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Many people struggle to keep up with the demands and expenses of daily life, which can create stress and anxiety. That’s why some choose a minimalist lifestyle: Fewer possessions make for easier management. Minimalists strive to eliminate anything in their life that does not serve their purpose. This leads to more physical, emotional, and financial space.

If the concept of minimalism appeals to you, read on to better understand what a minimalist lifestyle is, its benefits, and how to start on the path to a simpler, more manageable, and possibly more affordable lifestyle.

What Is a Minimalist Lifestyle?

Minimalist living is uncluttered by superfluous items like luxury cars, excessive clothing, and purely decorative furnishings. There can be many reasons someone chooses a minimalist lifestyle; they might want to simplify their life to reduce stress, improve their health, or reduce harm to the environment. They may also want to cut back on expenses and improve their budgeting and finances.

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Surprising Benefits of a Minimalist Lifestyle

When you have less stuff, it follows that you have less to worry about. A minimalist lifestyle allows you to carry less literal and metaphorical baggage around.

Another benefit is that minimalists buy fewer things, which can allow you to save money. From a holistic perspective, minimalism reduces consumerism, and that can benefit the planet.

How to Live a Minimalist Lifestyle

Living a minimalist lifestyle can seem daunting for some, requiring a mindset shift. Here’s a window into a more minimalist mindset and lifestyle to give you a taste of what it involves. And don’t forget as you read that there are benefits to living below your means.

Invest in Experiences

Rather than collecting things and possessions, a minimalist lifestyle emphasizes experiences. Minimalists spend, just in a more deliberate way. For example, minimalists may spend on vacations and concerts rather than on cars and jewelry.

Audit Your Life

Auditing your life involves deciding what is most important and eliminating anything superfluous. Deciding what is most important can be difficult, but some questions to ask yourself are: How am I doing mentally and physically? What’s important to me now that perhaps wasn’t before? The answer to these and similar questions can help you pinpoint your core values and priorities.

A free budget app can help you audit your spending and evaluate how much of it is really necessary.

Eliminate Needless Expenses

A meaningless expense to one person may be valuable to another. That’s why conducting a life audit is important to help you decide which expenses are not serving your purpose. For example, a person might discover that buying gas is often unnecessary if they can manage without a car most of the time. Or that mid-price brands and gently used items can be just as nice as luxury goods.

Set Limits and Delegate

A minimalist lifestyle is easier to control. Setting limits and delegating is one way to live a minimalist lifestyle because you have less to manage. For example, you might use an accountant to do your taxes, or hire someone to manage your website. You might have fewer screens or electronics or downsize to a smaller home.

Recommended: Does Net Worth Include Home Equity?

Honor Your Priorities

The goal of auditing your life is to establish priorities to eliminate what doesn’t align with them. Part of the journey to minimalism is learning to appreciate what you have and not constantly desire new things. Perhaps you and your partner decide to live on a single income while one of you cares for the family. You may also earn less and have to economize.

Minimalist Lifestyle Tips

How do you implement a minimalist lifestyle? Because the changes can be profound, try making small changes at first as you gradually adjust to a new mindset.

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1. Declutter Your Environment and Your Mind

A great place to start is to declutter your environment. Start with your home, your workspace, your car. Get rid of things you haven’t used in a while or that you are just hanging onto in case you need them. As the space around you becomes less messy, you might find your thinking becomes more clear. You can also make some money by selling your unwanted stuff or donate items.

2. Be a Purposeful Not Prolific Consumer

Minimalists still make purchases, but the emphasis is on quality rather than quantity. An example is choosing to use one credit card that serves many purposes rather than five because each one comes with different rewards. Yes, you may benefit from free miles and cash back, but you will also have to buy more to earn those points and rewards, which is consumerism, the antithesis of financial minimalism.

3. Digitize Movies and Books

Most of us have bookcases full of books that sit and gather dust. It’s fine to keep some treasured items and classic novels, but you can also download e-books or visit your local library. Declutter your home of old DVDs, CDs, and books you don’t need.

4. Recycle and Reuse

Reusing shopping bags, refilling a water bottle instead of buying bottled water, or taking your own cup to Starbucks are ways to cut back on trash and single-use products. You’ll save money and help the environment.

5. Get Organized

As you declutter, you’ll find ways to be more organized. Find a space for things you want to keep, and use storage bins and organizers. When everything has a place, you’ll waste less time trying to locate things, and you’ll be more motivated to put things back when you’ve used them.

Recommended: The 52 Week Savings Challenge

The Takeaway

A minimalist lifestyle is appealing, considering how busy and cluttered daily life can be. You don’t have to embrace full-on minimalism immediately but can take small steps, such as establishing goals and priorities, decluttering your environment, and organizing. You can also reduce your expenses and financial obligations this way. As you progress, you may find that your mind clears, your life slows down, and you are able to budget more appropriately too.

Take control of your finances with SoFi. With our financial insights and credit score monitoring tools, you can view all of your accounts in one convenient dashboard. From there, you can see your various balances, spending breakdowns, and credit score. Plus you can easily set up budgets and discover valuable financial insights — all at no cost.

SoFi helps you stay on top of your finances.

FAQ

How do you live a minimalist lifestyle?

Living a minimalist lifestyle requires prioritizing and eliminating things that do not align with your values. The process of elimination will be different for everyone, but it does not have to be quick or painful. Just removing one thing or downloading a budgeting and money tracking app can help you achieve a simple minimalist lifestyle.

What is an example of a minimalist?

An example of a minimalist is someone who lives with very little furniture, or none at all, or someone who moves to a smaller home. A less extreme version of a minimalist might be someone who simplifies things by clearing items from countertops, buys few clothes, or chooses a vegan diet.

What is the 90 rule for minimalism?

The hardest part of achieving a simpler minimalist lifestyle is decluttering. How do you decide what to get rid of? The 90 rule can help. Choose a possession, and ask yourself if you’ve used that item in the past 90 days. If not, then it’s a candidate for elimination from your life because it is not currently serving a useful purpose.

Photo credit: iStock/Pramote Naksomrit

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SORL-Q125-008

If you don’t have a 20% down payment on a home, that’s OK. Most buyers don’t. But if you’re in that league and acquire a conventional mortgage, the lender will want extra assurance — insurance, actually — that you’ll pay the loan back. Private mortgage insurance (PMI) is usually the price to pay until you reach 20% equity or, as lenders say, 80% loan-to-value.

In an effort to help low- and middle-income borrowers, the Biden-Harris Administration reduced monthly mortgage insurance premiums for new FHA loans — that is, loans backed by the Federal Housing Administration. However, those cuts do not affect homebuyers with conventional loans and PMI.

Can you avoid PMI? It’s tough. Below, we’ll take a closer look at PMI, strategies to avoid it, and how to know when you can get rid of it.

What Is PMI?

Private mortgage insurance is charged by lenders of conventional home mortgage loans, which are loans not insured by a government agency. FHA, VA (Veterans Administration), and USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) loans are government-insured loans.

The 30-year conventional home loan is the most common mortgage, and 20% down is ideal. But…

You’ve seen home prices lately. Twenty percent down on a $250,000 or $400,000 or $750,000 home is just not doable for everyone. In 2024, the median down payment for buyers was 18%, but for first-time homebuyers, it was nine percent, according to the National Association of Realtors.®

PMI is meant to protect the lender from risk. The premiums help the lender recoup its losses if a borrower can’t make the mortgage payments and goes into default.

How Much Does PMI Cost?

PMI is often 0.5% to 1.5% of the total loan amount per year, but can range up to 2.25%.

The cost of PMI depends on the type of mortgage you get, how much your down payment is, your credit score, the type of property, the loan term, and the level of PMI coverage required by your lender.

If you’re shopping for a mortgage and you apply for one or more, the premium will be shown on your loan estimate. If you go forward with a home loan, the premium will be shown on the closing disclosure.

How to Pay PMI

Most borrowers pay PMI monthly as a premium added to the mortgage payment.

Another option is to pay PMI with a one-time upfront premium at closing.

Yet another is to pay a portion of PMI up front and the remainder monthly.

How to Avoid PMI Without 20% Down

One way to avoid PMI is to make use of a piggyback mortgage. Another is to seek out lender-paid mortgage insurance.

Piggyback Loan

With a piggyback loan, typically an 80/10/10 mortgage, you’d take out two loans at the same time, a first mortgage for 80% of the home price and a second mortgage for 10% of the home value, and put 10% down. Note: SoFi does not offer piggyback loans. SoFi does offer fixed-rate and adjustable-rate first mortgages, as well as VA and FHA loans.

The 80% loan is usually a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage, and the 10% loan is typically a home equity line of credit that “piggybacks” on the first mortgage.

A 75/15/10 piggyback loan is more commonly used for a condo purchase because mortgage rates for condos are higher when the loan-to-value ratio (LTV) exceeds 75%.

Both loans do not have to come from the same lender. Borrowers can tell their primary mortgage lender that they plan to use a piggyback loan and be referred to a second lender for the additional financing.

Because you’d be taking out two loans, your debt-to-income ratio (monthly debts / gross monthly income x 100) will fall under more scrutiny. Mortgage lenders typically want to see a DTI ratio of no more than 36%, but that is not necessarily the maximum.

Piggybackers will need to be prepared to make two mortgage payments. They will want to examine whether that secondary loan payment will be higher than PMI would be.

Lender-Paid Mortgage Insurance

In most cases with lender-paid mortgage insurance (LPMI), the lender pays the PMI on your behalf but bumps up your mortgage interest rate slightly. A 0.25% rate increase is common.

Monthly payments could be more affordable because the cost of the PMI is spread out over the whole loan term rather than bunched into the first several years. But the loan rate will never change unless you refinance.

Borrowers will want to look at how long they expect to hold the mortgage when comparing PMI and LPMI. If you need a short-term mortgage, plan to refinance in a few years, or want the lowest monthly payment possible, LPMI could be the way to go. Note: SoFi does not offer LPMI.

When PMI Is No Longer Required

Borrowers generally need to have 20% equity in their home to drop PMI.

The Homeowners Protection Act was put in place to protect consumers from paying more PMI than they are required to. Specifically for single-family principal mortgages closed on or after July 29, 1999, the law covers two scenarios: borrower-requested PMI termination and automatic PMI termination.

Once you’ve built 20% equity in your home, meaning you’re at an 80% LTV based on the home’s original value (the sales price or the original appraised value, whichever is lower), you can ask your mortgage loan servicer — in writing — to cancel your PMI if you’re current on all payments. Your monthly mortgage statement shows your loan servicer information.

The very date of this occurrence, barring no extra payments, should have been given to you in a PMI disclosure form when you received your mortgage. It’s based on your loan’s amortization schedule.

As long as you’re current on all payments, PMI will automatically terminate on the date when your principal mortgage balance reaches 78% of the original value of your home.

If that LTV ratio is not reached by the midpoint of the mortgage amortization period, PMI must end the month after that midpoint.

PMI vs. MIP vs. Funding Fees

The upside of PMI is that it unlocks the door to homeownership for many who otherwise would still be renting. The downside is, it adds up.

If you’re tempted to go with an FHA mortgage, realize that this type of loan requires up front and annual mortgage insurance premiums (MIP) that go on for the life of the loan if the down payment was less than 10%.

Mortgages insured by the Department of Veterans Affairs come with a sizable funding fee, with a few exceptions, and loans backed by the Department of Agriculture come with up front and annual guarantee fees.

Ways to Boost a Down Payment

A bigger down payment not only may allow a borrower to avoid PMI but usually will afford a better loan rate and provide more equity from the get-go, which translates to less total loan interest paid.

So how to afford a down payment? You could shake down Dad or Granny (just kidding; Grandma responds better to sweet talk than coercion). For a conventional loan, gift funds from a relative or from a domestic partner or fiance count toward a down payment. There’s no limit to the gift, but you may be expected to come up with part of the down payment. You’ll also need to present a formal gift letter to validate the funds given to you.

A gift of equity is a wonderful thing indeed. When a seller gives a portion of the home’s equity to the buyer, it is shown as a credit in the transaction and may be used to fund the down payment on principal or second homes.

You could look into down payment assistance from state, county, and city governments and nonprofit organizations, which usually cater to first-time homebuyers. And home listings on Zillow now include information about down payment assistance programs that might be available to buyers searching for homes on the platform.

Even if you can’t come up with 20%, it’s all good because PMI doesn’t last forever, and real estate is one of the key ways to build generational wealth.

The Takeaway

What is PMI? Private mortgage insurance typically goes along for the ride when a borrower puts less than 20% down on a conventional mortgage. A gift or other down payment assistance can fatten the down payment and help you avoid PMI. If you do end up paying, you can step away from PMI once your equity reaches 20%.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

FAQ

Is it better to put down 20% or pay PMI?

It would be great to make a down payment of 20% and avoid private mortgage insurance (PMI) but not everyone can afford it. It’s particularly hard for first-time homebuyers, who often don’t have income from the sale of another residence to fund their next home. Use a home affordability calculator to look carefully at monthly mortgage payment amounts for different home prices and interest rates. Then put down what you feel you can afford without compromising your ability to cover other bills.

How long do I have to pay PMI?

If you are paying private mortgage insurance, you’ll need to pay until you have built up 20% equity in your home (based on the original sale price of the home). At this point, you can request in writing that your loan servicer cancel PMI if you are current on your payments.

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SOHL-Q125-041

Being self-employed offers many perks, including freedom and flexibility. What it doesn’t offer is an employer-sponsored retirement plan. But when you don’t have access to a 401(k) at work, opening a solo 401(k) can make it easier to stay on track with retirement planning.

Before you establish a solo 401(k) for yourself, it’s important to understand how these plans work and the pros and cons involved.

What Is a Solo 401(k)?

A solo 401(k) is a type of 401(k) that’s designed specifically with self-employed individuals in mind. This retirement savings option follows many of the same rules as workplace 401(k) plans in terms of annual contribution limits, tax treatment, and withdrawals. But it’s tailored to individuals who run a business solo or only employ their spouses.

It’s one of several self-employed retirement options you might consider when planning a long-term financial strategy.

Definition and Overview

A solo 401(k) is a tax-advantaged retirement account that’s for self-employed individuals and business owners who have zero employees, or no employees other than their spouse. This type of 401(k) plan is also known by a few other names:

•   Solo-k

•   Uni-k

•   One-participant plan

Traditional solo 401(k) contributions are made using pre-tax dollars. However, it’s possible to open a Roth solo 401(k) instead. In the case of a Roth solo 401(k), you’d make contributions using after-tax dollars and be able to withdraw the money tax-free in retirement.

A self-employed 401(k) plan works much the same as a regular 401(k). For instance, you may be able to take loans from your savings if needed. Catch-up contributions are also allowed. The biggest difference is that there is no matching contribution from an outside employer.

You can start investing in a solo 401(k) for yourself through an online brokerage. There’s some paperwork you’ll need to fill out to get the process started, but once your account is open you can make contributions year-round.

At the end of the year, the IRS requires solo 401(k) plan owners to file a Form 5500-EZ if the account has $250,000 or more in assets.


💡 Quick Tip: Look for an online brokerage with low trading commissions as well as no account minimum. Higher fees can cut into investment returns over time.

Contribution Limits in Solo 401(k) Plans

Much like workplace 401(k)s, there are annual contribution limits that apply to solo 401(k) plans.

The IRS caps total contributions to a solo 401(k) account at $69,000 for 2024 and $70,000 for 2025. That doesn’t include catch-up contributions for those age 50 and over.

As both the employee and employer of your own business, you can contribute both elective salary deferrals and employer nonelective contributions (you are both the employer and the employee in this scenario). Each has different contribution caps.

Annual Contribution Limits

As an employee, you can contribute up to 100% of your earned income up to the annual contribution limit: $23,000 in 2024 and $23,500 in 2025, plus an additional $7,500 for those age 50+ in elective salary deferrals. In 2025, those aged 60 to 63 may contribute an additional $11,250, instead of $7,500.

In addition, you can make employer nonelective contributions. These come directly from the “employer” (aka you) and are not deducted from the employee’s (your) salary. As an employer, you can contribute up to 25% of your self-employment income (business income – ½ self-employment tax and elective salary deferrals), in pre-tax dollars.

Setting Up a Solo 401(k) Plan

If you’re interested in setting up a solo 401(k) for yourself, you can do so through an online brokerage. Here’s a step-by-step guide for how to open a solo 401(k).

Steps to Establish Your Plan

1. Choose a Plan Administrator

A plan administrator is the person responsible for managing your solo 401(k). It’s their job to make sure the plan is meeting reporting and other requirements established by the IRS. If you’re self-employed, you can act as your own plan administrator or you could choose your accountant instead.

2. Choose a Brokerage

Once you know who’s going to manage the plan, the next step is deciding where to open it. A number of brokerages offer solo 401(k) plans so you may want to spend some time comparing things like:

•   Account setup process

•   Investment options

•   Fees

You may be able to start the solo 401(k) account setup process online, though some brokerages require you to call and speak to a representative first. And you may need to finalize your account opening by mailing or faxing in any supporting documents the brokerage needs to complete the application.

3. Fill Out a Solo 401(k) Application

Before you can start a 401(k) account for yourself, you’ll need to give your brokerage some information about your business. A typical solo 401(k) application may ask for your:

•   First and last name

•   Employer Identification Number (EIN)

•   Plan administrator’s name and contact information

•   Social Security number

•   Mailing address

•   Citizenship status

•   Income information

You’ll also need to disclose any professional associations or affiliations that might result in a conflict of interest with the brokerage. In completing the application, you’ll be asked to name one or more beneficiaries. You may also be asked to provide bank account information that will be used to make your initial contribution to the plan.

4. Choose Your Investments

Once you’ve returned your solo 401(k) account application and it’s been approved, you can choose your investments. The type of investments offered can depend on the brokerage and the plan. But typically, you may be able to choose from:

•   Target-date funds

•   Index funds

•   Actively managed funds

•   Exchange-traded funds (ETFs)

Whether you have access to individual stocks, bonds, CDs, or alternative investments such as commodities can depend on the platform that’s offering the plan.

5. Decide How Much to Contribute

You may choose to schedule automatic investments or make them manually according to a schedule that works for you.

Choosing Between Traditional and Roth Solo 401(k)s

You can opt for a traditional solo 401(k), which is made with pre-tax dollars, or a Roth solo 401(k), which is made with after-tax dollars. Which plan is better for you may depend on what you expect your income to be in retirement.

If you believe your income will be higher in retirement than it is now, in general, a Roth could be a better choice since you can take the distributions tax-free at that time. But if you think your income may be less in retirement than it is now, you might be better off with a traditional solo 401(k), which allows you to take the tax deduction now and have your distributions taxed in retirement.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Solo 401(k) Plans

When considering retirement account options, it can be helpful to look at the pros and cons to determine what works best for your personal situation.

Benefits of Having a Solo 401(k)

There are different reasons why opening a 401(k) for self employed individuals could make sense.

•   Bigger contributions. Compared to other types of self-employed retirement plans, such as a SEP IRA or SIMPLE IRA, solo 401(k) contribution limits tend to be more generous. Neither a SEP IRA or SIMPLE IRA, for instance, allows for catch-up contributions.

•   Roth contributions. You also have the option to open a Roth solo 401(k). If you anticipate being in a higher tax bracket when you retire, you may prefer being able to withdraw contributions tax-free with a Roth.

•   Flexible withdrawal rules. A solo 401(k) can also offer more flexibility with regard to early withdrawals than a SEP IRA, SIMPLE IRA, traditional IRA, or Roth IRA. If your solo 401(k) plan allows it, you could take out a loan in place of an early withdrawal. This could help you to avoid early withdrawal penalties and taxes. An IRA-based plan wouldn’t allow for loans.

Considerations and Potential Drawbacks

There are also a few potential downsides of investing in a solo 401(k).

•   Eligibility restrictions. If you run a small business and you have at least one employee other than a spouse, you won’t be able to open a solo 401(k) at all.

•   Complicated reporting. Calculating contributions and filing can be more complicated with a solo 401(k) vs. a SEP IRA or SIMPLE IRA. If your plan has more than $250,000 in assets you’ll need to file Form 5500-EZ with the IRS each year.

•   Administrative costs. Depending on where you open a solo 401(k) plan, the cost of maintaining it year to year may be higher compared to other self employed retirement plans. And an early 401(k) withdrawal can trigger taxes and penalties.

It’s important to consider the range of investment options offered through a solo 401(k). What you can invest in at one brokerage may be very different from another. The individual cost of those investments can also vary if some mutual funds or exchange-traded funds offered come with higher expense ratios than others.


💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that you must choose the investments in your IRA? Once you open a new IRA and start saving, you get to decide which mutual funds, ETFs, or other investments you want — it’s totally up to you.

Withdrawals and Loan Provisions

There are certain requirements for withdrawals and/or loans from a solo 401(k).

Rules for Withdrawing Funds

You can make withdrawals from a solo 401(k) without penalty at age 59 ½ or older. Distributions may be allowed before that time in the case of certain “triggering events,” such as a disability, but you may owe a 10% penalty as well as income taxes on the withdrawal.

Loan Options and Conditions

Some solo 401(k) plans may be set up to allow loans. If yours does, you could take out a loan in place of an early withdrawal. This could help you to avoid early withdrawal penalties and taxes. Just be sure to find out the loan terms and conditions, which can vary by plan.

Testing and Compliance for Solo 401(k)s

Unlike workplace 401(k)s, solo 401(k)s have no testing compliance requirements involved.

Alternatives to Solo 401(k) Plans

Instead of a solo 401(k), self employed individuals can consider another type of retirement account. Here’s how different options stack up.

Comparing a Solo 401(k) to a SEP IRA and Other Retirement Options

A SEP IRA is designed for small businesses. However, unlike a solo 401(k), a SEP IRA allows no catch-up contributions and there is no Roth version of the plan.

A SIMPLE IRA is for businesses with no more than 100 employees. It has much lower contribution limits than a solo 401(k) and once again, there is no Roth option.

Pros and Cons of a Solo 401(k)

A solo 401(k) has advantages and disadvantages. Here’s a side-by-side comparison of the benefits and drawbacks.

The Takeaway

A solo 401(k) can be a worthwhile investment vehicle for self-employed people who want to save for retirement. It has more generous contribution limits than some other retirement options. In addition, there is a Roth version of the plan, and a solo 401(k) plan may also offer flexibility in terms of early withdrawals. For individuals who are self-employed, opening a solo 401(k) is one potential way to start saving for their golden years.

Ready to invest for your retirement? It’s easy to get started when you open a traditional or Roth IRA with SoFi. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).

FAQ

Can I contribute 100% of my salary to a solo 401(k)?

As an employee, you can contribute up to 100% of your earned income to a solo 401(k) up to the annual contribution limit, which is $23,000 in 2024, and $23,500 in 2025, plus an additional $7,500 for those age 50 and up in elective salary deferrals. For 2025, those aged 60 to 63 may contribute an additional $11,250, instead of $7,500.

Is a solo 401(k) taxable income?

You will pay taxes with a solo 401(k), but the type of plan you open determines when you’ll pay those taxes. If you have a traditional 401(k), your contributions are tax-deferred, and they reduce your taxable income for the year in which you make them. However, you will pay taxes on distributions when you take them in retirement. If you have a Roth 401(k), you pay taxes on your contributions when you make them, but your distributions in retirement are tax-free.

What is the average return on a solo 401(k)?

The return on a solo 401(k) depends on the investments in your portfolio. However, in general, a solo 401(k) invested in a mix of bonds, stocks, and cash assets can have an average rate of return ranging between 3% and 8%. But again, it depends on what your investments are, and how much you allocate to those different assets. You may want to compare your plan’s performance to plans with similar funds to get a general sense of what the average return might be.

Who qualifies for a solo 401(k)?

To be eligible for a solo 401(k), you must be self-employed or a small business owner with no employees other than a spouse. To open a solo 401(k) you will need an Employee Identification Number (EIN), which is available from the IRS.

Photo credit: iStock/visualspace

About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.