Jan
31
2022
What Is a Box Spread & When to Use One?

A Guide to Box Spreads: What They Are and How They Work

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on A Guide to Box Spreads: What They Are and How They Work

A box spread, or long box, is an options strategy in which a trader buys a call and sells a put, which yields a similar trade profile of a long stock trade position. Depending on which strike prices the trader chooses, the spread will come close to the current market value of the stock.

The arbitrage strategy involves a combination of buying a stock at one strike price and selling stock on another strike price. These trade quotes, when connected form a box and make the difference between the two strike prices.

What Is a Box Spread in Options Trading?

A box spread is an arbitrage options trading strategy used by traders attempting to profit by taking little to no risk. To do this, they’re using both long and short strategies.

This options trade involves a four-legged spread, buying a bull call spread with the corresponding bear put spread with both vertical spreads having the same strike prices and expiration dates. The box spread trading strategy is a delta neutral strategy because the trader is neither bearish or bullish, rather the goal of the trade is to lock in a profit.

Recommended: Popular Options Trading Terminology to Know

Traders using box trades are mostly professional traders such as market makers or institutional traders. Box spreads are not the best trading strategy for retail traders because they don’t yield high profits and transaction costs can impact potential returns. Large investment firms have the tools and resources to execute on box spread trades quickly and efficiently.

How Do Box Spreads Work?

To form a box spread, traders start out by buying a bull call spread and a bear put spread. These two options positions have the same strike prices and expiration dates. These trades must take place at the same time to execute a profit effectively.

The bear spread starts out with the trader taking a fixed profit, then after a period of time, the trader loses money then, the trader has a fixed loss. A bull spread is the opposite. Initially the trader incurs a fixed loss, then after a period time, the trader takes a fixed profit.

By taking both of these vertical spread positions, traders can lock in a profit that could potentially be risk free. In both corresponding positions there is either a fixed loss or fixed profit. This is why many traders see box spreads as a low risk trading option.

The bear spread bets that the stock price will decline while the bull spread bets that the stock price will increase. By combining both positions, the profit and loss offset one another, leaving the trader with a small profit, known as the box spread.

Recommended: Guide to Options Spreads: Definition & Types

How to Use the Box Spread Strategy

Traders make money on a box spread based on the difference between the two strike prices. When executed correctly, this is worth the difference in strike prices at expiration. This means, if a trader purchases a $100/$110 vertical spread, that trade would be worth ten dollars at expiration, no more, no less.

This is a guaranteed profit regardless of market volatility or whether the stock price increases or decreases. Traders execute on box spreads when an options contract is mispriced, or more specifically when spreads are underpriced.

If traders believe the outlook of the stock market will change in the future, they may take advantage of a scenario where put options are less expensive than call options, a perfect set up for box spreads.

When the trader believes the spreads are overpriced in relation to their value at expiration, the trader would employ a short box spread, selling a bull call spread with its corresponding bear put spread with the same prices and expiration dates. If the trade yields an amount higher than the combined expiration value of the spreads for selling these two spreads, that’s the trader’s profit.

Box Spread Risks

Many sophisticated investors think of box spread options trading as a risk-free trading strategy but in reality there is no such thing as a risk-less trade. When asset prices are misplaced, this is the ideal time to execute on a box spread. However, the market moves fast and prices can change quickly, so these trades can be difficult to fill and hard to identify in the first place.

Profits from box spreads tend to be small. Traders also need to consider expenses associated with these trades like brokerage fees, taxes, and transaction costs, which could eat at overall returns. This is why box spreads typically make the most sense for institutional traders who are able to do a high volume of trades and manage other expenses.

Another risk for traders to consider is early exercise. This is when a trader decides to exercise an option before expiration. If traders are in a box spread and exercise one of their positions early, they are no longer in a box spread and their risk/reward profile has changed. When employing a box spread trading strategy, early exercise could impact the initial desired outcome.

Box Spread Example

To execute on a box spread, traders buy the call spread at the lower strike price and the put spread at the higher strike price. By making these positions traders are “buying the box.” A lower strike call and a higher strike put have to be worth more to secure a profit.

For example, a trader takes two strike prices $95 and $100 and buys a long $95 call and sells the short $100 call, this is a long $95/$100 vertical spread. To form the box spread, the trader would have to buy the $95/$100 put spread. This means buying the $100 put and selling the $95 put.

These trading positions are synthetic, meaning, the trader copies a position to mimic another position so they have the same risk and reward profile.

For this example, at the $95 strike price, the trader is synthetically long and for the $100 strike, the trader is synthetically short. In other words, the trader in these positions is buying shares at $95 and selling them at $100 and the most the trader can make is $5 at expiration.

Start Trading Stocks with SoFi

The best time to use a box spread is when a trader believes the underlying spreads are underpriced relative to their value at expiration. While considered a low-risk, low-reward trading strategy, box trades may not be the best trading strategy for the retail investor. Still, understanding box spreads can be beneficial to understand the relationship between how different options can work together.

For market participants who want to start trading options, SoFi’s options trading platform is a great way to get started. The platform offers an intuitive, user-friendly design, as well as access to a slew of educational resources about options. Investors can trade options from the mobile app or the web platform.

Trade options with low fees through SoFi.

Photo credit: iStock/MicroStockHub

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
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Jan
28
2022
Covered Calls: The Basics of Covered Call Strategy

Covered Calls: The Basics of Covered Call Strategy

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on Covered Calls: The Basics of Covered Call Strategy

With most things in life, it helps to be covered — by a coworker, an insurance policy, or a roof over your head. In investing, it can also pay to be covered. When it comes to options contracts, a covered call is an option trading strategy worth knowing about.

Here’s all you need to know about putting together a covered call strategy, when to consider it, and how it may — or may not — pay off.

What is a Covered Call?

A covered call is an options trading strategy that opens up an additional avenue to generate income. In a covered call transaction, an investor sells call options on a security they own. This strategy can be beneficial to the investor if they don’t expect the value of the stock price to move much in either direction during the terms of the option.

Call Options Recap

A “call” is a type of option (you may be familiar with calls versus puts), that allows investors to buy shares of an underlying asset or stock at a specific, prearranged price, called the strike price. Usually, an investor dealing with call options holds a long position — that is, they think that the underlying stock is going to appreciate.

This opens up the opportunity to profit from their position. If you thought that a stock’s price was going to increase, you might want to buy that stock, hold onto it, allow the price to increase, and then sell it in order to generate a profit.

Call options allow investors to do more or less the same thing, but without having to buy or pay the full price for the underlying shares. Instead, a premium is paid for the right to execute the trade at the strike price.

What’s the Difference Between a Call and a Covered Call?

The main difference between a regular call and a covered call is that a covered call is “covered” by an investor holding an actual position. That is, if an investor sells call options on Company X stock, it would be “covered” if the investor actually owns, or holds a position, on Company X stock.

Conversely, if an investor does not hold a position on, or own any Company X stock and sells a call option, they’re selling a regular call option. This is also known as a “naked” option.

Example of a Covered Call

The point of selling covered calls to other investors is to boost your own investment income. If, for example, you have 100 shares of Company X stock, and were looking for ways to potentially increase your annual return from that holding, you could try selling covered calls to other investors.

Here’s what that might look like in practice:

Your 100 shares of Company X stock are worth $50 each: $5,000 total, at current market value. To make a little extra money, you decide to sell call options to your friend Harris, at a strike price of $70. Harris pays you $10 for the premium.

Let’s say that Company X stock’s price only rises to $60, and Harris doesn’t execute the option, so it expires. You keep the $10, plus your 100 shares. You’ve turned a profit of $10 selling call options, and your shares have appreciated to a value of $6,000. So, you now have a total of $6,010.

For all intents and purposes, the best-case scenario, for you, is that your shares rise in value to near the strike price, (say, $69) but Harris doesn’t exercise the option. In that scenario, you still own your shares (now worth $6,900) and get the $10 premium Harris paid you.

But the risk of buying call options is that you could lose out on bigger potential gains.

So, if Company X stock rises to $90 and Harris executes his option, you would then be obligated to sell your 100 shares to him, which are now worth $9,000. You would still get the $10 premium, plus the value of the shares at the predetermined strike price of $70 — netting you $7,010. Effectively, you’ve turned a holding valued at $5,000 into $7,010. Not bad!

On the other hand, had Harris not exercised his option, your shares could be worth $9,000. That’s the risk you run when selling covered calls.

Recommended: How to Sell Options for Premium

When and Why Should You Do a Covered Call?

There is no definite right answer in terms of the right time to use a covered call strategy — it involves weighing the risks involved and doing a bit of reading the tea leaves in terms of the market environment.

It’s generally best to write covered calls when the market is expected to climb — or at least stay neutral. Nobody knows what’s going to happen in the future, and investors might want to be ready and willing to sell their holdings at the agreed strike price.

As for why an investor might use covered calls? The goal is to increase the income they see from their investment holdings. Another potential reason to use covered calls, for some investors, is to offset a portion of a stock’s price drop, if that were to occur.

Pros and Cons of Covered Calls

Using a covered call strategy can sound like a pretty sweet deal on its face. But as with everything, there are pros and cons to consider.

Covered Call Pros

The benefits of utilizing covered calls are pretty obvious.

•   Investors can potentially pad their income by keeping the premiums they earn from selling the options contracts. Depending on how often they decide to issue those calls, this can lead to a bit of income several times per year.

•   Investors can determine an adequate selling price for the stocks that they own. If the option is exercised, an investor profits from the sale (as well as the premium). And since the investor is receiving a premium, that can potentially help offset a potential decline in a stock’s price. So, there’s limited downside protection.

Covered Cons

There are also a few drawbacks to using a covered call strategy:

•   Investors could miss out on potential profits if a stock’s price rises, and continues to rise, above the strike price. But that just goes with the territory. As does the possibility of an option holder executing the option, and an investor losing a stock that they wanted to keep.

•   An investor can’t immediately sell their stocks if they’ve written a call option on it. This limits the investor’s market mobility, so to speak.

•   Investors need to keep in mind that there could be capital gains taxes to pay.

The Takeaway

A covered call may be attractive to some investors as it’s an opportunity to try and make a little more profit off a trade. That said, as with all trading strategies, it may pay off in your favor, and it may not. There are no guarantees.

Calls, puts, and options trading can get complicated, and fast. That’s why it’s helpful if your options trading platform isn’t more complicated than it needs to be. SoFi’s options trading platform has an intuitive and approachable design. You can trade options from the mobile app or web platform, and reference the offered educational resources about options.

Trade options with low fees through SoFi.

FAQ

There are a lot of details and terms regarding options, and it can be hard to keep track of everything. Here are a few common questions about covered calls.

Are covered calls free money?

Covered calls are not “free money”. But covered calls can provide a boost to one’s investment earnings — though an investor does have to assume some risks associated with selling options.

The strategy is more of a game of risk and reward, and there’s always the risk that the strategy could end up backfiring, particularly if your stock’s value increases much more than you anticipated.

Are covered calls profitable?

They have the potential to be profitable: If you’re selling call options on your holdings, then you should be receiving a premium in return. In that sense, you’ve turned a profit. After all, the entire point of selling calls on your holdings is to increase your profits, too.

But how profitable the strategy is, and the risks involved, will depend on a number of factors, such as the underlying stock, market conditions, and the specifics of the call option.

What happens when you let a covered call expire?

If you’ve sold a covered call option to someone else and it expires, nothing happens — you keep the premium, and nothing changes.

Because an option is only that — an option to execute a trade at a predetermined price for a select period of time — the option holder’s reluctance to execute during the time period means that the option will expire worthless.

Can you make a living selling covered calls?

Living strictly off of income derived from covered calls is theoretically possible, but you’d need a big portfolio (against which to sell those options) to make it work. There are a lot of things to consider, too, like the fact that a lot of the income your covered calls do generate is going to be taxed as capital gains, and that the market isn’t always going to be in a favorable environment for selling covered calls.

Photo credit: iStock/millann

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
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Jan
28
2022
What Are Over-the-Counter (OTC) Options? Pros & Cons

What Are Over-the-Counter (OTC) Options? How Do They Work?

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing, Terminology | Comments Off on What Are Over-the-Counter (OTC) Options? How Do They Work?

Over-the-counter (OTC) options are exotic options not listed on public exchanges. That means that investors may not be able to buy them through their brokerage accounts.

Instead, investors trade OTC contracts directly, between the buyer and the seller, without using a third-party platform.

OTC Options Definition

As a quick refresher, options are derivatives that give holders the right to buy or sell stocks or other assets. An options holder can buy or sell the asset at a certain date at a certain price, for instance, and are always tied to an underlying asset. So, an options trader can buy options relating to, say Stock A, or Bond X.

While most options trade through brokers via exchanges, over-the-counter options trade privately, between a buyer and a seller. Over the counter options are sometimes tied to an exotic asset — a stock that may not be available for purchase through most brokers’ platforms.

OTC options may also lack standard expiration dates or strike prices, instead allowing for the two parties to define those terms on their own, making them appealing to those with a more complex options trading strategy.

How Does OTC Trading Work?

OTC securities include any types of investments that do not appear on U.S. exchanges. That can include stocks in foreign companies and small or mid-sized domestic companies, over-the-counter options and OTC futures. Some brokerages do allow investors to trade OTCs on their platforms, though not all do, and there may be additional fees charged by the broker to do so.

With that in mind, if you plan on investing in the OTC market, you may need to do some research beforehand to ensure that the brokerage account allows for OTC trading. Once you’ve found the appropriate broker or platform, trading is as simple as funding an account, and executing the trade.

What is the Difference Between OTC Options and Stock Options?

OTC options and regular old stock options, or listed or exchange-traded options, have some key differentiators worth reviewing. Here is a short rundown of those differences:

OTC Options vs Stock Options

OTC Options

 Stock Options
Customized Standardized
Illiquid Liquid
No secondary market Secondary Market

1. Customization

A typical listed stock option is a standardized contract. The exchange, then, is determining expiration dates, strike prices, lot sizes, and other details. By standardizing contracts, exchanges can, as a result, increase the liquidity of the options contract.

Customization is the main and perhaps biggest difference between typical exchange-traded or listed stock options and OTC options. OTC options are customized with the terms hashed out by the involved parties.

2. Liquidity

OTC options are largely illiquid compared to their vanilla cousins. That’s because they’re more or less bespoke contracts — they’ve been customized according to the criteria set forth by the parties involved.

So, OTC options, with their customizations, may not be appealing to many traders, and as a result, not quite as easy to sell. In other words, there’s less demand for tailor-made options contracts like those in the OTC market, meaning they’re less liquid, and often more costly.

3. Secondary Markets

Another key difference between vanilla stock options and OTC options is the secondary market — or lack thereof, in the case of OTC options.

Primary markets are where investors buy fresh securities, when they’re first offered. Secondary markets are what most investors engage in when they’re buying or selling securities. These include exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange.

While the primary market for OTC options is where parties meet to come to terms and develop an options contract, there is no secondary market. That means that there is one way to close an OTC option position, and that is by creating an offsetting transaction.

What are the Risks of Trading OTC Options?

Given the complex and bespoke nature of OTC options, trading them can come with some serious risks. Chief among those risks is the fact that OTC options lack the protection of exchanges. While exchange-traded or listed options are, once again, standardized, they are thus “guaranteed” by clearinghouses.

That means that they’re overseen, like other derivatives, by regulating authorities like the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). The guarantee cements into place that contract buyers can exercise their options, knowing that the counterparty will fulfill their obligation.

This is also known as counterparty risk. Essentially, a contract is a promise between two parties. If one party decides not to follow through on their end of the deal, when it comes to a traditional stock option, then the exchange will ensure that everything is smoothed out. But OTC options lack that protection from the exchanges.

Pros & Cons of OTC Options Contracts

Like just about every financial tool, instrument, or security out there, OTC options have their benefits and disadvantages.

Pros

The biggest and most obvious advantage to OTC options is that they’re tailored for specific parties. That means that the parties engaged in the options contract get precisely the terms that they want and a contract that fits with their specific goals.

Further, the OTC market allows for trading of both securities and derivatives (like options) for small companies (exotic options) that aren’t listed on the typical exchanges. That gives investors and traders more options.

Effectively, the OTC market, and OTC options, provide investors with more investment choices. That can increase the risk – but also the potential rewards – of such securities.

Cons

The drawbacks of OTC options concern the lack of standardization of contracts (which may be a con for some investors), and the illiquid nature of the market. Plus, that illiquidity can add additional costs. And, again, there’s no secondary market for OTC options.

The big thing investors should remember, too, is that there can be a lack of information and transparency in the OTC market. Many OTC stocks are hard to dig up reliable information on, which adds to their risk profiles. The same holds true for OTC derivatives.

While with standard options, you can find data and availability through your broker’s portal, such information can be harder to come by for OTC options.

The Takeaway

There are some benefits to trading OTC options, but it requires a thorough understanding of how the market works and the risks that it presents. That said, going over-the-counter can open up a whole new slate of potential investments.

Opting for an options trading platform that offers educational resources, like SoFi’s, can help you continue learning to improve your investing know-how. Plus, SoFi’s platform boasts an intuitive design which allows investors to trade options either from the mobile app or web platform.

Trade options with low fees through SoFi.

Photo credit: iStock/g-stockstudio

SoFi Invest®

INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
For additional disclosures related to the SoFi Invest platforms described above please visit SoFi.com/legal.
Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
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Jan
25
2022
How Much Homeowners Insurance Do I Need?

How Much Homeowners Insurance Do You Need?

By | Insurance | Comments Off on How Much Homeowners Insurance Do You Need?

Buying a house, for most of us, is the single largest purchase we’ll ever make — which is exactly why having the right amount of homeowners insurance is so important. “How much home insurance do I need?” is a common question that new homeowners ask themselves, and ultimately, the answer depends on factors like your risk tolerance, the requirements of your mortgage lender and how much you can afford to spend on premiums.

Let’s dig into the details so you can better assess the right amount of dwelling coverage and content coverage when it comes to your homeowners insurance policy.

Choosing the Right Dwelling Coverage

Homeowners insurance, broadly speaking, covers three separate categories: the home itself (or dwelling), the belongings inside your home and liability claims you may be vulnerable to if someone gets hurt on your property. We’re going to start with the first category: dwelling coverage.

Dwelling usually refers not only to your home itself, but also to attached structures, such as porches or garages. Outbuildings, or ADUs, may also be covered, but it’s important to check with your individual insurer, and to keep in mind that they may be covered at a lower rate than the primary dwelling.

Your dwelling is covered against damage that comes from specific perils, which will be named in your policy paperwork. It’s important to understand that not all damages are eligible for repair or replacement if they’re not one of the named perils in your policy.

Here are the common perils covered by most homeowners insurance policies, per the Insurance Information Institute:

•  Fire or lightning

•  Smoke

•  Windstorm or hail

•  Explosions

•  Damage caused by riots or civil commotion

•  Damage caused by vandalism or malicious mischief

•  Damage caused by aircraft, cars or other vehicles

•  Theft

•  Volcanic eruptions

•  Falling objects

•  Damage caused by the weight of snow, ice or sleet

•  Water damage from within the home

However, there are certain types of natural disasters and damages that are not covered under most standard homeowners insurance policies, some of which are important to purchase riders or endorsements for, such as:

•  Flood damage

•  Earthquake damage

•  Maintenance damage (such as damage due to mold or pests)

•  Sewer backups

Once you know which perils are covered by your policy, you can figure out how much coverage you need.

Recommended: Homeowners Insurance Coverage Options to Know

Standard Dwelling Coverage


Generally speaking, you want enough dwelling coverage to fully replace your home in the event it would need to be rebuilt. Importantly, that figure is not the same as your home’s value; the replacement cost may be higher or lower than your home’s value depending on its condition, location, and the price of building materials in your area.

This is a hard number to pin down for sure, but your insurance company or an appraiser can help you make an educated guess. Additionally, you’ll want to review this number yearly, as it can change over time as the price of local labor and materials shifts and it’s critical to assess how much dwelling coverage you need.

Buying Better Dwelling Coverage


While standard dwelling insurance should cover the full cost of replacing your home (in the event that it’s damaged by covered perils, don’t forget), there are additional levels of coverage that could be helpful under certain circumstances.

For instance, if there’s a storm or other local disaster that means many homeowners will be in need of repairs at the same time, the cost of labor and materials might skyrocket thanks to good ol’ supply and demand.

You might consider one of the following options, that are offered by some, but not all, homeowners insurers:

•  Extended replacement cost, which offers from 10% to 100% of additional, extended coverage to account for a spike in building costs.

•  Guaranteed replacement cost, which, as its name implies, guarantees that the full replacement cost of your home will be covered, regardless of price.

Of course, these additional coverages will come at an additional monthly premium cost.

Choosing the Right Contents Coverage


After your dwelling is covered, it’s time to move on to the stuff you keep inside it. Your contents coverage, or personal property coverage, is what you’ll rely on if you need to replace your belongings — from the clothes hanging in your closet to the food waiting in your fridge, and everything in between.

Sounds pretty great, right? The problem is, few of us actually have a handle on what exactly we own. In order to ensure you have enough personal property coverage, it’s a good idea to make an actual inventory of your possessions, or at least go through every room of your home and take photos of high-value items like electronics.

Certain high-value items, like jewelry, musical instruments, rare art or sports equipment, may require the purchase of additional coverages and should be kept on a separate inventory list.

Replacement Value for Better Protection


You may be offered “actual cash value” for your personal property, but if your insurer offers it, it’s a good idea to upgrade to “replacement value.” That way, you’ll be paid out for the actual cost of replacing your items, rather than for their cash value — which may be less than their actual cost to replace them thanks to inflation and other factors.

Adjusting Your Contents Coverage


Just as with your dwelling coverage, you want to ensure you’re regularly adjusting your contents coverage to ensure it’s up to date with what you actually own.

Personal property coverage is generally expressed as a percentage of your dwelling coverage — so if your home is covered for $400,000, and you have 50% in personal property coverage, you’d be paid $200,000 to replace your belongings. You can, however, adjust this figure up (or down), and you may want to do so.

Theft Limits


Also be sure to look out for “theft limits” in your policy, which may put a cap on how much certain high-value categories of items can be covered in the event of theft. For instance, jewelry may only be covered up to $1,500 in the event of theft, which is exactly why you want to document your high-value items and potentially buy extra coverage for them.

“Open Peril” Coverage for Belongings


Remember those perils we talked about above? Just like your dwelling coverage, your personal property coverage only extends to damages or losses due to those named perils. However, some insurers offer an “open peril” coverage option for belongings, which will cover replacement in any event. (Always be sure to read the fine print of your policy to make sure you know how your coverage works, however.)

Recommended: Is Homeowners Insurance Required to Buy a Home? 

Getting Better Liability Insurance


Finally, homeowners insurance also covers you in case you’re sued by someone who gets hurt on your property — for instance, someone who’s bitten by your dog or gets drunk at a party and falls on the steps. It might seem like a long shot, especially if you trust your friends, but you never know when someone might suddenly face major medical expenses… or decide to sue you.

Those kinds of costs can rack up quickly, so it may be a good idea to adjust up from the “standard” coverage of $100,000. Many personal finance experts suggest ensuring you have enough liability insurance to fully cover your assets — which is to say, the value of your home and all your other possessions, as well as the money you have in the bank.

Recommended: Personal Liability Insurance Coverage

Getting Sufficient Loss of Use Coverage


Finally, homeowners insurance can also cover the living expenses you’ll rack up while it’s in the process of being repaired or rebuilt. That process can take time — and living on restaurant meals and hotel rooms can be costly.

Generally, loss-of-use coverage comes in at about 20% of your dwelling coverage as a default, but think carefully about whether or not you might want to adjust that figure up, especially if you live in an expensive city.

The Takeaway


The exact amount of homeowners insurance you need will depend on both your personal risk tolerance and the requirements of your mortgage lender — not to mention, of course, the monthly premiums you can afford.

While your home might be your single biggest purchase, it’s not the most valuable thing in your possession. That privilege belongs to your life itself. And while you can’t put a dollar value on your life, you can help ensure the people you’d leave behind, if something happened to you, will be comfortable and taken care of in your absence.

Sound overwhelming? Don’t worry — SoFi can help! We’ve teamed up with Ladder to bring our members competitive, simple-to-understand life insurance products that will put your mind at ease. Plus, they take only minutes to set up.

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Jan
14
2022
What is Delta in Options Trading?

What is Delta in Options Trading?

By | Growing Wealth, invest, Investing | Comments Off on What is Delta in Options Trading?

In options trading, Delta is an important assessment tool used to measure risk sensitivity. Delta is a risk metric that compares changes in a derivative’s underlying asset price to the change in the price of the derivative itself.

Essentially it measures the sensitivity of a derivative’s price to a change in the underlying asset. Using Delta as part of an options assessment can help investors make better trades.

Delta is one of “the Greeks,” a set of options trading tools denoted by Greek letters. Some traders might refer to the Greeks as risk sensitivities, risk measures,or hedge parameters. The Delta metric is the most commonly used Greek.

Recommended: A Beginner’s Guide to Options Trading

Option Delta Formula

Analysts calculate Delta using the following formula with theoretical pricing models:

Δ = ∂V / ∂S

Where:

•   ∂ = the first derivative

•   V = the option’s price (theoretical value)

•   S = the underlying asset’s price

Some analysts may calculate Delta with the much more complex Black-Sholes model that incorporates additional factors. But traders generally don’t calculate the formula themselves, as trading software and exchanges do it automatically. Traders analyze these calculations to look for investment opportunities.

Option Delta Example

For each $1 that an underlying stock moves, an the equity derivative’s price changes by the Delta amount. Investors express the Delta sensitivity metric in basis points. For example, let’s say there is a long call option with a delta of 0.40. Investors would refer to this as “40 delta.” If the option’s underlying asset increased in price by $1.00, the option price would increase by $0.40.

However, the Delta amount is always changing, so the option price won’t always move by the same amount in relation to the underlying asset price. Various factors impact Delta, including asset volatility, asset price, and time until expiration.

If the price of the underlying asset increases, the Delta gets closer to 1.0 and a call option increases in value. Conversely, a put option becomes more valuable if the asset price goes lower than the strike price, and in this case Delta is negative.

How to Interpret Delta

Delta is a ratio that compares changes in the price of derivatives and their underlying assets. It uses theoretical price movements to track what will happen with changes in asset and option price. The direction of price movements will determine whether the ratio is positive or negative.

Bullish options strategies have a positive Delta, and bearish strategies have a negative Delta. It’s important to remember that unlike stocks, options buying and selling options does not indicate a bullish or bearish strategy. Sometimes buying a put option is a bearish strategy, and vice versa.

Recommended: Differences Between Options and Stocks

Traders use the Delta to gain an understanding of whether an option will expire in the money or not. The more an option is in the money, the further the Delta value will deviate from 0, towards either 1 or -1.

The more an option goes out of the money, the closer the Delta value gets to 0. Higher Delta means higher sensitivity. An option with a 0.9 Delta, for example, will change more if the underlying asset price changes than an option with a 0.10 Delta. If an option is at the money, the underlying asset price is the same as the strike price, so there is a 50% chance that the option will expire in the money or out of the money.

Call Options

For call options, delta is positive if the derivative’s underlying asset increases in price. Delta’s value in points ranges from 0 to 1. When a call option is at the money the Delta is near 0.50, meaning it has an equal likelihood of increasing or decreasing before the expiration date.

Put Options

For put options, if the underlying asset increases in price then delta is negative. Delta’s value in points ranges from 0 to -1. When a put option is at the money the Delta is near -0.50.

How Traders Use Delta

In addition to assessing option sensitivity, traders look to Delta as a probability that an option will end up in or out of the money. The more likely an option is to generate a profit, the less risky it is as an investment.

Every investor has their own risk tolerance, so some might be more willing to take on a risky investment if it has a greater potential reward. When considering Delta, traders recognize that the closer it is to 1 or -1 to greater exposure they have to the underlying asset.

If a long call has a Delta of 0.40, it essentially has a 40% chance of expiring in the money. So if a long call option has a strike price of $30, the owner has the right to buy the stock for $30 before the expiration date. There is a 40% chance that the stock’s price will increase to at least $30 before the option contract expires.

Traders also use Delta to put together options spread strategies.

Delta Neutral

Traders also use Delta to hedge against risk. One common options trading strategy, known as neutral Delta, is to hold several options with a collective Delta near 0.

The strategy reduces the risk of the overall portfolio of options. If the underlying asset price moves, it will have a smaller impact on the total portfolio of options than if a trader only held one or two options.

One example of this is a calendar spread strategy, in which traders use options with various expiration dates in order to get to Delta neutral.

Delta Spread

With a Delta spread strategy, traders buy and sell various options to create a portfolio that offsets so the overall Delta is near zero. With this strategy the trader hopes to make a small profit off of some of the options in the portfolio.

Using Delta Along With the other Greeks

Delta measures an option’s directional exposure. It is just one of the Greek measurement tools that traders use to assess options. There are five Greeks that work together to give traders a comprehensive understanding of an option. The Greeks are:

•   Delta (Δ): Measures the sensitivity between an option price and the price of the underlying security.

•   Gamma (Γ): Measures the rate at which Delta is changing.

•   Theta (θ): Measures the time decay of an option. Options become less valuable as the expiration date gets closer.

•   Vega (υ): Measures how much implied volatility affects an option’s value. The more volatility there is the higher an option premium becomes.

•   Rho (ρ): Measures an option’s sensitivity to changing interest rates.

The Takeaway

Delta is a useful metric for traders evaluating options and can help investors determine their options strategy. Traders often combine it with other tools and ratios during technical analysis. However, you don’t need to trade options in order to get started investing.

If you’re looking to begin options trading, a great way to start is with a user-friendly platform like SoFi’s. Thanks to its intuitive and approachable design, SoFi’s platform allows you to trade options through the mobile app or the web platform. Plus, you’ll have access to educational resources about options so you can learn more.

Pay low fees when you start options trading with SoFi.

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INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest encompasses two distinct companies, with various products and services offered to investors as described below: Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of these platforms.
1) Automated Investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser (“SoFi Wealth“). Brokerage services are provided to SoFi Wealth LLC by SoFi Securities LLC.
2) Active Investing and brokerage services are provided by SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA (www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). Clearing and custody of all securities are provided by APEX Clearing Corporation.
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Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform.

Options involve risks, including substantial risk of loss and the possibility an investor may lose the entire amount invested in a short period of time. Before an investor begins trading options they should familiarize themselves with the Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options . Tax considerations with options transactions are unique, investors should consult with their tax advisor to understand the impact to their taxes.
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