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Trying to sleep on an overnight flight can feel like a mission impossible, what with the noise, cramped quarters, uncomfortable seats, plus all those meal and beverage service interruptions. Lack of sleep on an all-night flight can leave you feeling drowsy, irritable, and lethargic upon arrival at your destination, which is not the way you want to start your trip.

Despite the inherent obstacles, you shouldn’t resign yourself to spending a long flight wide awake. There are hacks that can help you get some quality slumber on an overnight flight. Read on to learn:

•   The importance of getting sleep on an overnight flight

•   How to sleep well by choosing the right flight and seat

•   What you can do to prepare ahead of your flight

•   Things you can do to wind down and relax on your flight

Why It’s Important to Get Sleep on an Overnight Flight

When you get adequate sleep during the night, your brain and body rest and recover, allowing you to feel energized the next day. Without enough shut-eye, you’ll likely feel more physically, emotionally, and mentally tired.

In addition, lack of sleep on an overnight flight can contribute to jet lag, which typically happens when an individual travels east or west across three or more time zones.

•   Besides fatigue, symptoms of jet lag can include trouble processing information clearly, difficulty coping with change, having slower reaction times, and experiencing problems with balance and coordination.

•   Jet lag can impair your alertness, which can be dangerous if, for instance, you’re renting a car and will be driving right after your flight. It can also make you more vulnerable to pickpockets and scammers.

Recommended: Guide to Saving Money on Hotels for Your Next Vacation

Choosing the Best Flight and Seat

The timing of your flights and where you sit on the plane can play a key role in how well you sleep overnight. Certain departure times sync better with your body clock to make sleep come on a little easier. And some seats and areas of the plane work better for sleeping.

Here, consider these suggestions for when to take off and how to pick the prime seat for snoozing.

Timing Your Flight for Optimal Sleep

Our bodies have an internal clock, or “circadian rhythm,” that tells us when it’s time to sleep and wake up. Taking an overnight flight can disrupt your body’s natural cycle of wakefulness and sleep. For example, if you’re flying from New York City to Paris, which is six hours ahead, you’ll land when it’s already morning, but your body is telling you it’s still nighttime. Two points to keep in mind:

•   When it comes to taking an overnight flight, you’re working with your natural body clock instead of fighting against it. So go ahead and book that 9am vs. 4pm flight. At some point, you’re bound to get sleepy around your usual bedtime. Overnight flights can be better if you’re traveling with babies and children, since the flight coincides with their bedtime too.

•   You can also get more uninterrupted sleep by choosing a direct flight. Yes, it can be pricier, but having to switch flights in the middle of the night results in broken sleep, plus layovers can further mess up your internal clock.

Picking A Seat

Many airlines offer first class and business class red-eye passengers the most sleep-focused perks, such as extra leg room, more privacy, and seats that convert into beds. However, buying seats in these sections can be very expensive — thousands of dollars more than a seat in coach. If you don’t have that much money socked away in your travel fund, consider the following:

•   Do you have unused miles you’ve accrued by using an airline credit card? Now might be the time to cash in and use them for a first or business class seat or upgrade.

•   Consider if it’s worthwhile to charge an expensive and more comfortable seat and then have the credit card reward points to use as you see fit. Or you might opt for cash back.

•   If you purchase your ticket with a travel credit card or cash back rewards credit card, you might earn miles that you can use on future travel, which can help offset the expense.

If you choose to fly coach, there are ways to snagging the best type of seat in which you can doze off. Some tips:

•   Window seats tend to be best for sleeping. You can rest your head against the window or wall, and don’t have to deal with passengers waking you up as they climb over you to move around the cabin. Window seats also provide the most privacy and give you control of the window shade. Book early, as window seats are popular and tend to disappear quickly.

•   Your next choice might be to opt for an aisle, which can give you more room to stretch your legs. Beware of falling asleep that way, though; you’ll likely be woken up by flight attendants or fellow passengers who need to get by you.

•   Seats closer to the front of the plane are often quieter and make for a smoother ride. Sitting in the back of the plane doesn’t bode well for sleeping, especially if you’re in the last row in a seat with limited to no recline.

•   Another reason the rear of an aircraft is best avoided: It’s usually the location for the restroom, which can be noisy and have frequent passenger traffic.

•   Steer clear of a seat near the galley areas where flight attendants may be moving around at all hours.
Once you’re safely in the air and the seatbelt sign is turned off, look around to see if there are any free rows where three empty seats could give you the opportunity to lie down. Check in with the flight attendants to make sure it’s allowed and the seats don’t belong to anyone else.

Recommended: Credit Card Miles vs. Cash Back: Guide to Choosing

How to Prepare

Here’s some advice to help you fall and stay asleep on a long-haul overnight flight.

•   Adjust your sleep schedule before you leave. Begin to reset your body clock several days prior to your voyage. The Mayo Clinic suggests if you’re traveling east, go to bed one hour earlier each night for a few days before your trip. When heading west, hit the hay one hour later than usual for a couple of days.

•   Eat lightly and clean. Eating spicy, fatty, fried, or high-carb foods before the flight can leave you feeling too full and uncomfortable to sleep.

•   Make sure your seatbelt is visible. This will avoid sleep interruptions by flight attendants who may need passengers to put on their seatbelts during the flight. If you’re covering yourself with a blanket, fasten your seatbelt over it so there’s no need for flight staff to rouse you.

•   Skip caffeine and alcohol. Caffeinated and alcoholic beverages can interrupt sleep and dehydrate you. Instead, keep yourself hydrated by drinking H2O or herbal tea , such as chamomile, valerian root, or passionflower. Research has shown these can help you feel sleepy and improve sleep quality. (You might bring your own teabags and ask the flight attendants for hot water.)

•   Get some exercise that day. Physical activity can help improve sleep quality. Even walking around the airport before your flight counts.

•   Dress in comfortable layers. You never know what the cabin temperature might be, so it’s a good idea to layer up in case you get too hot or cold. Wearing cozy lounge-wear, versus skinny jeans, will up your comfort level so you can sleep better.

•   Take a sleep aid. Many people find taking a prescription or over-the-counter sleeping medication helps them sleep on a plane. One caveat: Both nonprescription and prescription sleeping pills can cause daytime grogginess. A safer option? Try taking melatonin supplements, a synthetic version of the natural hormone your body makes to produce sleepiness .

•   Use your tray table as a head rest. Some people find leaning over and resting their head on their tray table with a pillow makes it easier to get some sleep. This can be especially helpful if you’re in a middle or an aisle seat.

What to Bring for an Overnight Flight

Some airlines may give you a complimentary kit with toiletries and other items to make your night flight more comfortable. You might, however, want to put together your own in case you don’t get one or the airline’s kit doesn’t have everything you might need. Here are some suggested sleep-better items to pack in your carry-on:

•   Neck or travel pillow

•   Noise-canceling headphones or ear plugs

•   Eye mask

•   Cozy warm socks and slipon shoes

•   Blanket or wrap

•   Snacks in case you sleep through meal service or get hungry in between

When and How to Wind Down in the Air

Your pre-bed routine doesn’t have to fall to the wayside just because you’re flying. There are some things you can do during your journey to relax and encourage sleepiness:

•   Listen to calming music or a podcast

•   Engage in a relaxing activity such as reading a book, knitting, or breaking out a mini deck of cards to play Solitaire.

•   Avoid looking at screens and skip the inflight entertainment since exposure to blue light can interfere with sleep.

•   Don’t stress if sleep doesn’t happen. It can be difficult to sleep when you can’t get comfortable. Anxiety around traveling with pets and/or small children or just flying in general, can prevent you from relaxing. Instead, try to at least rest your eyes and do some deep breathing.

Recommended: How Families Can Afford to Travel

The Takeaway

No doubt about it, trying to snooze on an overnight flight can be downright challenging. Lack of sleep on a redeye can result in physical and mental exhaustion, which isn’t the best way to kick off your travels. Fortunately, by booking certain seats and following a few steps, you can likely get the in-flight rest you need to help make you feel alert and ready to roll once you touch down.

Whether you want to travel more or get a better ROI for your travel dollar, SoFi can help. SoFi Travel is a new service exclusively for SoFi members that lets you budget, plan, and book your next trip in a convenient one-stop shop. SoFi takes the guessing game out of how much you can afford for that honeymoon, family vacation, or quick getaway — and we help you save too.

FAQ

Should I pull an all-nighter to sleep on a plane?

No. Getting on a night flight already sleep-deprived doesn’t guarantee you’re going to sleep well on the plane. It’s also counterproductive. If you haven’t slept the night before, you’ll most likely be struggling to stay awake when you need to get things done on your travel day.

How many hours should you wake up before you land?

Plan to set your alarm so you can wake up somewhere between 45 minutes to an hour before landing. Since waking up on a plane can be disorienting, it’s important to have some time to become fully alert before you disembark.

Is jet lag easier flying east or west?

It’s easier to deal with jet lag when you’re flying west than east. When you fly east, you “lose” time as opposed to flying west when you “gain” time. It’s believed your body can adapt more quickly to staying up late than going to sleep earlier.

Photo credit: iStock/Meinzahn

¹See Rewards Details at SoFi.com/card/rewards.

**Terms, and conditions apply: This SoFi member benefit is provided by Expedia, not by SoFi or its affiliates. SoFi may be compensated by the benefit provider. Offers are subject to change and may have restrictions, please review the benefit provider's terms: Travel Services Terms & Conditions.
The SoFi Travel Portal is operated by Expedia. To learn more about Expedia, click https://www.expediagroup.com/home/default.aspx.

When you use your SoFi Credit Card to make a purchase on the SoFi Travel Portal, you will earn a number of SoFi Member Rewards points equal to 3% of the total amount you spend on the SoFi Travel Portal. Members can save up to 10% or more on eligible bookings.

You have likely heard the term “all-inclusive resort” when researching vacation ideas and know that some of the most popular ones are located in the Caribbean. And for good reason: Stunning turquoise water, miles of sandy beaches, brilliant sunshine, and loads of fresh-caught fish are big draws.

But are all-inclusives all they’re cracked up to be? Some people prefer a more authentic experience when traveling, and more upscale cuisine. Pools, parties, and group activities can be fun in moderation, but sometimes you just want peace and quiet.

Here, you’ll learn more about staying at an all-inclusive Caribbean resort, including such factors as:

•   What do all-inclusive resorts actually include?

•   How much do all-inclusive resorts cost?

•   What are the pros and cons of all-inclusive Caribbean resorts?

What Do All-Inclusive Resorts Include?

What all-inclusive resorts include varies by property, but they generally include:

•   The price of the hotel room

•   All food, snacks, and beverages

•   Most likely alcoholic beverages, though they may include only certain brands of alcohol

•   Possibly room-service meals

•   Entertainment, activities (including water sports like kayaking), and kids’ camp, depending on the resort

•   Taxes and tips

•   Possibly airport transfers

All-inclusive resorts usually don’t include the cost of excursions, but some may have activities included for free. They don’t include extras like renting a car for a day trip.

How Much Do All-Inclusive Resorts Cost?

You pay for an all-inclusive vacation upfront based on the number of nights you’re staying and the number of people in your party. Prices usually start at about $200 a night per person, with some properties costing much more, especially during peak time like winter (in the hot Caribbean, summer travel is considered off-season).

You may want to bring extra cash to tip staff, like bartenders, waiters, and housekeeping. Even if gratuities are included in the price of your stay, there may be times that you want to thank a staff member for helping you out.

Types of All-Inclusive Resorts

There are many different types of all-inclusive resorts. There are all-inclusive resorts that are meant for singles, couples, couples on their honeymoon, adults-only, families, and groups. There are even some pet-friendly all-inclusive resorts, if you like traveling with pets.

Some of the brands you may hear mentioned are Beaches, Breezes, Riu Palace, and Sandals, among others. The best all-inclusive Caribbean resorts for you will depend on the location you’re seeking, the kind of accommodations, and amenities that suit you, and of course the price tag.

Pros of All-Inclusive Caribbean Resorts

All-inclusive Caribbean resorts definitely have their advantages. Here are a few of the upsides:

Good Value

If you typically spend a lot on food and beverages on vacations, an all-inclusive resort can actually provide good value. Drinks in particular can add up quickly. So if you like to indulge in big meals and lots of cocktails while on vacay, you can really “get your money’s worth” (though it may not be the best for your health).

Live the Caribbean Dream

If you have always dreamed of relaxing on a beach in the Caribbean, an all-inclusive Caribbean resort can be an easy way to achieve that dream. All-inclusive Caribbean resorts are engineered to please tourists’ every whim, so they likely have almost anything you want on your vacation.

Low Stress

All-inclusive vacations can be appealing to those who want a relaxing vacation without having to do much planning. You don’t have to search out restaurants, beaches, or activities; everything is ready and waiting for you.

24-Hour Service

At an all-inclusive resort, you usually have staff on call 24/7 to assist you. Plenty of staff members are available to bring you a drink or room service, answer any questions, and help with special requests.

Cost Is Predetermined

When you book an all-inclusive vacation, you typically have to pay ahead of time. You will know exactly how much your vacation will cost you, unlike a typical vacation, where you may not know the cost of food, drinks, attractions, and more until your credit card bill arrives. Plus, since you have already paid for the vacation, it may make you more relaxed on the actual vacation, since you don’t have to worry about how much you’re spending.

Recommended: Where to Find Book Now, Pay Later Vacations

Cons of All-Inclusive Caribbean Resorts

All-inclusive Caribbean resorts may not be the best option for everyone. Some of the cons to consider before booking include the following:

Inauthentic Version of Local Culture

When you stay at an all-inclusive resort, you may rarely or never leave the resort. Because of this, you won’t experience the true local culture or cuisine of wherever you’re staying. Appreciating other cultures is a major component of travel for many people, which is why they may dislike all-inclusive resorts.

Food Can Be Mediocre

The food at all-inclusive resorts can vary. Some guests may find it to be mediocre, depending on the particular property. Since these resorts have to feed a lot of people (who are not paying extra for food), the food options may be cheaper, blander, and less distinctive than you would find at a local restaurant. You also may not get to experience a variety of options, since you have the same restaurants to choose from every day.

Potential Crowds

All-inclusive Caribbean resorts can get crowded. You may have trouble finding a chair by the pool or beach. Activities could be at capacity. If you go to the restaurants during the popular mealtimes, you may have to wait for a table or have slower service. (One hack for that: Consider booking dinner reservations ahead of time.)

You Can’t Cut Costs

All-inclusive resorts are like a package: You pay one price for everything. With other types of vacations, you can cut costs by eating at less expensive restaurants, cooking meals, or picnicking. You might also opt for less pricey lodging (if you know how to save money on hotels) or skip renting a car and use public transportation instead.

These are some examples of how families afford to travel. However, with an all-inclusive vacation, you have to pay the price they quote you.

Tips for Staying at an All-Inclusive Resort

If you do plan to stay at an all-inclusive Caribbean resort, here are some tips to make your vacation as enjoyable and affordable as possible:

•   When booking an all-inclusive resort, the dates will have an impact on the nightly rate. If you’re able to, travel during the off-season, like fall or spring, to save money.

•   Some all-inclusive resorts are bookable using credit card rewards. If you have a travel credit card that lets you transfer points to hotel chains with all-inclusive resorts, this could be a way to save money and use points instead.

•   Before booking a vacation, including an all-inclusive resort, you may want to consider travel insurance to protect your investment in your vacation in case something goes wrong. If you have a travel credit card, make sure you understand how credit card travel insurance works. That could be a way to get coverage.

Recommended: How to Choose Between Credit Card Miles vs. Cash Back

The Takeaway

All-inclusive Caribbean resorts have their pros and cons. Some people love them: These destinations can be relaxing and low-stress and provide good value. Others may find them crowded, with mediocre food, and they don’t allow you to cut costs. Weighing the upsides vs. the downsides should allow you to decide if an all-inclusive resort is the right way for you to make your Caribbean dream come true.

Whether you want to travel more or get a better ROI for your travel dollar, SoFi can help. SoFi Travel is a new service exclusively for SoFi members that lets you budget, plan, and book your next trip in a convenient one-stop shop. SoFi takes the guessing game out of how much you can afford for that honeymoon, family vacation, or quick getaway — and we help you save too.

Photo credit: iStock/dstephens

**Terms, and conditions apply: This SoFi member benefit is provided by Expedia, not by SoFi or its affiliates. SoFi may be compensated by the benefit provider. Offers are subject to change and may have restrictions, please review the benefit provider's terms: Travel Services Terms & Conditions.
The SoFi Travel Portal is operated by Expedia. To learn more about Expedia, click https://www.expediagroup.com/home/default.aspx.

When you use your SoFi Credit Card to make a purchase on the SoFi Travel Portal, you will earn a number of SoFi Member Rewards points equal to 3% of the total amount you spend on the SoFi Travel Portal. Members can save up to 10% or more on eligible bookings.

If you love to travel, chances are, you have your eyes open for good deals. Wouldn’t you like to get a hefty discount off the usual airfare rates? Sure. An upgrade from a standard hotel room to a junior suite with a terrace? But of course! And clever hacks that help your dollars go further whether you’re sipping a cocktail, signing up for a surfing class, or shopping? Yes, yes, and yes.

Being a frugal traveler can deliver those perks and pad your bank account. With a little research and knowledge of some insider tips and tricks, you can have a great experience on vacation and cut costs, too.

Want to be a more frugal traveler? To snag some bargains on your next trip, try these smart tactics.

Time Your Trip Right

One of the first steps in becoming a frugal traveler is picking a place where you want to go and can also afford to go. The good news is that no location is necessarily off-limits, as long as you can be flexible on the timing of your vacation.

While you’re not likely to get a great deal on a hotel on Cape Cod for Fourth of July weekend or a cheap flight to the Caribbean over Christmas, you may be able to score a sweet deal if you decide to go to either of those places during what is referred to as “shoulder season.”

The term “shoulder season” is used by professional travelers and agents around the world to denote the time in between busy seasons in any given destination.

It may be viewed as a less desirable time to visit by some travelers, but to the seasoned voyager, it’s often seen as the ideal time to go. Not only may you find better deals on flights, accommodations, and more, but you can also avoid the intense crowds you may encounter during the high season.

Take Mexico as an example. According to Frommer’s, Mexico’s high season begins around December 20, peaks over New Year’s, then winds down at the end in April.

If you plan a visit during this time, you can expect to pay a premium on just about everything, from your plane ticket to those tacos al pastor, as you’re competing with other travelers for space.

If you opt to visit just prior to this, say in November, or just after, in May or June, you will likely be able to find better deals. Since there will be fewer people around, you might be able to take excursions with smaller groups, get restaurant reservations at highly sought-after spots, and even luck out with a free room upgrade at your hotel.

Recommended: How Families Can Afford to Travel on Vacation

Find Flight Deals

One of the most expensive parts about traveling is the actual act of travel itself. While driving can sometimes be a cheaper mode of transportation, it might not be an option depending on the destination you have in mind.

But there are still ways you can save. Here are a couple of travel hacks that may help you get better deals on airfare.

Use the big travel sites. Sites like Expedia, Booking.com, and Kayak search multiple airlines for the best deals and can often offer you clever ways to lower your costs. For instance, they can tell you whether prices for your itinerary are likely to rise or fall in the near future. They can show you how much you can save if you are flexible with your dates or are willing to fly out of a nearby airport rather than your closest possible hub. For instance, if you’re Paris-bound from the New York City area, you might get a better deal departing from Newark, NJ, vs. JFK airport in the city itself.

What’s more, these sites sometimes offer clever hacks, such as flying outbound on one airline and back on another to save you cash. They can also keep you posted on new deals that become available on your route if you’re not ready to buy right away.

Sign up for email alerts. Some good news for busy travelers: There are other sources for flight pricing alerts beyond the big travel sites. For instance, if you are willing to subscribe to an email newsletter, you might try Next Vacay. It’s a website where users can input their destination, then simply wait for the site to send them daily emails with flight deals. You may also want to check out Skyscanner, which allows users to set alerts for price drops so you can strike when the iron is hot.

Some of these services will send you deals for both your destination and others in case you need a little inspiration. You may also want to download a few travel apps that will send you price alerts as well.

Work that airline credit card. If you have a preferred airline or airline network, you can earn points or miles with an airline credit card that can be applied to the cost of flights or help you snag upgrades.

Book at the right time. There used to be a rule that Tuesdays were the best (cheapest) day to go flight shopping, but a recent Google Flights study found that you won’t really save much that way, maybe just 1.9%.

However, you are likely to get a nice price if you purchase your ticket well in advance of your travel date (around three months for domestic travel and often six to 10 months for international) or else be spontaneous and book your flights last minute. And it is true that you are likely to save if your flights are on a midweek date or a Saturday; that can shave the price versus heading off on vacay on a Friday, along with everyone else.

Score Deals on Accommodations

Ready to save on hotel costs on your next vacation? Try these smart tactics:

•   Hotels base prices on supply and demand, so when there is less demand (say, in shoulder season), prices tend to fall. Beyond the season, you can also try looking into checking in and out on less popular days.

If you can check in at a vacation destination on a Monday and out on a Friday, for instance, you may be able to save, since mid-week pricing can be cheaper than weekends.

•   Even if you’re booking at a travel site, it’s also a good idea to frequently check the website of any hotel you’re interested in staying at. There, they may announce different deals and sales. At the very least, you may be able to spot a free room upgrade or free breakfast.

•   It can also be wise to sign up for a travel credit card. These can help you earn points to apply to future travel and offer perks at your favorite hotel chain.

Entertain Yourself on a Frugal Vacation

While you’re traveling, you’re likely going to want to participate in activities. And you can likely find ways to save on those also.

In a new place, try googling a few free walking tours, which can give you a wonderful sense of a place without having to spend a dime (though it may be polite to tip your tour guide afterwards).

For cheap or discounted tickets to local attractions, consider checking out sites like Groupon, Airbnb Experiences, Meetup, and local tourism boards.

You may also want to ask your hotel front desk at check-in for tips on things to do and see. Hotels often have partnerships with area attractions and may be able to provide you with a discount.

For restaurants, it can be a bit harder to save, but if there’s one fancy place you’ve simply been dying to try, you can often save a fair amount by going for lunch rather than dinner.

Recommended: How to Balance the Urge to Travel and the Need to Save

Set a Travel Budget

Establishing a budget, and then starting to save for your vacation, can be a key part of the frugal traveler planning process. That’s because your budget can help determine not only where you can go, but what you can do while you are there.

A travel budget can help you to narrow down your choices and also make sure that you are able to enjoy your trip without having to worry that you are spending more than you can afford.

Below are some categories you may want to include in your budget:

Transportation costs: When budgeting for a trip, you’ll want to decide if you’re going to fly, drive, or take the train. For driving (perhaps you’re going to be touring some national parks), consider costs like gas and wear and tear on your car. If you don’t have a vehicle you can use, look for ways to save on renting a car, such as not picking it up at the airport but at a nearby location. You’ll need to account for taxes, insurance, and other related expenses. For flying, you’ll want to be sure to include ticket price, baggage fees, airport parking, and destination car rental or taxi.

Lodging: Accommodation costs can seem clear, but you’ll want to be sure to ask about any resort fees and taxes so you can add it to your budget.

Food: It can be a good idea to come up with a cost for breakfast, lunch, and dinner (including tips) for everyone you’re traveling with. If your hotel offers free breakfasts, you can put that cost towards another meal. Or maybe you’re renting an apartment and can cook while traveling. You’ll still need a grocery budget.

Activities: You’ll want to have a budget for daily activities and entertainment for each participant in your group. Many museums, for instance, can have steep entrance fees, so you may want to search ahead to see what likely costs are. If you’re planning a special outing, like a Jeep tour to see cave paintings in the Southwest, don’t forget to allow for a tip for the driver.

Extras: You never know when an emergency, a fun activity, or an unplanned happy hour will arise. Adding a buffer to your vacation budget can help you prepare for these extra expenses. You might also want to budget for travel insurance or see if your credit card travel insurance offers good coverage.

Once you add up all the costs, you can start saving up for your vacation. You could even create a secondary savings account titled “travel fund” so you’ll be even more excited to save.

The Takeaway

Vacations can be costly, especially if you’re traveling with a family. But with a little bit of research and advance planning, you may be able to significantly reduce the price of your next trip.

Simple frugal traveler tricks, like traveling off-peak, signing up for travel newsletters, booking your flight around two months ahead, and pre-scouting free and discounted local activities, can help you reduce costs without having to skimp on fun.

You can also make traveling more affordable by setting a budget, saving up for your trip in advance, and staying as close as possible to your spending plan while you are away.

SoFi Travel has teamed up with Expedia to bring even more to your one-stop finance app, helping you book reservations — for flights, hotels, car rentals, and more — all in one place. SoFi Members also have exclusive access to premium savings, with 10% or more off on select hotels. Plus, earn unlimited 3%** cash back rewards when you book with your SoFi Unlimited 2% Credit Card through SoFi Travel.

**Terms, and conditions apply: This SoFi member benefit is provided by Expedia, not by SoFi or its affiliates. SoFi may be compensated by the benefit provider. Offers are subject to change and may have restrictions, please review the benefit provider's terms: Travel Services Terms & Conditions.
The SoFi Travel Portal is operated by Expedia. To learn more about Expedia, click https://www.expediagroup.com/home/default.aspx.

When you use your SoFi Credit Card to make a purchase on the SoFi Travel Portal, you will earn a number of SoFi Member Rewards points equal to 3% of the total amount you spend on the SoFi Travel Portal. Members can save up to 10% or more on eligible bookings.

Automated tax-loss harvesting can be a tool for tax-efficient investing because it involves using an algorithm to sell securities at a loss so as to offset capital gains and potentially lower an investor’s tax bill.

Standard tax-loss harvesting uses the same principle, but the process is complicated and an advisor might only harvest losses once or twice a year versus automated tax-loss harvesting which can be done more frequently.

That said, automated tax-loss harvesting — which is sometimes a feature of robo-advisor accounts — may give investors only limited (or possibly no) tax benefits. Here’s a breakdown of whether an automated tax-loss strategy makes sense.

Tax-Loss Harvesting: The Basics

First, a quick recap of how standard tax-loss harvesting works. Tax-loss harvesting is a way of selling securities at a loss, and then “harvesting” that loss to offset capital gains or other taxable income, thereby reducing federal tax owed.

The reason to consider this strategy is that capital gains are taxed at two different federal tax rates: long-term (when you’ve held an asset for a year or more) and short-term (when you’ve held an asset for under a year).

•   Long-term capital gains are taxed at 0%, 15%, or 20%, depending on the investor’s tax bracket.

•   Short-term capital gains are taxed at a typically higher rate based on the investor’s ordinary income tax rate.

The one-year mark is crucial, because the IRS taxes short-term investments at the higher marginal income tax rate of the investor. For high-income earners that can be 37% plus a 3.8% net investment income tax (NIIT). That means the taxes on those quick gains can be as much as 40.8% — and that’s before state and local taxes are factored in.

Example of Basic Tax-Loss Harvesting

For example, consider an investor in the highest tax bracket who sells security ABC after a year, and realizes a long-term capital gain of $10,000. They would owe 20%, or $2,000.

But if the investor sells XYZ security and harvests a loss of $3,000, that can be applied to the gain from security ABC. So their net capital gain will be $7,000 ($10,000 – $3,000). This means that they would owe $1,400 in capital gains tax.

The differences can be even greater when investors can harvest short-term losses to offset short-term gains, because these are typically taxed at a higher rate. In this case, using the losses to offset the gains can make a big difference in terms of taxes owed.

According to IRS rules, short-term or long-term losses must be used first to offset gains of the same type, unless the losses exceed the gains from the same type. When losses exceed gains, up to $3,000 per year can be used to offset ordinary income or carried over to the following year.

What Is Automated Tax-Loss Harvesting?

Until the advent of robo-advisor services some 15 years ago, tax-loss harvesting was typically carried out by qualified financial advisors or tax professionals in taxable accounts. But as robo-advisors and their automated portfolios became more widely accepted, many of these services began to offer automated tax-loss harvesting as well, though the strategy was executed by a computer program.

Just as the algorithm that underlies an automated portfolio can perform certain basic functions like asset allocation and portfolio rebalancing, some automated programs can execute a tax-loss harvesting strategy as well. SoFi’s automated platform does not offer automated tax-loss harvesting, but others may, for example.

So whereas tax-loss harvesting once made sense only for higher-net-worth investors owing to the complexity of the task, automation has enabled some retail investors to reap the benefits of tax-loss harvesting as well. The idea has been that automated tax-loss harvesting can be conducted more often and with less room for error, thanks to the precision of the underlying algorithm — which can also take into account the effects of the wash-sale rule.

The Wash-Sale Rule

It’s important that investors understand the “wash-sale rule” as it applies to tax-loss harvesting.

What Is the Wash-Sale Rule?

The wash-sale rule prevents investors from selling a security at a loss and buying back the same security, or one that is “substantially identical”, within 30 days. If you sell a security in order to harvest a loss and then replace it with the same or a substantially similar security, the IRS will disallow the loss — and you won’t reap the desired tax benefit.

In the example above, the investor who sells security XYZ in order to apply the loss to the gain from selling security ABC may then want to replace security XYZ because it gives them exposure to a certain market sector. While the investor can’t turn around and buy XYZ again until 30 days have passed, they could buy a similar, but not substantially identical security, to maintain that exposure.

That said, it can be tricky to follow this guidance because the IRS hasn’t established a precise definition of what a “substantially identical security” is. This is another reason why automated tax-loss harvesting may be more efficient: It may be simpler for a computer algorithm to make these choices based on preset parameters.

How ETFs Help With the Wash-Sale Rule

This is how the proliferation of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) has benefited the strategy of tax-loss harvesting. Exchange-traded funds, or ETFs, are baskets of securities that typically track an index of stocks, bonds, commodities or other assets, similar to a mutual fund. Unlike mutual funds, though, ETFs trade on exchanges like stocks.

In some ways, ETFs may make tax-loss harvesting a little easier. For instance, if an investor harvests a loss from an emerging-market stocks ETF, he or she can soon after buy a “similar” but non-identical emerging-market stocks ETF because the fund may have slightly different constituents.

Because most robo-advisors generate automated portfolios comprised of low-cost ETFs, this can also support the process of automated tax-loss harvesting.

Other Important Tax Rules to Know

Tax losses don’t expire. So an investor can apply a portion of losses to offset profits or income in one year and then “save” the remaining losses to offset in another tax year. Investors tend to practice tax-loss harvesting at the end of a calendar year, but it can really be done all year.

As noted above, another potential perk from tax-loss harvesting is that if the losses from an investment exceed any taxable profits from trades, the losses can actually be used to offset up to $3,000 of ordinary income per year.

How Much Does Automated Tax-Loss Harvesting Save?

It’s hard to say whether automated tax-loss harvesting definitively and consistently delivers a reduced tax bill to investors. A myriad of variables — such as the fluctuating nature of both federal tax rates and market price moves — make it difficult to calculate precise figures.

The Upside of Automated Tax-Loss Harvesting

One study of standard (not automated) tax-loss harvesting that was published by the CFA Institute in 2020 found that from 1926 to 2018, a simulated tax-loss harvesting strategy delivered an average annual outperformance of 1.08% versus a passive buy-and-hold portfolio.

Taking into account transaction costs and the wash-sale rule, the outperformance or “alpha” fell to 0.95%.

The study found the strategy did better when the stock market was volatile, such as between 1926 and 1949, a period which includes the Great Depression. The average outperformance was 2.13% a year during that period, as investors found more opportunities to harvest losses. Meanwhile, between 1949 and 1972 — a quieter period in the market as the U.S. underwent economic expansion after World War II — tax-loss harvesting only delivered an alpha of 0.51%.

The Downside of Automated Tax-Loss Harvesting

While the research cited above identifies some benefits of tax-loss harvesting, like many investment studies it’s based on historical data and simulations of a portfolio, not real-world investments.

Another fact to bear in mind: This study does not factor in the impact of automated tax-loss harvesting, which is typically conducted more frequently — and may not deliver a tax benefit.

Indeed, in 2018 the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) charged a robo-advisor for making misleading claims about the benefits of automated tax-loss harvesting in terms of higher portfolio returns. Investors should know that there could be no or little tax savings, or even a bigger tax bill, depending on how different securities perform after they’re sold (or bought back).

For instance, if the underlying algorithm that automates trades in a robo portfolio harvests a loss from one ETF (to offset the gains from a sale of another ETF), it might then purchase a replacement ETF that’s not substantially identical, per the wash-sale rule.

If the second ETF is sold later, the gains realized from this second sale could be so high that they cancel out or be greater than the tax benefits from selling the first fund to harvest the loss.

In that case, the investor could end up paying more taxes down the road — effectively deferring, not eliminating, the tax burden.

Continuously trading assets in automated tax-loss harvesting also means an investor may incur additional costs, such as more transaction fees.

Pros of Automated Tax-Loss Harvesting

1.    Standard tax-loss harvesting is complex and time-consuming, but the benefits are well established. Therefore using automated tax-loss harvesting may be an efficient way to reap the benefits of this strategy because it can be done more automatically and consistently.

2.    To realize the benefits of tax-loss harvesting investors must obey the IRS wash-sale rule, which imposes restrictions that can be tricky to follow. In this way, an automated strategy may limit the potential for human error and may increase the tax benefits for investors.

Cons of Automated Tax-Loss Harvesting

1.    Because an algorithm performs tax-loss harvesting on an automated cadence, investors cannot choose which investments to sell and when and therefore have less control.

2.    An automated tax-loss program may not be able to anticipate a security’s future gains that could reduce or eliminate the tax benefit of harvested losses.

3.    Automated tax-loss harvesting could increase the amount an investor pays in transaction fees, which can lower portfolio returns.

The Takeaway

Automated tax-loss harvesting is a feature primarily offered by robo-advisors, which use a computer algorithm to automatically sell securities at a loss in order to potentially reduce the tax impact of capital gains realized from the sale of other securities.

While this practice can offer tax benefits in some cases, and academic studies have used portfolio simulations to gauge the potential for outperformance, it’s unclear whether automated tax-loss harvesting offers the same benefits. Because the strategy is carried out by an underlying algorithm, a computer program may not be capable of making more nuanced choices about which assets to sell and when.

Investors could potentially end up still owing capital gains taxes or paying more in transaction fees and brokerage fees.