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Q: What Does It Mean to 'Buy Low, Sell High'?

'Buy low, sell high' is an investment philosophy that advocates buying stocks or other securities at a lower price than you can later sell them. This is the opposite of buying high and selling low, which effectively results in investors selling stocks at a loss.

Q: Is buying low and selling high a good strategy?

Buying low and selling high is generally a good strategy as it allows you to take advantage of price movements in the market. However, there is no guarantee that this strategy will always be successful, and you may end up losing money if the market conditions are not favorable.

Mar

2025

Understanding the Buy Low, Sell High Strategy

Buy Low, Sell High Strategy: An Investor’s Guide

By Rebecca Lake | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

When it comes to investing, there are certain rules of thumb that investors are often encouraged to follow. One of the most-repeated adages in investing is to try and “buy low, sell high.”

Buying low and selling high simply means purchasing securities at one price, then selling them later at a higher price. This bit of investing wisdom offers a relatively straightforward take on how to realize profits in the market. But figuring out how to buy low and sell high — and make this strategy work — is a bit more complicated. Timing the market is not a perfect science, and understanding that implementing a buy low, sell high strategy is more complicated than it sounds is critical to investor success.

Key Points

• Buy low, sell high is an investment strategy that involves purchasing securities at a lower price and selling them later at a higher price.

• Timing the market and implementing this strategy can be challenging, as market movements are unpredictable.

• Understanding stock market cycles and trends can help determine when to buy low and sell high.

• Technical indicators and moving averages can assist in identifying pricing trends and points of resistance.

• Investor biases and herd mentality can impact decision-making, so it’s important to make rational choices based on research and analysis.

What Does It Mean to “Buy Low, Sell High”?

“Buy low, sell high” is an investment philosophy that advocates buying stocks or other securities at one price, and then selling them later when they’ve (hopefully) gained value. This is the opposite of buying high and selling low, which effectively results in investors selling stocks at a loss.

When investors buy low and sell high, they may do so to maximize profits. For example, a day trader may purchase shares of XYZ stock at $10 in the morning, then turn around and sell them for $30 per share in the afternoon if the stock’s price increases. The result is a $20 profit per share, less trading fees or commissions. Of course, a price increase of that magnitude within a single day is highly unlikely.

Likewise, a buy and hold investor may purchase stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), or mutual funds and hold onto them for years or even decades. The payoff comes if they sell those securities later for more than what they paid for them.

Recommended: How to Know When to Sell a Stock

4 Tips on How to Buy Low and Sell High

The following tips may help investors develop a buy low, sell high strategy (or avoid the buy high, sell low trap).

1. Investing with the Business Cycle

Understanding stock market cycles and their correlation to the business cycle can help when determining how to buy low and sell high.

The business cycle is the rise and fall in economic activity that an economy experiences over time. If the business cycle is in an expansion phase and the economy is growing, for instance, then stock prices may be on the upswing as well. On the other hand, if it’s become apparent that economic growth has peaked, that could be a signal for stock price drops to come as an economy slows or enters into a recession.

But like most strategies that aim to buy low and sell high, investing with the business cycle can be challenging.

It’s also important to remember that security prices typically don’t move in a straight line up or down in lockstep with a specific phase of the business cycle. Instead, most securities experience a level of volatility, where prices move up or down (or both) in the short term before reverting to the mean.

2. Look at Stock Pricing Trends

Investors who want to buy low may find it helpful to pay attention to pricing trends or technical indicators. Tracking trends for individual securities, for a particular stock market sector, or the market as a whole can help investors get a sense of what kind of momentum is driving prices.

For instance, an investor wondering how low a stock price can go can look at technical indicator trends to identify significant pricing dips or rises in the stock’s history. This could, potentially, help determine when a stock or security has reached its bottom, opening the door for buying opportunities. Conversely, investors may also use trends to evaluate when a stock has likely reached its high point, indicating that it’s prime time to sell.

3. Use Moving Averages

Moving averages are a commonly used indicator for technical analysis. A moving average represents the average price of a security over a set time period. So to find a simple moving average, for example, an investor would choose a time period to measure. Then they’d add up the stock’s closing price each day for that time period and divide it by the number of days.

The moving average formula can help compare stock pricing and determine points of resistance. In other words, they can tell investors where stock prices have topped out or bottomed out over time. Moving averages can smooth out occasional pricing blips that temporarily push stock prices up or down.

Comparing one moving average to another, such as the 50-day moving average to the 200-day moving average, can also help investors to spot sustainable up or down pricing trends. All this can help when deciding when to buy low or sell high.

4. Beware of Investor Bias

An investor bias is a pattern of behavior that influences reactions to a changing market. For example, noise trading happens when an investor makes a trade without considering the state of the market or timing. The investor may follow pricing trends but make trades without considering whether the time is right to buy or sell.

Investors who give in to biases may find themselves following a herd mentality when it comes to making trades. If news of a pending interest rate hike sparks fear in the markets, investors may start panic selling in droves. This can, in turn, cause stock prices to drop. On the other hand, irrational exuberance for a specific stock or type of security can push prices up, causing an unsustainable market bubble.

Investors who can refrain from being influenced by the crowd stand a better chance of making rational decisions about when to buy or when to sell to either maximize profits or minimize losses.

Pros and Cons of Buy Low, Sell High

A buy low, sell high strategy can work for investors, but while it’s a worthy goal, the implementation can be difficult. Investors who are too focused on timing the stock market can run into difficulties.

Benefits of Buy Low, Sell High

Buying low and selling high can yield these advantages to investors.

• Potential bargain-buying opportunities. If investor sentiment is causing fear and panic to take over the market and push stock prices down, that could open a door for buy low, sell high investors as they buy the dip. Individuals who ignore market panic could purchase stocks and other securities at a discount, only to benefit later once the market rebounds and prices begin to rise again.

• Potential for high returns. An investor skilled at spotting trendings and reading the market cycle could reap sizable profits using a buy low, sell high strategy. The wider the gap between a stock’s purchase and sale price, the higher the profit margin.

• Beat the market. A buy low, sell high approach could also help investors to beat the market if their portfolio performs better than expected. This might be preferable for active traders who forgo a passive or indexing approach to investing.

Disadvantages of Buy Low, Sell High

Attempting to buy low and sell high also holds some risks for investors.

• Timing the market is imperfect. There’s no way to time the market and which way stock prices will go at any given moment with 100% accuracy. So there’s still some risk for investors who jump the gun on when to buy or sell if stocks have yet to reach their respective lowest or highest points.

• Being left out of the market. Investors who want to buy low and sell high would not want to buy securities when the market is up. That practice, however, could lead to substantial time out of the market entirely, especially during bull markets.

• Biases can influence decision-making. Investment biases and herd mentality can wreak havoc in a portfolio if an investor allows it. Instead of buying low and selling at a profit later, investors may find themselves in a buy high, sell low cycle where they lose money on investments.

• Pricing doesn’t tell the whole story. While tracking stock pricing trends and moving averages can be useful, they don’t offer a complete picture of what drives pricing changes. For that reason, it’s important for investors also to consider other factors, such as consumer sentiment, the possibility of a merger, or geopolitical events, influencing stock prices.

Alternatives to Buy Low, Sell High

Buying low and selling high is not a foolproof way to match or beat the market’s performance. It’s easy to make mistakes and lose money when attempting to time the market unless, of course, you possess a crystal ball or psychic abilities.

There are, however, other ways to invest without trying to time the market. Take dollar-cost averaging, for example. This strategy involves staying invested in the market continuously through its changing cycles. Instead of trying to time when to buy or sell, investors continue making new investments. Over time, the highs and lows in stock pricing tend to average out.

A dividend reinvestment plan (DRIP) is another option. Investors who own dividend-paying stocks may have the opportunity to enroll in a DRIP. Instead of receiving dividend payouts as cash, they’re reinvesting into additional shares of the same stock. Similar to dollar-cost averaging, this approach could make it easier to ride out the ups and downs of the market over time and eliminate the stress of deciding when to buy or sell.

Investing with SoFi

A buy low, sell high investment strategy is fairly simple, in that it involves buying a security at one price, and selling it after, or if, it appreciates. Obviously, there’s no guarantee that any asset will appreciate, so it’s possible investors could lose money – but they could also see positive returns, too.

Further, the strategy can be challenging to implement. Executing a buy low, sell high plan successfully means researching and doing due diligence to understand how the market works.

Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

For a limited time, opening and funding an Active Invest account gives you the opportunity to get up to $1,000 in the stock of your choice.

FAQ

Is buying low and selling high a good strategy?

Buying low and selling high can generally be a good strategy as it allows you to take advantage of price movements in the market. However, there is no guarantee that this strategy will always be successful, and you may end up losing money if the market conditions are not favorable.

Is it illegal to buy low and sell high?

There is no law against buying low and selling high. Most investors make money by buying a security at a low price and then selling it later at a higher price.

Why do you sell high and buy low?

Many investors sell high and buy low because they want to take advantage of market conditions to realize a positive return. When the market is high, investors may sell an investment they purchased at a lower price to make a profit.

About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.

Photo credit: iStock/katleho Seisa

SoFi Invest®

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Mar

2025

How to Build Wealth In Your 30s

By Rebecca Lake | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | No Comments

While you may be established in your career once you reach your 30s, it’s still not that easy to build wealth. Suddenly you’ve often got a host of other financial priorities like paying down debt, saving for your first home, and paying for childcare.

However, making sure your money is working for you now matters, especially when it comes to building wealth over the long term. Saving money is a good start, but more importantly, your 30s are a prime time to develop a consistent investing habit.

Think of this decade as a great opportunity to learn new money skills and establish better money habits.

What Does Wealth Mean to You?

One way to motivate yourself to build wealth in your 30s is by thinking about the opportunities that it can create. Retiring early or being able to enjoy bucket-list vacations with your family, for example, are the kinds of things you’ll need to build up wealth to enjoy.

Beyond that, building wealth means that you don’t have to stress about covering unexpected expenses or how you’ll pay the bills if you’re unable to work for a period of time.

Investing in your 30s, even if you have to start small, can help create financial security. The more thought you give to how you manage your money in your 30s, the better when it comes to improving your financial health.

So if you haven’t selected a target savings number for your retirement goals yet, run the numbers through a retirement calculator to get a ballpark figure. Then you can formulate a plan for reaching that goal.

💡 Quick Tip: Before opening an investment account, know your investment objectives, time horizon, and risk tolerance. These fundamentals will help keep your strategy on track and with the aim of meeting your goals.

6 Tips For Building Wealth in Your 30s

Curious about how to build wealth in your 30s? These tips can help you figure out how to save money in your 30s, even if you’re starting from zero.

1. Set up a Rainy Day Fund

Life doesn’t always go as planned. It’s important to have a nice cushion of cash to land on, should any bad news come your way, such as a job loss, a medical emergency, or a car repair.

Not having the money for these unexpected expenses can threaten your financial security. To prevent such shocks, sock away at least three-to-six months’ worth of savings that can budget for your everyday living expenses, from rent on down.

2. Pump Up Your 401(k)

If your company offers a 401(k) plan, consider it an opportunity for investing in your 30s while potentially reducing your current taxes. This is especially true if your employer offers a match (though matching is typically only offered if you contribute a certain amount). The match is essentially free money, so you should take full advantage of it, if possible.

Aim to increase your contributions on a regular basis. This could be once a year or twice a year, and especially whenever you get a bonus or a raise. Some plans allow you to do this automatically at certain pre-decided intervals.

3. Consider Other Retirement Funds

If you don’t have access to a 401(k), there are other options that can help fund your future and help you with building wealth in your 30s.

And even if you contribute to a 401(k), you may benefit from these additional options. For example, if you’re already maxing out your 401(k), you might continue saving for retirement with an Individual Retirement Account (IRA)

Depending on your income, you may qualify to contribute to a Roth IRA, which lets you contribute after-tax income (that means you can’t write it off) up to a certain amount each year. You can withdraw IRA and 401(k) funds without penalty starting at 59 ½.

In addition to tax-advantaged accounts, you might consider opening a taxable investment account to make the most of your money in your 30s. With taxable accounts, you don’t get the same tax breaks that you would with a 401(k) or IRA. But you’re not restricted by annual contribution limits or restrictions around withdrawals, so you can continue growing wealth in your 30s at your own pace as your income allows.

4. Open a Health Savings Account (HSA)

If you have access to a Health Savings Account this could be a valuable resource for building wealth in your 30s. For those who qualify, this is a personal savings account where you can sock away tax-advantaged money to pay for out-of-pocket medical costs. These could include doctor’s office visits, buying glasses, dental care, and prescriptions.

The money you save is pre-tax, and it grows tax-free. Also, you don’t have to pay taxes on any money you withdraw from your HSA, as long as it’s for a qualified medical expense.

You’ll need to be enrolled in a high deductible health plan to be eligible for an HSA. If your company offers health insurance, talk to your plan administrator or benefits coordinator to find out whether an HSA is an option.

5. Give Yourself Goals

One of the best ways to build wealth in your 30s involves setting clear financial goals. For example, you might use the S.M.A.R.T. method to create money goals that are specific, measurable, achievable, timely and realistic.

Then, start working toward those goals, whether it’s sticking to a budget or paying down your credit card or auto loan. Once you experience the satisfaction of meeting these goals, you’ll be able to think bigger or longer term for your next goal.

💡 Quick Tip: Distributing your money across a range of assets — also known as diversification — can be beneficial for long-term investors. When you put your eggs in many baskets, it may be beneficial if a single asset class goes down.

6. Check Your Risk Level

Investing is about understanding risk, knowing how much risk you’re prepared to take, and choosing the types of investments that are right for you.

If you’re working out how to build wealth in your 30s, consider two things: Risk tolerance and risk capacity. Your risk tolerance reflects the amount of risk you’re comfortable taking. Risk capacity, meanwhile, is a measure of how much risk you need to take to meet your investment goals.

As a general rule of thumb, the younger you are the more risk you can take on. That’s because you have more time until retirement to smooth out market highs and lows. Investing consistently through the ups and downs using dollar-cost averaging can help you generate steady returns over time.

If you’re not sure what level of risk you’re comfortable with, taking a free risk assessment or investing risk questionnaire can help. This can give you a starting point for determining which type of asset allocation will work best for your needs, based on your age and appetite for risk.

The Takeaway

Investing in your 30s to build wealth can seem intimidating, but once you set clear goals for yourself and start taking steps to reach them, it can get easier.

Watching your savings grow through budgeting, paying down debt, and investing for retirement can motivate you to keep working toward financial security and success.

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

About the author

Rebecca Lake

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

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Mar

2025

What Is an ACH Routing Number? And Where Can I Find It?

Guide to ACH Routing Numbers

By Alice Garbarini Hurley | Credit, Financial Independence, lantern | Comments Off

An ACH routing number is a nine-digit code that identifies a financial institution during an electronic financial transaction. It ensures that money transferred using the ACH (Automated Clearing House) network is taken from and sent to the right place. ACH transfers are usually faster than paper checks and are used for various transactions like autopay and direct deposits.

Since ACH routing numbers play a vital role in everyday banking, let’s take a closer look.

Key Points

• An ACH routing number is a nine-digit code essential for identifying financial institutions during electronic transactions, facilitating faster money transfers compared to traditional checks.

• This number is crucial for various financial activities, including setting up direct deposits, authorizing online payments, and managing automatic bill payments.

• To locate an ACH routing number, individuals can check their checks, access their online banking account, search the bank’s website, or contact customer service.

• ACH routing numbers differ from ABA routing numbers, which are used for paper checks and wire transfers, although many banks now use the same number for both.

• Understanding and knowing the ACH routing number is vital for conducting secure and efficient electronic transactions in today’s banking environment.

What Is an ACH Routing Number?

An ACH routing number is essentially a digital address for your bank. It’s used specifically for transfers made using the Automated Clearing House (ACH) network, a system that facilitates electronic payments and direct deposits between financial institutions in the U.S.

Smaller banks and credit unions may have only one ACH routing number, while big banks may use several different ACH routing numbers based on region.

You’ll need your bank’s ACH routing number for a number of financial transactions. This includes setting up direct deposit at work, getting a tax refund directly deposited into your bank account, authorizing a one-time online payment, setting up autopay, and using a P2P payment app.

To set up an ACH transaction, you also need to provide your account number, which (unlike an ACH number) is unique to you. Your account number identifies the specific account, such as a traditional or online checking account, within the bank you want to use for the ACH credit or debit.

How Do I Find My ACH Routing Number?

Let’s say you want to sign up to pay your homeowner’s insurance automatically every month or you need to enroll in a P2P app to send someone money. To find your bank’s ACH routing number, you have a few options.

Using Your Checkbook

If you have paper checks, you can find your routing number by looking at the string of numbers printed along the bottom of a check. Your bank’s routing number is the first set of nine digits on the bottom left. It is usually followed by your account number and then the check number.

blank check with ach routing number

Using Your Online or Mobile Bank Account

Another way to get your ACH routing number is to go to your bank’s website and sign into your account. Methods vary by bank but, typically, here’s how you do it: Click on the last four digits of your account number (which appears above your account information) and choose “see full account number” next to your account name. A box will then open to display your bank account number and routing number.

You can also find your ACH routing number by signing into your bank’s mobile app. Typically, you just need to choose your account title and then tap “show details,” and your bank account and routing number will appear.

Using the Internet

If you don’t have access to online banking, you can also find your ACH routing number by going to your bank’s official website. You can then use the search function to look for “ACH routing number” or check the “Help” or “FAQ” sections.

Another option is to do a simple internet search. Put “ACH number” and the name of your bank into a search engine and you should be able to find it. Keep in mind that some large banks may have multiple regional ACH numbers. You want to make sure you are getting the one associated with your location.

Contacting Customer Service

If you can’t get online, you can always contact your bank’s customer service department by phone. They can provide you with the correct ACH routing number.

What Are ACH Routing Numbers Used For?

ACH routing numbers serve several essential functions in the banking system. Here are some of the main uses for ACH routing numbers:

• Direct deposit Employers use ACH routing numbers to deposit salaries directly into employees’ bank accounts. This method is fast, secure, and convenient for both employers and employees.

• Bill payments Many people use ACH routing numbers to pay bills electronically. This includes payments for utilities, mortgages, and other recurring expenses.

• Tax refunds The IRS and state tax agencies use ACH routing numbers to deposit tax refunds directly into taxpayers’ bank accounts.

• Transfers between accounts ACH routing numbers are used to transfer money between different bank accounts, whether within the same bank or between different banks. This is common for personal transactions, such as moving funds from a checking account to a savings account.

ACH vs ABA Routing Numbers: The Differences

An ABA (American Bankers Association) routing number is similar to an ACH routing number in that it identifies your bank. However, these numbers are used in different contexts.

ACH routing numbers are specifically used for electronic transactions processed through the Automated Clearing House network. This includes direct deposits, bill payments, and other electronic funds transfers. ABA routing numbers (also known as check routing numbers) are used for processing paper checks and for wire transfers. ABA and ACH simply refer to the method in which the money is moved.

These days, the same nine-digit number can serve as both an ACH routing number and an ABA routing number, which means that the ABA and ACH routing number for your bank is likely the same. If that’s the case, your bank will simply refer to its ABA/ACH routing number simply as its “routing number.”

Some banks, however, may provide separate ACH numbers (for electronic transfers) and ABA numbers (for checks and wire transfers).

ACH vs ABA Routing Numbers: History

ABA numbers were created in 1910 by the American Bankers Association (ABA) to help facilitate the sorting, bundling, and shipping of paper checks. They are still used for the processing of paper checks (and also for wire transfers).

More than a half century later, in the late 1960s, a group of California banks banded together to find a speedier alternative to check payments. They launched the first ACH in the U.S. in 1972; that was a key milestone in the evolution of electronic banking.

ACH vs ABA Routing Number: Numerical Differences

In the past, ABA and ACH numbers were slightly different, specifically the first two digits. Today, though, they are typically identical. Your bank’s ABA routing number and ACH routing number are likely to be one and the same. The reason is that both ABA and ACH numbers are used for the same purpose — transferring funds to the correct destination.

Test your understanding of what you just read.

The Takeaway

An ACH routing number is a nine-digit code that identifies a bank during an electronic financial transaction. The ACH system has been used for decades and makes life easier by keeping transactions quick and secure. While ACH numbers used to be different from ABA routing codes, today these two numbers are typically the same.

Whether you are setting up direct deposits, paying bills, or transferring money between accounts, it’s essential to know your bank’s ACH routing number. You can find it by looking at your checks, logging into your account, or doing a simple online search. It’s that easy.

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Better banking is here with SoFi, NerdWallet’s 2024 winner for Best Checking Account Overall.* Enjoy up to 3.80% APY on SoFi Checking and Savings.

FAQ

Is the routing number different for ACH and wire transfers?

In some cases, the routing number for ACH transactions may be different from the routing number used for wire transfers. ACH routing numbers are used for electronic transactions processed through the Automated Clearing House network, such as direct deposits and bill payments.

Wire transfers, which are often faster and more direct, require an ABA or wire transfer routing number. It’s a good idea to confirm with your bank to ensure you use the correct routing number for the type of transaction you are making.

Do all banks have an ACH routing number?

All banks and credit unions that process ACH transactions have an ACH routing number. This nine-digit number is your bank’s digital address, and is essential for facilitating electronic transactions such as direct deposits and bill payments. Each financial institution has its own specific ACH routing number to ensure that transactions are routed correctly.

Is your ACH number your account number?

No, your ACH routing number is not the same as your account number. The ACH routing number is a nine-digit code that identifies your bank or financial institution. Your account number, on the other hand, is a unique identifier for your specific bank account within that institution.

Both numbers are required for electronic transactions, but they serve different purposes. The routing number directs the transaction to the correct bank, while the account number specifies the particular account to be credited or debited within that bank.

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Members without either Eligible Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, or who do not enroll in SoFi Plus by paying the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee every 30 days, will earn 1.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 1/24/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at http://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

SOBK-Q224-1885644-V1

Mar

2025

What Are Securities in Finance? How Security Trading Works

What Are Securities in Finance? How Securities Trading Works

By Brian O'Connell | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

Editor's Note: Options are not suitable for all investors. Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Please see the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options.

A security can refer to a number of different types of assets, including stocks, bonds, Treasury notes, derivatives, and more. Securities are fungible and can be traded via public as well as private markets.

The three main types of securities, broadly speaking, include: equity securities, where the investor owns a share in an organization; debt securities, where the investor loans capital and earns interest, and derivatives, which are contracts based on the value of an underlying asset.

Securities trading is regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC.

Key Points

• Securities is a broad term that refers to tradable financial instruments, including stocks, bonds, and derivatives.

• Equity securities represent ownership in a company, while debt securities (bonds) function as loans, where borrowers pay interest to lenders.

• Derivatives, such as futures and options, are higher-risk investments linked to underlying assets. These appeal mainly to experienced investors due to their complexity.

• Trading securities typically occurs on regulated exchanges, with investors using brokerage or retirement accounts to engage in buying and selling activities.

What is a Security?

A security is a tradable type of investment that traders can buy and sell on financial exchanges or other platforms, whether investing online or through a traditional brokerage. Securities have monetary value; buyers and sellers determine their value when trading them.

Securities include different types of asset classes. In general, investors earn money by buying securities at a low price and selling them at a higher one, but there are a range of investing strategies that can include profiting when the price of a security drops, as well as other means.

Here are some common security categories.

Equity Securities

These include stocks and stock mutual funds. Typically traded on exchanges, the price of equity securities rise or fall depending on the economy, the performance of the underlying company that offers the stock (or the companies in the fund), and the sector in which that company or fund operates.

Individual stocks may also pay dividends to investors who own them.

Debt Securities

This group includes bonds and other fixed-income vehicles, where lenders borrow money from investors and pay interest via periodic payments on the investment principal (also called the yield).

Investors can buy bonds from a variety of bond issuers, including: states, local and municipal governments, companies, and banks and other financial institutions. Typically, debt securities pay investors a specific interest rate paid usually twice per year until a maturity date, when the bond expires.

Some common debt securities include:

• Treasury bills. Issued by the U.S. government, T-Bills are considered among the safest securities.

• Corporate bonds. These are bonds issued by companies to raise money without going to the equity markets.

• Bond funds. These types of mutual funds allow investors to get exposure to the bond market without buying individual bonds.

Derivatives

This group of securities includes higher-risk investments like options trading and futures which offer investors a higher rate of return but at a higher level of risk.

Derivatives are based on underlying assets, and it’s the performance of those assets that drive derivative security investment returns.

For example, an investor can buy a call option based on 100 shares of ABC stock, at a specific price and at a specific time before the option contract expires. If ABC stock declines during that contract period, the call option buyer has the right to buy the stock at a reduced rate, thus locking in gains when the stock price rises again.

Derivatives allow investors to place higher-risk bets on stocks, bonds, and commodities like oil or gold, and currencies. Typically, institutional investors, such as pension funds or hedge funds, are more active in the derivative market than individual investors.

Hybrid Securities

A hybrid security combines two or more distinct investment securities into one security. For example, a convertible bond is a debt security, due to its fixed income component, but also has characteristics of a stock, since it’s convertible.

Hybrid securities sometimes act like debt securities, as when they provide investors with a floating or fixed rate of return, as bonds normally do. Hybrid securities, however, may also pay dividends like stocks and offer unique tax advantages of both stocks and bonds.

How Security Trading Works

Securities often trade on public exchanges where investors can buy or sell securities with the goal of making a financial profit.

Stocks, for example, are listed on global stock exchanges and investors can purchase them during market trading hours. Exchanges are highly regulated and expected to comply with strict fair-trading mandates. For example, U.S.-based stock exchanges like the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) or Nasdaq must adhere to the rules and regulations laid out by Congress and enforced by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

Each country has their own rules and regulations for fair and compliant securities trading, including oversight of stocks, bonds, derivatives, and other investment vehicles. Debt instruments, like bonds, usually trade on secondary markets while stocks and derivatives are traded on stock exchanges.

There are many ways for investors to engage in security trading. A few of the most common ones include:

Brokerage Accounts

Once an investor opens a brokerage account with a credentialed investment firm, they can start trading securities.

All a stock or bond investor has to do is fill out the required forms and deposit money to fund their investments. Investors looking to invest in higher-risk derivatives like options, futures, or currencies may have to fill out additional documentation proving their credentials as educated, experienced investors. They may also have to make larger cash deposits, as trading in derivatives is more complex and has more potential for risk.

Some qualified investors with a certain type of brokerage account can engage in margin trading, meaning that they trade securities using money borrowed from the broker. This is a high-risk strategy suitable only for experienced investors; most brokerages have strict rules about who can trade on margin.

Retirement Accounts

By opening a retirement account, through work or a bank or brokerage account, investors can invest in a range of securities, including stocks, mutual and index funds, bonds and bond funds, and annuities.

The type of securities you have access to will depend on the type of retirement account that you have. Workplace plans such as 401(k)s typically have fewer investment choices (but higher limits for tax-advantaged contributions) than IRAs, or Individual Retirement Accounts.

Risks and Considerations

There is always the risk of loss when investing in securities. That said, some securities are riskier than others.

Risk vs. Reward

• Equities, or stocks, tend to be higher risk investments. Stock markets are known to be volatile and unpredictable. That said, stocks offer the potential for returns; the average historic return of the stock market is about 9% or 10% (or 6% to 7% after inflation).

• Bonds, by contrast, are lower risk, and provide lower but steady returns versus stocks.

• Derivatives, like options and futures trading, can be very high risk and these strategies are meant for experienced investors.

When choosing securities for an investment portfolio, it’s important to take into account the risk/reward profile of your investments, as well as whether your asset allocation reflects your risk tolerance. For example, if your portfolio is heavily weighted to stocks, that is likely to increase your risk exposure.

Types of Investments

Because many investors are less experienced at managing a portfolio for the long term, there are certain types of investments that can help investors to manage risk. This is especially true for those who are investing for retirement, and want to protect their savings while maximizing any potential growth. For example:

• Target-date funds are a type of mutual fund that are geared to be long-term investments, held until a target retirement date is reached. So a 2045 fund is designed to provide a balanced portfolio of securities for investors with a target retirement date in roughly 20 years.

The fund’s allocation of securities starts out more aggressive (tilted toward stocks), and automatically adjusts over time to become more conservative (tilted toward fixed income) to protect investors’ savings as they near retirement.

• Robo-advisors are automated portfolios that investors can select based on their personal goals, time horizon, and risk tolerance — the difference being that investors don’t select the securities in these portfolios. A robo portfolio is generally a pre-set mix of ETFs, and the allocation (or mix of securities) is determined by a sophisticated algorithm.

Because investors can’t change the securities themselves, this helps to prevent impulsive choices, and may mitigate risk over time.

Get Started With Securities Trading

To start trading securities, investors can set up a brokerage account or retirement account, and begin investing as they see fit.

Again, it’s best to start with the end in mind: Decide your investment goals, choose the amount you want to invest, do your due diligence in terms of researching various investment choices (bearing in mind risk levels and fees).

Once the account is funded, the investor can purchase a wide variety of securities in order to create an investment portfolio. Sometimes retirement account investment options can be more limited than a full-service brokerage account.

The Takeaway

There are many different types of securities that investors can purchase as part of their portfolio. Choosing which securities to invest in will depend on several factors, including your financial goals, current financial picture, and risk tolerance.

Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.

FAQ

What are the four main types of securities?

The four types of securities are: equity securities (such as stocks), debt securities (bonds and Treasuries), derivatives (higher-risk investments like options), and hybrid securities (such as convertible bonds).

What is a securities investment?

A securities investment is an investment in a security such as stocks, bonds, or derivatives. A security is a tradable type of investment that investors can buy and sell.

What’s the difference between securities and shares?

Stocks, also known as equity shares, are a type of security. The term “securities” refers to a range of different investments, one of which is stocks, or shares in a company.

Are securities an asset?

Yes, securities are a type of financial asset because they hold monetary value.

What are Treasury securities?

Treasuries are debt securities — e.g., bills, bonds, and notes — issued by the U.S. government. Treasuries are considered low risk because the U.S. has never defaulted on its debts.

Photo credit: iStock/paulaphoto

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Shares of ETFs must be bought and sold at market price, which can vary significantly from the Fund’s net asset value (NAV). Investment returns are subject to market volatility and shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of an ETF will not protect against loss. An ETF may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences.
Mutual Funds (MFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or clicking the prospectus link on the fund's respective page at sofi.com. You may also contact customer service at: 1.855.456.7634. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.Mutual Funds must be bought and sold at NAV (Net Asset Value); unless otherwise noted in the prospectus, trades are only done once per day after the markets close. Investment returns are subject to risk, include the risk of loss. Shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of a mutual fund will not protect against loss. A mutual fund may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences.

*Borrow at 11%. Utilizing a margin loan is generally considered more appropriate for experienced investors as there are additional costs and risks associated. It is possible to lose more than your initial investment when using margin. Please see SoFi.com/wealth/assets/documents/brokerage-margin-disclosure-statement.pdf for detailed disclosure information.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Disclaimer: The projections or other information regarding the likelihood of various investment outcomes are hypothetical in nature, do not reflect actual investment results, and are not guarantees of future results.

SOIN-Q125-076

Mar

2025

Bollinger Bands Explained

By Laurel Tincher | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off

Bollinger Bands are a popular technical analysis tool that helps traders assess price trends and market volatility. By measuring how far a security’s price moves above or below its average, Bollinger Bands provide insights into whether the price is relatively high or low compared to recent trading activity, indicating whether the security is overbought or oversold.

These bands can be applied to various assets, including options and stocks, making them versatile for different trading strategies. Although Bollinger Bands are often used to spot potential opportunities, they often work best when combined with other indicators to confirm trends and reduce the risk of false signals.

Key Points

• Bollinger Bands are technical analysis tools that measure a security’s price relative to its moving average and volatility.

• The bands consist of three lines: a simple moving average and two standard deviation lines.

• Bollinger Bands help identify overbought or oversold conditions and potential price reversals.

• This tool is more effective when used with other indicators like RSI and MACD.

• Bollinger Bands can be useful for day trading but are not predictive on their own.

What Are Bollinger Bands?

Bollinger Bands are a popular tool used in the technical analysis of securities. They are a set of three bands that measure a security’s relative price in comparison to its moving average and recent price volatility.

The center line is typically the 20-day simple moving average (SMA) of a security’s price, plus plotted lines two standard deviations away from the SMA. The bands are plotted positively and negatively from the SMA, which is what measures the volatility of a security, and the trader can adjust them based on their particular use case. These bands expand during periods of volatility and contract during periods of lower volatility, visually demonstrating market conditions.

Bollinger Bands were created to help investors understand whether a security is currently oversold or overbought, which may help determine whether it is likely to increase or decrease in value over time. When the upper band is close to the SMA, traders may see this as an overbought security. When the lower band is close to the SMA, they may consider the security to be oversold.

The bands, and a set of 22 rules about using them for trading, were developed in the 1980s by John Bollinger, a well-known technical trader.

How Do Bollinger Bands Work?

Bollinger Bands are plotted using two parameters: period and standard deviation.

Period is found by calculating the simple moving average of the security a trader is interested in. The calculation generally uses a 20-day SMA, an average of a security’s closing prices over a 20-day period — or roughly a month of trading days.

The first data point on the graph would be the average of the first 20 days being tracked. The second data point would be the next 20 days, and so on.

That line shows the SMA over time, and the Bollinger Bands are then placed above and below it by calculating the standard deviation of the security’s price along each data point. The standard deviation measures how much a security’s price deviates from its average, reflecting price volatility against its SMA, representing price volatility.

The standard deviation is calculated by first finding the square root of the variance, which is the average of the squared differences of the mean. The standard deviation is typically multiplied by two to create the bands, but traders can adjust this multiplier based on their strategy. The resulting value is then added and subtracted from each SMA data point to form the upper and lower Bollinger Bands.

Key Things to Know About Bollinger Bands

Bollinger Bands adjust dynamically to market conditions, expanding and contracting based on volatility. Here are a few things to keep in mind when using them:

• When volatility is low, the bands get closer together. This contraction reflects a lower volatility period, which may precede future price movements.

• When volatility is high, the bands get farther apart. This indicates that an existing price trend could be coming to a close in the future.

• Generally the security’s price movements stay within the two bands. And once they touch one band they start moving towards the other band. But the price can also bounce off the band multiple times or it can cross over the band. If the price touches one band and crosses the SMA, traders may watch to see if it moves toward the opposite band.

When the price crosses to the outside of the bands, this is a strong indicator of a trend in that direction.

Formula for Bollinger Bands

Below is the formula to plot Bollinger Bands:

BOLU=MA(TP,n)+m∗σ[TP,n]

BOLD=MA(TP,n)−m∗σ[TP,n]

where:

BOLU=Upper Bollinger Band

BOLD=Lower Bollinger Band

MA=Moving average

TP (typical price)=(High+Low+Close)÷3

n = Number of days in smoothing period (typically 20)

m = Number of standard deviations (typically 2)

σ[TP,n]=Standard Deviation over last n periods of TP

Recommended: 7 Technical Indicators of Stock Trading

How Do You Read Bollinger Bands?

Bollinger Bands help traders understand whether a security’s price is relatively high or low so that they might make trades based on trends. Bollinger Bands can indicate uptrends and downtrends as well as possible upcoming price reversals.

Trends with Bollinger Bands can vary based on the asset and trading strategy, lasting anywhere from minutes to years. Traders should understand how to set up the bands based on their timeline. Here are some patterns and indicators traders might want to learn.

Uptrends

Traders can use Bollinger Bands to see whether there is a bullish trend in a security’s market price. If the center line hits the upper band multiple times, this may suggest an uptrend. If the price hits the upper band, decreases but stays above the center line, then hits the upper band again, that is a strong indicator of an uptrend. If the price then hits the lower band, it may indicate a reversal or a loss of strength in the uptrend.

Downtrends

The lower band can indicate a downtrend or an upcoming reversal towards an uptrend. If the price hits the lower band continuously and stays below the center line, this indicates a downtrend. Traders typically avoid making trades during downtrends, but if there is an indicator of a reversal, they might choose to buy.

The Squeeze

When the bands are close together, this is known as a squeeze. The squeeze happens when the security has low volatility, but it indicates that the security will probably have increased volatility in the future. Traders look for high volatility periods to find trading opportunities, so the squeeze reflects decreased volatility and often precedes periods of higher volatility, though it does not predict price direction.

Traders typically like to exit trades during periods of lower volatility, so they look for far-apart bands as a clue that volatility may soon decrease. The squeeze is not used as a trading signal, and doesn’t show whether a security will increase or decrease in value. However, it may help traders figure out the potential timing of upcoming trades.

Breakouts

The SMA line doesn’t always stay between the Bollinger Bands — it can also move above or below the bands. Around 90% of price changes do happen between the bands, so if the price has a breakout above or below the bands it’s a significant event. Breakouts can signal significant price movement outside the bands, however, but they are not reliable predictors of future trends on their own.

Bollinger Band Trading Strategies

Financial analyst Arthur Merrill identified a set of 16 trend patterns, including M patterns and W patterns, that traders can use to recognize potential price reversals. Here are two key patterns.

M Top

The M top pattern indicates that the security price may decrease to a new low. It forms an M pattern at the upper band, where the price nearly hits or hits the upper band but doesn’t cross over it, then decreases to below the low in the center of the M pattern.

W Bottoms

W patterns can be used to identify W bottoms, which is when the second low is lower than the first low but neither low goes below the lower band. If the security rises above the high in the center of the W, this is an indicator that the price will likely reach a new high.

Recommended: How to Analyze Stocks: 4 Ways

Combining Bollinger Bands With Other Indicators

John Bollinger recommended that traders use Bollinger Bands in conjunction with other non-correlated indicators, such as the relative strength indicator (RSI) and the Stochastic Oscillator, in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the security being assessed.

Although Bollinger Bands help traders understand price volatility and can show opportunities for upcoming trades, they aren’t strong indicators of potential upcoming price movements.

Drawbacks of Bollinger Bands

There are a number of caveats to consider with Bollinger Bands. In particular, they are best used with other stock indicators, to form a fuller picture.

• They show old security price data with equal importance to new data, so data that is outdated may be counted with too much importance.

• They are more of a reactive indicator than a predictive indicator, so they show current market conditions and can indicate trends, but are not strong indicators of what will happen to a security’s price in the future.

• The standard settings of 20-day SMA and two standard deviations is an arbitrary measurement that doesn’t convey relevant information for every security and trading situation, so it’s important that traders understand how to adjust the band calculations for their particular situation.

Using Bollinger Bands for Crypto Trading

Bollinger Bands have become a popular tool for crypto traders to track volatility and trends. They can be used for trading crypto in a similar way to stocks, but some traders choose to use a 28 or 30 SMA instead of 20, to better represent a month of trading days, since the crypto markets are open 24/7.

The Takeaway

Bollinger Bands are a useful tool for technical analysis in options trading, which measure the relative high or low of a security’s price in relation to previous trades over typically the past 20 trading days.

While investors are not able to sell options on SoFi’s options trading platform at this time, they can still employ some of these strategies when they buy call and put options on the platform, whether that’s to try to benefit from stock movements or manage risk.

Investors who are ready to try their hand at options trading despite the risks involved, might consider checking out SoFi’s options trading platform offered through SoFi Securities, LLC. The platform’s user-friendly design allows investors to buy put and call options through the mobile app or web platform, and get important metrics like breakeven percentage, maximum profit/loss, and more with the click of a button.

Plus, SoFi offers educational resources — including a step-by-step in-app guide — to help you learn more about options trading. Trading options involves high-risk strategies, and should be undertaken by experienced investors. Currently, investors can not sell options on SoFi Active Invest®.

Explore SoFi’s user-friendly options trading platform.

FAQ

What do Bollinger Bands tell you?

Bollinger Bands show how a security’s price moves over time, and whether it’s relatively high or low compared to its recent average. They also help gauge volatility: when the bands are far apart, the price is more volatile. When they’re close together, it’s less volatile.

Are Bollinger Bands good for day trading?

Yes, Bollinger Bands can be helpful for day trading because they show short-term price trends and volatility, helping traders spot potential opportunities for quick trades.

How reliable are Bollinger Bands?

Bollinger Bands are useful for identifying trends and volatility, but they’re not foolproof. They work best when combined with other indicators to confirm signals and reduce false predictions.

What indicator pairs well with Bollinger Bands?

The Relative Strength Index (RSI) and the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) pair well with Bollinger Bands to confirm trends and spot potential reversals.

Photo credit: iStock/blackCAT

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INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SOIN-Q125-098

Buy Low, Sell High Strategy: An Investor’s Guide

What Does It Mean to “Buy Low, Sell High”?

4 Tips on How to Buy Low and Sell High

1. Investing with the Business Cycle

2. Look at Stock Pricing Trends

3. Use Moving Averages

4. Beware of Investor Bias

Get up to $1,000 in stock when you fund a new Active Invest account.*

Access stock trading, options, alternative investments, IRAs, and more. Get started in just a few minutes.

Pros and Cons of Buy Low, Sell High

Benefits of Buy Low, Sell High

Disadvantages of Buy Low, Sell High

Alternatives to Buy Low, Sell High

Investing with SoFi

FAQ

Is buying low and selling high a good strategy?

Is it illegal to buy low and sell high?

Why do you sell high and buy low?

How to Build Wealth In Your 30s

What Does Wealth Mean to You?

6 Tips For Building Wealth in Your 30s

1. Set up a Rainy Day Fund

2. Pump Up Your 401(k)

3. Consider Other Retirement Funds

4. Open a Health Savings Account (HSA)

5. Give Yourself Goals

6. Check Your Risk Level

The Takeaway

Guide to ACH Routing Numbers

What Is an ACH Routing Number?

Get up to $300 when you bank with SoFi.

How Do I Find My ACH Routing Number?

Using Your Checkbook

Using Your Online or Mobile Bank Account

Using the Internet

Contacting Customer Service

What Are ACH Routing Numbers Used For?

ACH vs ABA Routing Numbers: The Differences

ACH vs ABA Routing Numbers: History

ACH vs ABA Routing Number: Numerical Differences

The Takeaway

FAQ

Is the routing number different for ACH and wire transfers?

Do all banks have an ACH routing number?

Is your ACH number your account number?

What Are Securities in Finance? How Securities Trading Works

What is a Security?

Equity Securities

Debt Securities

Derivatives

Hybrid Securities

How Security Trading Works

Brokerage Accounts

Retirement Accounts

Risks and Considerations

Risk vs. Reward

Types of Investments

Get Started With Securities Trading

The Takeaway

FAQ

What are the four main types of securities?

What is a securities investment?

What’s the difference between securities and shares?

Are securities an asset?

What are Treasury securities?

Bollinger Bands Explained

What Are Bollinger Bands?

How Do Bollinger Bands Work?

Key Things to Know About Bollinger Bands

Formula for Bollinger Bands

How Do You Read Bollinger Bands?

Uptrends

Downtrends

The Squeeze

Breakouts

Bollinger Band Trading Strategies

M Top

W Bottoms

Combining Bollinger Bands With Other Indicators

Drawbacks of Bollinger Bands

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