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College tuition inflation since 1980 has been rising. In fact, widely cited statistics have consistently shown college tuition rising faster than inflation.

It’s no secret: College tuition is on the rise, and it has been for years. According to the most recent data from the National Center for Education Statistics, during the 2021-2022 academic year, tuition and fees costs at undergraduate institutions were:

•   $9,700 at public institutions

•   $17,800 at private for-profit institutions

•   $38,800 at private nonprofit institutions

Between 2008-2009 and 2018-2019, costs rose 28% at public institutions and 19% at private nonprofit institutions. However, the costs for private for-profit institutions have reduced 6% in 2018-2019 compared to 2008-2009.

In comparison, public institutions cost $9,100 in 2010-2011, private for-profit was $19,400, and nonprofit institutions cost $34,000 in the same year, according to NCES , a subagency of the U.S. Department of Education.

Why has college tuition outpaced inflation, anyway? We’ll walk you through a complete guide to understanding college tuition vs inflation and the reasons college tuition has outpaced inflation over time.

What Is the College Tuition Inflation Rate?

First of all, inflation refers to a decrease in how much individuals can purchase with their money, based on increases in the prices of goods and services. According to Macrotrends, the general U.S. inflation rate for 2022 was 8%. Inflation peaked at 13.55% in 1980, at its highest levels since 1960.

Each college has its own tuition rate increase per year, so to get an accurate measure of an individual college’s tuition inflation rate, you can use the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) inflation rate calculator to calculate the current inflation of college tuition rate for each institution based on previous tuition costs.

Ultimately, the average cost of tuition has increased nearly 180% over the past 20 years, even after accounting for inflation.

How Does Inflation Affect College Tuition?

When the cost of goods goes up, colleges and universities offset the increased cost of operating by increasing tuition costs.

The Higher Education Price Index (HEPI), which measures the price changes of items that allow universities to stay afloat, doesn’t align exactly with the Consumer Price Index, which refers to what consumers pay for goods.

It can be difficult to make an apples-to-apples comparison between rising tuition at colleges and universities and changes in inflation because the HEPI is affected by more than just the cost of goods. For example, administrators, professors, financial aid professionals, admission counselors, and others also require salary increases on top of the miscellaneous expenses associated with keeping college and university facilities running.

Why Is the Cost of College Rising?

There are other reasons that cause tuition, room, board, and fees to increase from year to year. In the next section, let’s explore the reasons that it becomes more expensive to run a school. We’ll discuss state funding availability, demand, and financial aid.

Less State Funding

Declining state funding has influenced tuition costs at state universities as health care and pensions increase for state employees.

As a direct result of the last two economic recessions, education appropriations remain 6% and 14.6% below 2008 and 2001 levels, respectively, according to the 2022 State Higher Education Finance (SHEF) report produced by the State Higher Education Executive Officers Association (SHEEO).

However, state funding for financial aid has increased steadily for two decades. State and local funding reached $100 billion for higher education for the first time in fiscal 2019.

More Demand

As demand rises, costs increase as well. More than five million more students attended U.S. colleges in 2017 than in 2000, though between fall 2010 and fall 2021, total undergraduate enrollment decreased by 15% (from 18.1 million to 15.4 million students), according to the most recent data from NCES.

Despite recent statistics, it’s still evident that the demand for higher education has continued to increase over the past few decades. The dependence on a highly skilled workforce and growing wage differences between college and high school graduates means more students choose to attend college and drive up the demand for higher education. Higher education prices must increase in response to a growing student population.

More Federal Aid

The 1987 Bennett hypothesis (named after President Ronald Reagan’s secretary of education, William Bennett), stated that colleges will raise tuition when financial aid increases, especially subsidized federal loans that offer low interest rates. In other words, the theory was that colleges can raise prices because federal financial aid will cover the excess costs and students can offset the cost increase with federal student loans.

Is the Bennett hypothesis still a worry today?

The New York Federal Reserve compiled a 2015 study that supports that finding. It found that student credit expansion of the past fifteen years has risen with college and university tuition.

Why Has College Tuition Outpaced Inflation?

It’s not easy to pinpoint one single reason for the rise in college tuition — you might be quick to blame governments that face deep deficits and cannot subsidize the full costs of higher education. However, the truth is that the costs of outpaced inflation are multifaceted.

Colleges often attempt to raise tuition to appear competitive with similar institutions, increasing costs across the board. University presidents also face enrollment demands and increases in HEPI also inflate budgets. That’s why high school students, together with their families, may want to carefully plan for the costs of attending a particular institution.

Some options for students who are looking into financing their education might include finding work during the summer, applying for financial aid, or looking into payment tuition plans.

College Tuition Inflation Since 1985

According to data from the NCES, since 1985 the average college tuition at all institutions has increased nearly $20,000 from $4,885 to $24,623 during the 2018-2019 school year. That number is even higher when considering the cost of attending a four-year institution, which in 1985 was $5,504 and during the 2018-2019 school year increased to $28,123

College Tuition vs Inflation

The increase in college tuition and fees have outpaced the rise of inflation for decades. According to Forbes, the cost of attending a four-year college or university during the 2021-2022 school year was increasing at double the rate of inflation. The cost of attending a two-year community college is increasing a third faster than the rate of inflation.

However, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, this has changed slightly. From the 2020-2021 school year and the 2021-2022 school year, tuition and fees increased by about 0.6% on average, while overall prices in the U.S. increased by 3.2%, according to Bloomberg based on data from the BLS.

The Takeaway

College tuition has increased dramatically — increasing by nearly 180% in the past 20 years. The reasons for such an rise in tuition can be attributed to a variety of factors including less state funding, an increase in demand, and even an increase in the amount of federal aid awarded.

Despite the seeming downsides to inflation and college costs, SoFi can offer some major perks to help you pay for school with our private student loans. Note because private student loans don’t offer the same benefits as federal student loans (like income-driven repayment options), private student loans are generally considered only after students have carefully reviewed all other sources of funding and financial aid.

But, if private student loans seem like an option, you can check your rates and apply in minutes and easily add a cosigner if you so choose.^* Borrowers can choose from four flexible repayment options and there are no fees.

About the author

Melissa Brock

Melissa Brock is a higher education and personal finance expert with more than a decade of experience writing online content. She spent 12 years in college admission prior to switching to full-time freelance writing and editing. Read full bio.

Photo credit: iStock/TARIK KIZILKAYA

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Refinancing student loans involves taking out a new student loan (ideally with better rates and terms) and using it to pay off your existing loans. Generally, the reason why people refinance student loans is to save money, although there are some additional benefits that come along with refinancing.

Refinancing private student loans can be an easy decision if your income and credit score can qualify for a lower rate than you got originally. You can also refinance federal student loans with a private lender, potentially at a lower rate. But doing so means giving up federal benefits and protections, so it’s important to weigh the benefits against the risks.

Here’s what you need to know about refinancing student loans so you can decide if this option is right for you.

Benefits of Refinancing Private Student Loans

Refinancing private student loans comes with a number of potential perks. Here are some reasons why you might consider a student loan refinance.

A Lower Interest Rate

One of the main reasons people refinance their existing student loans is because they can find a lower interest rate through a new lender. This can help you save money, potentially thousands over the life of your loan. It can also help you pay off your loan faster, or lower the amount you pay each month.

While student loan interest rates have been on the rise in the last couple of years, you may still be able to do better if your financial situation has considerably improved since you originally took out your student loans.


💡 Quick Tip: Get flexible terms and competitive rates when you refinance your student loan with SoFi.

Reduced Monthly Payments

Another reason why people refinance their private student loans is to lower their monthly payments. You can do this by qualifying for a lower interest rate. Or, you can do this by extending your repayment term. Generally, the longer the loan term, the less you pay each month. Just keep in mind that extending your loan term could cause you to pay more in interest over the life of your loan.

Consolidation of Multiple Loans

If your student loan debt is a messy mix of loans, it can be difficult to stay on top of your payments and track your repayment progress. In this scenario, refinancing can double as a form of debt consolidation and allow you to combine those different loans. Once you refinance, you’ll only have to deal with one loan (and one payment and one due date) each month.

💡 Recommended: Refinancing Private Student Loan

Releasing a Cosigner

When students take out private student loans, they generally need a cosigner. These are usually family members or friends of the student, and they share legal liability for the loan.

If you originally needed a cosigner but are now in a financial position to handle your debt on your own, you might consider refinancing your private student loans. This will give you a new loan and, in the process, release your cosigner from liability for your debt. If you currently have a higher income or credit score than your cosigner, you might even qualify for a better rate.

💡 Recommended: Private Student Loan Refinance

Factors to Consider Before Refinancing

To determine if refinancing is the right move for you, here are some factors to consider.

Credit Score Requirements

Not every borrower is eligible for refinancing. To get approved, you typically need a credit score of at least 650. A score in the 700s, however, gives you a much better chance of qualifying.

Your credit score also helps determine your new interest rate. Generally, the better your credit score is, the more competitive your interest rate will be. If you can’t qualify for an attractive refinance on your own, you might want to recruit a cosigner who has excellent credit.

Financial Stability

A good credit score is one qualifier for a favorable refinance rate, but that’s not the full story. Lenders will generally look at a wide range of financial factors when determining your interest rate, including your annual income and your debt-to-income ratio (how much of your monthly income you currently spend on debts).

If all three of those financial factors have improved since you’ve taken out your private student loans, it can be worth shopping around for better terms. If, on the other hand, you don’t have consistent earnings and/or have a lot of credit card debt, you’ll likely want to wait until your situation stabilizes before looking into a refinance.

Recommended: Can You Refinance Student Loans More Than Once?

Length of Repayment Term

Refinancing allows you to alter your payment plan. Once you qualify, you can typically choose the new term of your loan, whether it’s five, 10, or 20 years. By setting a new repayment term, you can decide how quickly you want to pay off your loans.

You might choose a shorter repayment term to pay off your loan faster and potentially save on interest. Or, you might opt to go with a longer repayment term to lower your monthly payments. Keep in mind, though, that extending your term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan. It will also take you longer to fully pay off your loans.

💡 Quick Tip: Refinancing comes with a lot of specific terms. If you want a quick refresher, the Student Loan Refinancing Glossary can help you understand the essentials.

When Refinancing Might Not Be the Best Option

Refinancing isn’t the right move for every borrower. Here are some scenarios where it may not make sense to refinance your student loans.

You Can’t Get a Lower Interest Rate

Before choosing to refinance, you may want to shop around and see what rates you can potentially qualify for.

Many lenders offer online prequalification where you can enter some information to receive a rate quote without having to submit an actual loan application (which results in a hard credit inquiry). Prequalifying lets you shop around for the personalized rates and terms so you have a better idea of what to expect if you were to refinance, without hurting your credit.

If you can’t get a better rate than you currently have, refinancing might not make sense, at least right now.


💡 Quick Tip: Refinancing could be a great choice for working graduates who have higher-interest graduate PLUS loans, Direct Unsubsidized Loans, and/or private loans.

You Have Federal Loans and Could See a Decline in Income

If you have federal student loans and think your income could drop, or you might lose your job, it’s generally not a good idea to refinance those loans. Doing so means giving up federal student loan relief options, such as deferment and forbearance, as well as government programs like income-driven repayment. These protections could come in handy should you run into any financial hiccups.

Some private lenders offer relief programs but they may not be as generous as what you can get with the federal government.

You Are on an Income-Driven Repayment Plan

Income-driven repayment (IDR) plans are one of the many benefits available to federal student loan borrowers. When you choose one of these plans, the amount you pay each month is tied to the amount of money you make, so you never need to pay more than you can reasonably afford. Generally, your payment amount under an IDR plan is a percentage of your discretionary income (typically 10% to 20%).

Under all IDR plans, any remaining loan balance is forgiven if your federal student loans aren’t fully repaid at the end of the repayment period (either 20 or 25 years).

If you are currently on one of these federal repayment plans and you refinance, your loan becomes a private loan and you lose access to IDR plans.

You’re Working Toward Student Loan Forgiveness

In addition to the loan forgiveness associated with IDR plans, the federal government offers other types of loan forgiveness programs, including Public Service Loan Forgiveness, which is for public-sector workers, as well as a separate program just for teachers. If you think you may benefit from any of these federal relief programs, it’s probably not a good ideal to refinance your federal student loans. Doing so will bar you from getting your federal loans forgiven.

The Takeaway

So should you refinance your student loans? The answer depends on your financial situation and repayment goals. Generally, refinancing your student loans makes sense only if you can qualify for a lower rate than you have now.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

FAQ

Why do people refinance their student loans?

Often, people will refinance their student loans to get a lower interest rate, a lower monthly payment, or both. Refinancing can also simplify student loan repayment by replacing multiple loans with a single loan and just one monthly payment.

Why should you avoid refinancing student loans?

Refinancing generally doesn’t make sense if you can’t qualify for a lower rate. You’ll also want to avoid refinancing if you have federal loans and are using (or plan to use) federal benefits like income-driven repayment or student loan forgiveness. Once you refinance a federal student loan, you’ll no longer have access to these federal programs.

Why should private student loan borrowers refinance right now?

You might consider refinancing your student loans now if you are able qualify for a lower rate than you originally got. Refinancing also gives you the opportunity to change the terms of your existing loan, remove a cosigner, and simplify your repayment process by replacing multiple loans with a single loan.

About the author

Julia Califano

Julia Califano is an award-winning journalist who covers banking, small business, personal loans, student loans, and other money issues for SoFi. She has over 20 years of experience writing about personal finance and lifestyle topics. Read full bio.