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Financial literacy isn’t something that many of us are taught in school, but it’s essential when managing your money. It gives you the basic foundation of knowledge that can help you thrive.

If you feel you lack the knowledge you need, you might have to learn it on your own. Familiarizing yourself with some basic personal finance vocabulary can be a good place to start.

Finance terminology might seem confusing at first glance, but you don’t need to be a CPA or a financial advisor to make sense of it. Getting to know some of the most common personal finance words can help you build a stronger money foundation.

What Is Financial Literacy?

You might hear a lot about financial literacy but not know exactly what it means. In simple terms, being financially literate means that you have some money knowledge as well as the ability to put it to work.

Money skills can be learned in the classroom, at home, and in the real world as you navigate things like opening a bank account or taking out student loans. Becoming financially literate is important because it can help you to:

•   Have a positive money mindset

•   Act more responsibly with regard to saving and avoiding debt

•   Build wealth and plan for the future

If there are gaps in your financial education, it’s never too late to fill them. Learning some personal finance basics for beginners, including key financial literacy vocabulary, can help you get on track with your money goals.

What Is Financial Literacy Vocabulary?

Financial literacy words are simply the various terms you’ll see used again and again when discussing different money topics. For example, there are personal finance words related specifically to banking, others that are focused on insurance, and more that deal with investing.

Do you need to be a walking dictionary to understand finance and make the most of your money? Not at all. But you can benefit from knowing what certain finance terminology means and why it’s important when making money decisions.

Understanding financial literacy vocabulary can also help you avoid potentially costly money mistakes. If you’re taking out a mortgage, for example, it’s important to understand concepts like amortization and closing costs so you know exactly what you’re paying to buy a home.

Recommended: Guide to Practicing Financial Self-Care

Personal Finance Words to Know

Ready to improve your financial knowledge? Here’s an alphabetical list of some important terms to add to your personal finance vocabulary.

1. Budget

A budget is a plan for deciding how to spend your money each month. Making a budget means adding up your income, then subtracting all of your expenses.

The goal of a budget is to ensure that you’re not living beyond your means and that you have money left over to work toward your goals.

There are different budgeting techniques, like the 50/30/20 rule or the envelope system, and there are different categories people want to set guidelines and guardrails for. For example, you might want to start an emergency fund or pay down debt.

2. Cashier’s Check and Certified Check

Cashier’s checks and certified checks are two types of official checks banks can issue as a form of payment. So what’s the difference between a certified vs. cashier’s check?

A cashier’s check is drawn on the bank’s account, while a certified check is drawn on your personal account, with the bank verifying that you have sufficient funds to cover it. Between the two, a cashier’s check is generally considered to be a safer way to pay since the bank guarantees the amount.

3. Certificate of Deposit

A certificate of deposit (CD) is a time deposit savings account. When you open a certificate of deposit, you add money to the account and agree to leave it there for a certain amount of time, known as the term. The bank pays interest while your money is in the CD and when it matures (or reaches the end of the term), you can withdraw the initial deposit and the interest earned.

A CD is not the same as a regular savings account or a high yield savings account. With savings accounts, you can generally withdraw money up to six times each month or possibly more without any penalty. You’re not locked in the way you are with a CD.

4. Compound Interest

Compound interest means the interest you earn on your interest. That’s different from simple interest, which is paid on your principal balance only. Compounding interest is central to building your savings and wealth, since it helps your money grow faster and allows you to increase your net worth over time.

5. Credit

Credit means borrowing money with the promise to pay it back. When you open a credit card account, for example, the credit card company issues you a credit line that you can make purchases against. You use the card to buy groceries, get gas, or cover other expenses, then pay that amount back to the credit card company. You typically pay interest on any balance you carry over from one month to the next.

A credit card is revolving credit, since your balance can go up or down over time as you make purchases and pay them back. Loans are a form of installment debt, since the balance only goes down over time as you make your scheduled payments.

6. Credit Score

A credit score is a three-digit number that measures how responsible you are financially. Your credit scores are generated from information in your credit reports. A credit report collects details about your debts, including payment history, balances, and available credit.

FICO scores are the most commonly used credit scores. These scores range from 300 to 850, with 850 being considered a “perfect” credit score. The better your credit scores, the easier it usually is to qualify for loans and credit cards.

7. Debt

Debt is money owed to someone else. A debt may be secured, meaning that it’s attached to a specific piece of collateral. Collateral is something your creditor can take possession of if you fail to repay the debt. So if you own a home, for example, your mortgage is a debt, and your home is the collateral.

Unsecured debts don’t have any collateral, so if you fail to pay them, your creditor has to pursue other means to collect what’s owed. Credit cards, medical bills, and student loans are examples of unsecured debt.

8. Debt to Income Ratio

Debt to income (DTI) is one of several important personal finance ratios to know if you’re trying to improve your financial literacy. Your debt to income ratio means how much of your income goes to debt repayment each month.

So why is that important? The more money you put toward debt, the less cash you have to save and invest. And when your DTI is too high, that could make it harder to qualify for a mortgage or other types of loans.

9. Emergency Fund

An emergency fund is money that you set aside for unplanned or unexpected expenses. When you save for emergencies, you’re saving for the unknown, versus setting aside money for a specific goal like a vacation or new furniture.

But you may wonder, how much emergency savings should I have? Saving three to six months’ worth of expenses is a commonly used rule of thumb but ultimately, your emergency fund should reflect the amount that you need to feel comfortable.

10. FDIC

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is an independent agency that’s responsible for maintaining stability in the banking industry. One of the ways the FDIC does that is by insuring banks in the rare event of a failure. If you have accounts at an FDIC-insured bank, they’re covered up to $250,000 per depositor, per account ownership type, per financial institution.

11. Financial Planning

Financial planning means creating a plan or strategy for reaching your financial goals. Creating a financial plan is something you can do on your own or with the help of a financial advisor. If you’re not sure how to go about finding a financial advisor, consider what type of planning services you might need first. That can help you decide if you should work with an online advisor or seek out an advisor in person.

12. Gross Income and Net Income

Understanding gross income and net income are central to making a budget. Your gross income is all the money you earn before any deductions or taxes are taken out. Your net income is the money that hits your bank account, once you take out things like taxes, health insurance, and retirement plan contributions.

If you’re not sure about the difference between your gross pay and net pay, reviewing your pay stubs can help. You should be able to see a breakdown of everything you earned and everything that was deducted for the pay period.

13. Health Savings Account (HSA)

A Health Savings Account (HSA) is a savings account that’s attached to a high deductible health plan. An HSA allows you to set aside money for health care expenses on a tax-advantaged basis.

It’s easy to confuse HSA with other health insurance terms, like HMO. But the difference between HMO vs. HSA is that HMO stands for Health Maintenance Organization and is a type of health care plan. An HSA is a special type of health care savings account.

14. Inflation

Inflation is a rise in prices for consumer goods and services over time. In the United States, inflation is generally measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). When inflation rises, the things you spend money on every day cost more. Understanding inflation is important for managing your budget but it can also affect how you invest your money.

Recommended: How to Beat Inflation

15. Investing

Investing money means putting it into the market or other vehicles in the hopes that it will grow in value. Investing money is not the same thing as saving it. When you save money, you might park it in a savings account, CD account, or money market account. There’s virtually no risk of losing money, especially if your bank is FDIC insured.

When you invest money, however, you’re using it to buy stocks, mutual funds, real estate, cryptocurrency, and other investments. You can potentially get a much higher rate of return with investing vs. saving, but you’re usually taking more risk. And if an investment doesn’t pan out, you could lose money instead of growing it.

16. Life Insurance

Life insurance provides a death benefit to your beneficiaries when you pass away. Buying life insurance can offer peace of mind if you’re worried about how your loved ones might be able to pay the bills if something were to happen to you. There are different types of life insurance to choose from, depending on your needs and situation. Life insurance, along with a will, are often part of a comprehensive financial plan.

17. Money Market Account

A money market account is a deposit account that blends features of a savings account and a checking account. You can deposit money and earn interest on the balance. If you need to withdraw money, you may be able to do so using a linked debit card or by writing checks. But those withdrawals are not necessarily unlimited; banks can still cap you at six withdrawals per month. Also known as MMAs, these accounts are not to be confused with money market funds, a kind of mutual fund.

18. Net Worth

Net worth is the difference between what you owe and what you own. To calculate net worth, you’d add up all of your debts, then subtract that amount from the value of your assets. An asset is anything that has a positive value, such as a home, retirement account, or CDs. Net worth can be positive if you have more assets than debts, but it can be negative if your debt outweighs your assets.

19. Overdraft

Overdraft is a banking term that means you’ve spent more money than you had in your account. If you sign up for overdraft protection, your bank will link your checking account to a savings account, a credit card, or line of credit, which will kick in whenever you withdraw more than the current balance. Some banks charge a fee when an overdraft protection transfer takes place, but it may be significantly less than what you would otherwise be charged for overdrawing your account.

20. Time Value of Money

Time value of money is the idea that money in the present is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential to earn interest or investment returns. A dollar received now can be invested to grow over time, whereas a dollar received later has lost that earning opportunity.

The Takeaway

Expanding your personal finance vocabulary can give you a better understanding of how your money works and how to make it work for you. Knowing these terms can grow your financial literacy and help you achieve your goals.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

What are the four pillars of personal finance?

The four pillars of personal finance are income, expenses, assets, and debt. Income and expenses are important for creating a budget. Assets and debt reflect the difference between the things of value that you own and the money that you owe to other people.

What are financial skills?

Financial skills are the skills you use to manage money. For example, budgeting is a financial skill, since it requires you to understand the difference between income and expenses and prioritize spending in a prudent way. Financial skills can be learned at school, at home, or through daily experiences.

Why is financial literacy important?

Financial literacy is important for helping you to better understand your financial situation. When you know how to make a budget, create a plan for saving and investing, and use debt responsibly, it becomes easier to get ahead financially. On the other hand, lacking financial literacy skills could make you more susceptible to poor decision-making, like overspending or carrying high-interest debt.

About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.

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If you’re looking to put money aside for future needs and watch it grow, a savings account can be a great option. However, not all savings accounts are created equal. There are actually several different types to choose from, and the best choice for you will depend on your goals, how you want to access your money, and how soon you’ll need it.

If you’re looking for easy, in-person access to your savings, for example, you might like a traditional savings account. If getting a high return is your priority, a high-yield savings account, certificate of deposit (CD), or online bank account may be a better option. There are also speciality accounts for longer-term savings goals like retirement.

Here’s the lowdown on the different types of savings accounts to have and how to choose the best one (or ones) for your needs.

Common Types of Savings Accounts

When you’re choosing between the different types of savings accounts, it’s helpful to understand how they work. While there are many differences between the accounts listed below, one thing they generally have in common is access to online banking. According to SoFi’s April 2024 Banking Survey of 500 U.S. adults, 48% of survey respondents use online banking daily, and 26% use it several times a week.

Traditional Savings Account

Many people start their savings journey by opening a traditional savings account at the same bank where they have a checking account. SoFi’s data found that 71% of respondents with a bank account have a savings account.

If your bank is insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), then your deposits are insured for up to $250,000 per depositor, per account category, per insured institution. The National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) provides similar insurance for credit unions.

You can typically open a basic savings account with a small minimum deposit. And, while the interest rates on these accounts tend to be low compared to other savings options, they offer fairly easy access to your funds. Just keep in mind that some institutions limit “convenient” transactions (those made by check, debit card, or online) on savings accounts to six per month, and will charge a fee if you exceed the limit. However, there are generally no restrictions on the number of in-person withdrawals and transfers (at the teller or ATM) you can make on a basic savings account.

Online Savings Account

Brick–and–mortar financial institutions aren’t the only place where you can shop for a savings account. If you’re comfortable doing your banking online or from your mobile device, you might consider an online bank for your savings account.

Because online-only financial institutions tend to have lower overhead costs than traditional banks, they often pass that savings on to customers in the form of higher interest rates and lower, or no, fees.

While you can’t meet with a bank representative face-to-face, these accounts often come with well-designed and user-friendly websites and mobile apps, along with customer service representatives available via online chat and by phone.

Like basic savings accounts, online savings accounts may have restrictions on the number of transactions you can make per month without incurring a penalty fee.

If you choose an online savings account from an institution with FDIC insurance, then your funds will be protected, even if the online bank were to go out of business.

High-Yield Savings Account

Also known as high-interest savings accounts, this type of savings vehicle tends to come with higher interest rates than traditional savings accounts and often lower fees. They are primarily offered by online-focused banks and credit unions and, as a result, some consumers aren’t aware they exist. According to SoFi’s survey, just 59% of adults know what a high-yield savings account is and only 23% have one.

Depending on the financial institution, a high-yield savings account will likely be insured by the FDIC or NCUA up to $250,000 per depositor, per account category, per insured institution, or possibly more.

Like other savings accounts, withdrawals from high-yield savings accounts may be limited to six per month, and going over the withdrawal limit may trigger a fee. Of the 55% of people in SoFi’s survey who say they have switched banks, 29% did so because they wanted lower fees.

Learn more: Basics of High Yield Savings Accounts

Money Market Account

A money market account (MMA) is a type of savings account that also offers some of the features of a checking account. Like a regular savings account, MMAs pay interest on your balance (often at a higher rate than a traditional savings account). Like a checking account, MMAs offer checking-writing privileges and/or debit cards, making it easy to access your funds.

On the downside, money market funds generally require a much larger initial deposit than a basic savings account. And, you could be charged fees if the balance goes below a minimum amount.

Due to the potentially higher interest rates and check-writing/debit access, money market accounts can be a good choice for emergency funds if you’ve already saved enough to meet the initial deposit.

It can be important to know the distinction between money market accounts vs. money market funds, too. The latter is a type of investment account and not guaranteed by the FDIC or NCUA.

Certificate of Deposit (CD)

Certificates of deposit, or CDs, can be a good savings tool if you don’t need quick access to your money. This type of savings account comes with a specific term — often between three months and five years — during which you need to keep your money in the account.

In return for leaving your money untouched for that time period, CDs generally offer higher returns than standard savings accounts. Generally, the longer term, the higher the interest rate — but that is not always the case.

While savings and money market accounts pay variable interest rates (meaning your rate can change after you’ve opened the account) CDs typically pay fixed rates, so your rate is likely to be locked in once you’ve deposited the cash. You’ll know these funds are safe if they’re FDIC-insured. However, if you pull your cash before the maturity date, you will usually pay a penalty, which might mean losing any interest earned. (There are some no-penalty CDs, but the interest rate is probably lower than you’d otherwise earn.)

Cash Management Account

A cash management account (CMA) is an interest-bearing account that is usually offered by a brokerage firm, an investment firm, or a robo-advisor. These accounts typically combine the features of a savings account, checking account, and (in some cases) a brokerage account. Though they are not held by banks, they may be insured by the FDIC via a partner bank. Not all are, so be sure to check if you are thinking of opening one.

CMAs may offer higher interest rates than traditional savings accounts, along with check-writing privileges and a debit card. CMAs also typically provide easy transfers to brokerage accounts, where you can invest your funds. Keep in mind, however, that interest rates may not be as high as what you could earn in a high-yield savings account.

Speciality Savings Plans

The types of savings accounts listed above can be great places to build your emergency fund or save money for a downpayment on a house. But if you’re looking to save for a more specific or longer-term goal, such as retirement or a child’s future education, you may want to open a more specialized account.

Specialty savings accounts are designed to serve a specific financial goal. They can earn interest to help you grow your money, just like other savings accounts. Some of these accounts, however, are investment vehicles, which means they can yield higher returns over the long term, but may also involve some risk.

Among the most common specialty accounts are 529 college savings plans, 401(k)s and individual retirement accounts (IRAs), health savings accounts (HSAs), and custodial accounts for a child (which are savings accounts set up and administered by an adult for a minor).

Opening a specialty savings account can make sense if you have a singular purpose for saving money. You may want to keep in mind, however, that there may be restrictions on when and how you can withdraw those funds later. Some specialty accounts, such as IRAs, 529s and HSAs, have strict tax rules for making withdrawals.

The Takeaway

There are many different types of savings accounts, and the best option for you will likely depend on how and when you want to access your money.

You might like a traditional savings account if you want to bank in person. For better interest rates and lower fees, you might prefer an online high-yield savings account or, if you won’t need the money for a while, a CD.

For more specific savings goals, such as preparing for retirement, covering health expenses, or saving for your child’s education, you may want to open a specialty savings account in addition to a more liquid savings vehicle.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with eligible direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

What type of account is best for savings?

There are different kinds of savings accounts that suit different goals and money styles. If you like banking in-person, a traditional bank might work fine. If you prefer the convenience of an online bank, you are likely to be rewarded with higher interest rates and lower fees. If you are saving for a specific goal, a specialty account might work best. For instance, a 529 account can be a good choice if you are stockpiling funds for a child’s future college tuition.

How do I choose a savings account?

Choosing a savings account depends on your needs and goals. If you are looking for an in-person banking relationship, a traditional savings account at a brick-and-mortar bank could work well. If you want a high-yield account and low fees, and don’t plan on making trips to a branch, an online bank’s offerings might better suit your needs. If you’re able to keep your money in an account for a specific time period and want to earn a guaranteed rate, consider a certificate of deposit (CD).

Is it better to have a savings account or invest?

This depends on your goals. A savings account is best for short-term needs and emergencies. These accounts offer safety and easy access, but lower returns. Investing is generally better for long-term goals, since it can offer potentially higher returns over time. However, investing comes with risks, particularly in the short-term. Ideally, you want to have both — a savings account for short-term needs and goals and an investment account to help build future wealth.

About the author

Julia Califano

Julia Califano is an award-winning journalist who covers banking, small business, personal loans, student loans, and other money issues for SoFi. She has over 20 years of experience writing about personal finance and lifestyle topics. Read full bio.

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