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Consumers may not know it, but financial institutions often rely on “bundled” credit reports to make more fully informed decisions before lending an individual money.

That process is known as a tri-merge credit report (also known as a three-in-one credit report.) The merged report can give the lender a more complete picture of an applicant’s financial situation, since each credit report may contain slightly different information.

You can’t request a merged credit report on your own but you can ask a lender to share their tri-merged report with you. Read on to learn more about what tri-merged credit reports are and how they can impact your chances of getting a loan.

What Is a Tri-Merge Credit Report?

A tri-merge credit report simply combines three credit reports from the three largest credit reporting bureaus — Experian, Equifax, and Transunion — and consolidates them into one credit report for creditors and lenders. They are most commonly used in the mortgage lending sector where more information is required to properly assess larger loans.

Creditors often rely on three-in-one credit reports because they want a thorough review of an applicant’s credit history, an outcome a lender may not get with input from just one credit reporting agency.


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How Do Merged Credit Scores Work?

A tri-merge credit report gives those lenders what they need – a comprehensive overview of a credit applicant using information from three credit reports, instead of one or two credit reports.

By combining all three credit scoring formulas and outcomes into a single credit report, creditors can get an expanded and more complete look at a credit applicant’s financial history (including payments and credit usage), based on the information included in the tri-merge credit report.

Recommended: Common Credit Report Errors and How to Dispute Them

Why Do You Have More Than One Credit Score?

Each credit scoring company has its own formula for calculating credit scores and one model may place more importance on one factor, such as payment history, while another may not. Also, different types of loans have different scoring methods.

The most commonly used credit scoring model is the FICO® Score, a base score that has a range of 300 (lowest score) to 850 (highest score). But within the FICO models, there are industry-specific ranges.

•   FICO® Auto Score Range is 250 to 900

•   FICO® Bankcard Score Range is 250 to 900

•   FICO® Mortgage Score Range is 300 to 850

VantageScore is another credit scoring model used by all three major credit reporting bureaus.

FICO Score and VantageScore base their calculations on different aspects of a person’s financial history.

•   FICO uses factors that are in a credit report, such as payment history of credit accounts, how much debt a person has, how long credit accounts have been open, how often new credit inquiries happen and how often new credit accounts are opened, and the mix of credit account types.

•   Vantage uses the same criteria as FICO, but places different levels of importance on each. Vantage also looks at additional factors that might not appear on a person’s credit report, such as rent and utility payments. Using factors such as these makes it possible for people who don’t have much of a credit history to have a credit score and be able to access consumer credit.

Lenders use credit scores and other information in the loan approval process.

What Does a Tri-Merge Credit Report Look Like?

Tri-merge credit reports offer creditors the same look and feel as a standard consumer credit report, with a few differences.

For starters, the third-party provider creating the three-in-one credit report culls the credit reports from each of the three primary credit-reporting firms (Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion) and pulls the most pertinent information for use in the tri-merge credit report.

In its final form, the tri-merge credit report includes the following sections.

•   An upfront summary that provides information on the credit applicant in capsule form.

•   A full section on the credit applicant’s financial accounts, focusing on larger accounts like mortgages, credit cards, auto loans, and any types of personal loans.

•   Data on the applicant’s credit payments history, any open accounts, any history of late or no credit payments, any tax liens or bankruptcies, and the applicant’s credit utilization ratio (i.e., the applicant’s outstanding credit balance divided by the total amount of revolving credit the applicant has available).

A tri-merge credit report may also include a specific credit report from any of the three major credit reporting agencies, based on the specific credit analysis needs of the mortgage lender who uses the three-in-one report.

Why Do Personal Loan Lenders Look at Your Tri-Merge Credit Report?

Tri-merge credit reports are more commonly used in mortgage lending than personal loan lending. But if you’re applying for a large personal loan — some lenders offer personal loans up to $100,000 — the lender may look at a tri-merge credit report to get a comprehensive picture of your creditworthiness. The tri-merge credit report will include any current or past personal loans and your payment history on those. The lender will use that information to determine approval for the loan you’re applying for.


💡 Quick Tip: Choosing a personal loan with a fixed interest rate makes payments easy to track and gives you a target payoff date to work toward.

How Does a Tri-Merge Credit Report Affect Your Loan Application?

Different lenders approach the risk of lending money with different tolerance levels, just as they each have different credit score requirements. A loan applicant whose credit reports don’t include late payments and unmanageable debt loads will likely be approved for a loan with favorable terms and lower interest rates.

Alternatively, a loan applicant whose credit report shows a large amount of existing debt and a history of late or missed payments may be offered a high interest rate and less favorable terms.

Because lenders that use a tri-merge credit report to assess an applicant’s creditworthiness are looking at a comprehensive picture, it’s in the best interest of the applicant to clean up their credit reports from each of the three major credit bureaus before they begin applying for a loan.

Recommended: Typical Personal Loan Requirements Needed for Approval

Is a Tri-Merge Credit Report a Hard Inquiry?

Any official lender review of a tri-merge credit report will be a hard inquiry and will temporarily impact your credit score. In general, each hard credit inquiry can decrease a credit score by five points.

The severity of any credit score decline due to a hard pull largely depends on the applicant.

A consumer with a strong credit report may see less of a credit scoring decline than one with a weak credit report. Multiple credit report hard inquiries can be a reason why a consumer with a weak credit history may see their credit scores decline moderately.

Recommended: Soft vs Hard Credit Inquiry: What You Need to Know

Can I Order My Own Tri-Merge Credit Report?

Tri-merge credit reports are available to lenders, but not generally to individuals. A lender may be willing to share with you the tri-merge credit report they pulled in your application process. A credit counselor who offers first-time homebuyer programs may also be able to pull a tri-merge credit report for you in a credit review process, but there may be a fee for that service.

However, you can — and it’s a good idea to do this — request a free copy of your credit report from AnnualCreditReport.com.

You can request a free copy of your credit report once a week from each of the three major credit bureaus. Reviewing all three of your credit reports will give you much of the same information as is included in a tri-merge credit report.

The Takeaway

Tri-merge credit reports can prove highly useful to mortgage and other lenders looking for a comprehensive review of an applicant’s credit history.

By merging the credit report analysis of the three major credit reporting agencies, creditors and lenders are getting a fully-formed outlook they likely wouldn’t get by relying on a single credit reporting agency.

For consumers, the key takeaway on three-in-one credit reports is simple – take a disciplined and diligent stance on your credit, review your credit reports on a regular basis, and ensure key issues like on-time payments and credit utilization rates are in good standing.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. See your rate in minutes.

FAQ

What is a tri-merge credit report?

A tri-merge credit report is a credit report combining information from the three major credit bureaus, Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion.

Is a tri-merge credit report a hard inquiry?

When a tri-merge credit report is pulled during the formal loan application process, it will be a hard inquiry on the applicant’s credit report.

Can I pull my own tri-merge credit report?

No. Tri-merge credit reports are available to lenders, not individuals, and they’re mainly used in the mortgage loan process. If you’re working with a credit counselor, you may be able to have a tri-merge credit report pulled during a credit review process.

Photo credit: iStock/Irina Ivanova

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An exchange-traded fund, or ETF, bundles many investments together in one package so it can be sold as shares and traded on an exchange. The purchase of one ETF provides exposure to dozens or even hundreds of different investments at once, and there are numerous types of ETFs on the market.

ETFs are generally passive investments, i.e. they don’t have active managers overseeing the fund’s portfolio. Rather most ETFs track an index like the S&P 500, the Russell 2000, and so forth.

ETFs are an investment vehicle that allows even small and less-established investors to build diversified portfolios, and to do so at a relatively low cost. But before you start buying ETFs, it’s important to understand how they work, the risks of investing in ETFs, as well as other pros and cons.

What Is an ETF?

An ETF is a type of pooled investment fund that bundles together different assets, such as stocks, bonds, commodities, or currencies, and then divides the ownership of the fund into shares. Unlike mutual funds, ETFs give investors the ability to trade shares on an exchange throughout the day, similar to a stock.

Unlike investing in a single stock, however, it’s possible to buy shares of a single ETF that provides exposure to hundreds or thousands of investment securities. ETFs are often heralded for helping investors gain diversified exposure to the market for a relatively low cost.

This is important to understand: Just like a mutual fund, an ETF is the suitcase that packs investments together. For example, if you are invested in a stock ETF, you are invested in the underlying stocks. If you are invested in a bond ETF, you are invested in the underlying bonds. Thus you are exposed to the same risk levels of those specific markets.

Recommended: Active vs Passive Investing

Passive vs Active ETFs

Most ETFs are passive, which means to track a market index. Their aim is to provide an investor exposure to some particular segment of the market in an attempt to return the average for that market. If there’s a type of investment that you want broad, diversified exposure to, there’s probably an ETF for it.

Though less popular, there are also actively managed ETFs, where a person or group makes decisions about what securities to buy and sell within the fund. Generally, active funds charge a higher fee than index ETFs, which are simply designed to track an index or segment of the market.


💡 Quick Tip: How to manage potential risk factors in a self-directed investment account? Doing your research and employing strategies like dollar-cost averaging and diversification may help mitigate financial risk when trading stocks.

How Do ETFs Work?

As discussed, most ETFs track a particular index that measures some segment of the market. For example, there are multiple ETFs that track the S&P 500 index. The S&P 500 index measures the performance of 500 of the biggest companies in the United States.

Therefore, if you were to purchase one share of an S&P 500 index fund, you would be invested in all 500 companies in that index, in their proportional weights.

What Is the Difference Between an ETF and a Mutual Fund?

ETFs are similar to mutual funds. Both provide access to a wide variety of investments through the purchase of just one fund. But there are also key differences between ETFs and mutual funds, as well as different risks that investors must bear in mind.

•   ETFs and mutual funds have different structures. A mutual fund is fairly straightforward: Investors use cash to buy shares, which the fund manager, in turn, uses to buy more securities. By contrast, an ETF relies on a complex system whereby shares are created and redeemed, based on underlying securities that are held in a trust.

•   ETFs trade on an open market exchange (such as the New York Stock Exchange) just as a stock does, so it is possible to buy and sell ETFs throughout the day. Mutual funds trade only once a day, after the market is closed.

•   ETF investors buy and sell ETFs with other ETF investors, not the fund itself, as you would with a mutual fund.

•   ETFs are typically “passive” investments, which means that there’s no investment manager making decisions about what should or should not be held in the fund, as with many mutual funds. Instead, passive ETFs aim to provide the same return for the benchmark index they track. For example, an ETF for environmental stocks would mimic the returns of green stocks overall.

What Are the Advantages of ETFs?

There are a number of benefits of holding ETFs in an investment portfolio, including:

•   Ease of trading

•   Lower fees

•   Diversification

•   Liquidity

Trading

ETFs are traded on the stock market, with prices updated by the minute, making it easy to buy and sell them throughout the day. Trades can be made through the same broker an investor trades stocks with. In addition to the ease of trading, investors are able to place special orders (such as limit orders) as they could with a stock.

Fees

ETFs often have lower annual fees (called an expense ratio) — typically lower than that of mutual funds — and no sales loads. Brokerage commissions, which are the costs of buying and selling securities within a brokerage account, may apply.

Diversification

Using ETFs is one way to achieve relatively cheap and easy diversification within an investment strategy. With the click of a button, an investor can own hundreds of investments in their portfolio. ETFs can include stocks, bonds, commodities, real estate, and even hybrid funds that offer a mix of securities.

Liquidity

Thanks to the way ETFs are structured, ETF shares are considered more liquid than mutual fund shares.


💡 Quick Tip: Investment fees are assessed in different ways, including trading costs, account management fees, and possibly broker commissions. When you set up an investment account, be sure to get the exact breakdown of your “all-in costs” so you know what you’re paying.

What Are the Disadvantages of ETFs

There are some potential downsides to trading ETFs, too, including:

Trading Might Be Too Easy

With pricing updated instantaneously, the ease of ETF trading can encourage investors to get out of an investment that may be designed to be long term.

Understanding ETF Costs

Even if ETFs average lower fees than mutual funds, a brokerage might still charge commissions on trades. Commission fees, plus fund management fees, can potentially make trading ETFs pricier than trading standalone stocks.

In addition, some ETFs can come with higher bid/ask spreads (depending on trading volume and liquidity), which can increase the cost of trading those funds.

Lower Yield

ETFs can be great for investors looking for exposure to a broad market, index, or sector. But for an investor with a strong conviction about a particular asset, investing in an ETF that includes that asset will only give them indirect exposure to it — and dilute the gains if it shoots up in price relative to its comparable assets or the markets as a whole.

What Are Common Types of ETFs?

The ETF market is quite varied today, but much of it reflects its roots in the equities market. The first U.S. ETF was the Standard & Poor’s Depository Receipt, known today as the SPDR. It was launched on the American Stock Exchange in 1993. Today, ETFs that cover the S&P 500 are one of the most common types of ETFs.

Since the SPDR first debuted, the universe of exchange-traded funds has greatly expanded, and ETF trading and investing has become more popular with individual investors and institutions. Although index ETFs — those that passively track an index — are still the most common type of fund, ETFs can be actively managed. In addition, these funds come in a range of different flavors, or styles.

Because of the way these funds are structured, ETFs come with a specific set of risk factors and costs — not all of which are obvious to investors. So, in addition to the risk of loss if a fund underperforms (i.e., general market risk), investors need to bear in mind that some ETFs might get different tax treatment; could be shut down (dozens of ETFs close each year); and the investor may pay a higher bid/ask spread to trade ETFs, as noted above.

With that in mind, ETFs can offer an inexpensive way to add diversification to your portfolio. Here are some common types of ETFs.

Index ETFs

These provide exposure to a representative sample of the stock market, often by tracking a major index. An index, like the S&P 500, is simply a measure of the average of the market it is attempting to track.

Sector ETFs

These ETFs track a sector or industry in the stock market, such as healthcare stocks or energy stocks.

Style ETFs

These track a particular investment style in the stock market, such as a company’s market capitalization (large cap, small cap, etc.) or whether it is considered a value or growth stock.

Bond ETFs

Bond ETFs provide exposure to bonds, such as treasury, corporate, municipal, international, and high-yield.

Caveats for Certain ETFs

A handful of ETFs may require special attention, as they may incur higher taxes, costs, or expose investors to other risks.

Foreign Market ETFs

These ETFs provide exposure to international markets, both by individual countries (for example, Japan) and by larger regions (such as Europe or all developed countries, except the United States). Note that ETFs invested in foreign markets are subject to risk factors in those markets, which may not be obvious to domestic investors, so be sure to do your homework.

Commodity ETFs

Commodity ETFs track the price of a commodity, such as a precious metal (like gold), oil, or another basic good. Commodity ETFs are governed by a special set of tax rules, so be sure to understand the implications.

Real Estate ETFs

Real estate ETFs provide exposure to real estate markets, often through what are called Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITS). Dividends from REITs also receive a different tax treatment, even when held within the wrapper of a fund.

Additional ETFs

In addition, there are inverse ETFs, currency ETFs, ETFs for alternative investments, and actively managed ETFs. (While most ETFs are passive and track an index, there are a growing number of managed ETFs.) These instruments are typically more complicated than your standard stock or bond ETF, so do your due diligence.

What Is ETF Trading?

ETF trading is the buying and selling of ETFs. To trade ETFs, it helps to understand how stocks are traded because ETF trades are similar to stock trades in some ways, but not in others.

Stocks trade in a marketplace called an “exchange,” open during weekday business hours, and so do ETFs. It is possible to buy and sell ETFs as rarely or as frequently as you could a stock. You’ll be able to buy ETFs through whomever you buy or sell stocks from, typically a brokerage.

That said, many investors will not want to trade ETFs frequently. The bid-ask spread — the difference between the highest price a buyer is willing to pay and the lowest price a seller will accept — can add to the cost of every trade.

A simple ETF trading strategy is to buy and hold ETFs for the purpose of long-term growth. Whether you choose a buy and hold strategy or decide to trade more often, the ease of trading ETFs makes it possible to build a broad, diversified portfolio that’s easy to update and change.

Risks of Trading ETFs

As noted in the discussion about common types of ETFs, it bears repeating that some ETFs can expose investors to more risk — but all exchange-traded funds come with some degree of risk. For example, investing in one of the most common types of ETFs, an S&P 500 ETF which tracks that index, still comes with the same risk of loss as that part of the market.

If large-cap U.S. stocks suddenly lose 30%, the ETF will also likely drop significantly.

This caveat applies to other asset classes and sectors as well.

3 Steps to Invest in ETFs

If you want to start investing in ETFs, there are a few simple steps to follow.

1. Do Your Research

Are you looking to get exposure to an entire index like the S&P 500? Or a sector like technology that may have a different set of prospects for growth and returns than the market as a whole? Those decisions will help narrow your search.

2. Choose an ETF

For any given market, sector, or theme you want exposure to, there is likely to be more than one ETF available. One consideration for investors is the fees involved with each ETF.

3. Find a Broker

If you’re already trading stocks, you’ll already have an investment broker that can execute your ETF trades. If you don’t have a broker, finding one should be relatively painless, as there are many options on the market. Once your account is funded, you can start trading stocks and ETFs.

How to Build an ETF Portfolio

Are you willing to take on more investment risk to see more growth? Would you prefer less risk, even if it means potentially lower returns? How will you handle market volatility? Understanding your personal risk tolerance can help you choose ETFs for your portfolio that round out your asset allocation.

For example, if you decide that you would like to invest in a traditional mix of stocks and bonds at a ratio of 70% to 30%, you could buy one or several stock ETFs to gain exposure to the stock market with 70% of your money and some ETFs to fulfill your 30% exposure to the bond market.

The risk factors of equity and bond ETFs are relatively easy to anticipate, but if you venture into foreign stock ETFs, emerging markets, or gold and other commodities, it’s wise to consider the additional risk factors and tax implications of those markets and asset classes.

Once you’ve determined your desired allocation strategy and purchased the appropriate ETFs, you may want to take a hands-on approach when managing your portfolio throughout the year. This could mean rebalancing your portfolio once a year, or utilizing a more active approach.

The Takeaway

ETFs bundle different investments together, offering exposure to a host of different underlying securities in one package. There’s likely an ETF out there for every type of investor, whether you’re looking at a particular market, sector, or theme. ETFs offer the bundling of a mutual fund, with the trading ease of stocks, although the total costs and tax treatment of ETFs require some vigilance on the part of investors.

Though a DIY approach to investing using ETFs is doable, many investors prefer to have the help of a professional who can provide guidance throughout the investment process.

Invest in what matters most to you with SoFi Active Invest. In a self-directed account provided by SoFi Securities, you can trade stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, alternative funds, options, and more — all while paying $0 commission on every trade. Other fees may apply. Whether you want to trade after-hours or manage your portfolio using real-time stock insights and analyst ratings, you can invest your way in SoFi's easy-to-use mobile app.