after rising nearly 27% in 2021.

Nonetheless, there are opportunities in some areas of the financial markets for investors looking beyond Covid-19. Here’s a look at five popular investment trends for 2023.

1. Looking Beyond Covid-19

Some of the success stories in the stock market in 2020 and 2021 were companies that benefited from coronavirus-related stay-at-home measures, like entertainment streaming businesses, video conferencing services, and at-home workout companies. But many companies in these sectors are losing their luster as the country reopens; investors are looking for other opportunities as the world returns to normal.

Investors have wagered that airline, cruise line, travel website operators, and other transportation stocks will benefit now that most Covid-19 restrictions are in the rearview mirror. While these sectors, like the rest of the economy, may be hindered by rising interest rates and inflation, many investors still see them poised to grow because of pent-up demand.

2. ESG Investing Movement

Financial advisors often tell clients to take their emotions out of investing. However, a new breed of ethically-minded investors has become increasingly interested in putting their money where their values are in recent years.

This strategy is known as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing. A Bloomberg study estimated that ESG investments may hit $41 trillion globally by the end of this year and $50 trillion by 2025, a third of global assets under management.

In early 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine set off global protests and pronouncements against the unprovoked conflict. Many American companies followed by pulling their business operations out of Russia and issuing statements on their commitment to Ukrainian democracy. This development is just one example of companies looking beyond the bottom line in their business decisions. Moreover, shareholder advocacy groups are applying pressure on some companies to back their pledges with transparency on diversity, equity, and inclusion issues.

3. Web 3.0

Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies were among the most discussed investments in 2021, with wild swings in prices across the entire sectors. The prices of crypto assets cooled off in the early portion of 2022, but they are still in the front of the minds of a lot of investors for a number of reasons, including potential risks, possible regulation, notable hacks, failures, and more.

Because of the attention paid to crypto over the past several years, some investors are interested in related investments: companies involved in what is known as Web 3.0, or the next phase of the internet. Web 3.0 companies include those involved with blockchain technology, decentralized finance (DeFi), the metaverse, and artificial intelligence.

Recommended: Learn the basics of cryptocurrency with this Crypto Guide for Beginners.

4. Commodities Markets

After years of muted returns, commodity prices rebounded in 2021. Investors wagered that recovering economies would lead to more construction, energy usage, and food consumption. Tight supplies also boosted these markets.

Moving into 2022, the attention paid to the commodities market has only intensified, especially with the geopolitical turmoil in Ukraine and Russia affecting critical commodities like oil, natural gas, and wheat. Prices of these key commodities have spiked as the Russian-Ukrainian conflict constrains supplies.

Rising prices of agriculture, lumber, and industrial and precious metals have sparked a debate about whether commodities are going through a new supercycle. A supercycle is a sustained period, usually about a decade, where commodities trade above long-term price trends.

Recommended: Commodities Trading Guide for Beginners

5. Hot Housing Market

The housing market will continue to be an area of focus for investors, policymakers, and potential homebuyers in 2022. During 2020 and 2021, rock-bottom mortgage rates, a shortage of housing supply, and homebuyers looking to purchase larger houses to accommodate working from home led to houses selling quickly and at high prices. Additionally, investors and real estate investment trusts (REITs) bought an increasing share of homes on the market.

During the first quarter of 2022, mortgage rates are rising at a record pace, with the average 30-year mortgage nearing 5% for the first time since 2018. Analysts are looking to see if rising mortgage rates will cool the hot housing market or if buyers will continue to purchase homes.

Recommended: Pros & Cons of Investing in REITs

The Takeaway

Putting hard-earned dollars into any investment — whether it’s trendy or traditional — can be daunting. Investors should be aware that, while momentum can feed investment fads for long periods, some market trends can become vulnerable because of frothy valuations and turn on a dime.

However, if investors still want to try their hand at choosing popular investment trends themselves, SoFi’s Active Investing platform makes it easy by making it easy to track their picks of stocks, ETFs and fractional shares. Investors can also make trades online without incurring management fees from SoFi Invest®.

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