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Good car value estimates will factor in as many as a dozen data points, including geographic and economic influences. Less precise tools base estimates only on make, model, year, and mileage. If you’re looking to sell your car, or you’re in the market for a used vehicle, it’s important to familiarize yourself with how automobile valuations work.

Here’s what you need to know to help you increase your chances of getting the best deal.

What to Know About Instant Dealer Trade-In Quotes

A number of dealerships and websites — such as Carvana, Truecar and Kelley Blue Book — offer instant cash or instant dealer trade-in quotes for your car. Often, all you have to do is share a few details, such as the vehicle identification number (VIN) or license plate number, and the company will come back to you with a cash offer for your vehicle.

Though a lot of companies make it sound like the process is as simple as that, know that there is likely an in-person review of your vehicle before anyone will cut you a check.

What Do Dealers Base Their Car Estimates On?

Instant quotes and valuations usually look at a few quick measures, such as year, make and model, and mileage. This information is enough to provide a rough estimate of value. However, other factors will also come into play. Here’s a closer look.

(Keep in mind, these terms apply only to cars you own outright; different calculations go into valuing a leased car.)

Make and Model

You can think of the make and model of a car as the brand and the specific product on offer. For example, Toyota is a make of vehicle, while the Corolla is a model. Some makes and models are more popular, which helps them hold their value longer. For example, a certain make and model might be known for fuel efficiency or to be safer or more reliable.

There may be numbers or letters next to a car’s make and model that further delineate different features or trim level. Generally speaking, the higher a vehicle’s trim level — the more features it has — the more valuable the car will be.

Style

A vehicle’s body style is its shape. It might be a minivan, hatchback, or pickup truck. Information about a vehicle style is contained in its make and model. And certain styles are more valuable than others. For example, trucks tend to retain their value better than other car styles. In other words, they depreciate more slowly.

Condition

Your vehicle’s condition means both cosmetic issues like scratches, dents, and wear to upholstery, and also the wear and tear on the engine and other components. The better condition a car is in and the fewer impending repairs needed, the more valuable it will be.

Mileage

Mileage is an important factor to consider because it serves as shorthand for potential wear and tear. The more a car has been driven, the more likely it needs repair or will soon. As a result, cars with smaller odometer readings are worth more.

Accident History

Accidents big and small will hurt the value of a vehicle. Even if a car was in a minor accident and shows no outward signs of damage, value can decrease. Buyers can look up vehicle history reports on sites such as Carfax and AutoCheck, using a car’s VIN.

Car Add-ons

When you buy a car new, you may be offered a series of add-ons, such as splash guards, alarm systems, and tinted windows. While these are often pricey to add to a new vehicle, that doesn’t always translate into increased value for used cars. In fact, according to some experts, once a car is two or three years old, add-ons have little effect on its value. Condition, mileage, and accident history often matter much more to the average used car buyer.

Number of Previous Owners

Used cars that have been owned by only one person may be seen as preferable because the vehicle will have had a consistent driving history and maintenance schedule. Multiple owners will not necessarily hurt the value of a car, but it may raise a red flag if there have been many owners in a short period of time.

Warranties

If a car is still under warranty and that warranty is transferable to a new buyer, it can add value.

Location

Geography can have an effect on car value. For example, the harsh winters and salted roads of the Northeast can take a toll, causing more wear and tear than a warm, dry climate.

Additionally, some types of vehicles may be in higher demand in certain areas, driving up price. For example, you might have an easier time selling a pickup truck in a suburban or rural area than in a big city.

Timeline

The less time an individual has to sell their vehicle, the more likely it is that they may have to accept an offer that’s less than the fair market value, especially in areas where there is not much demand.

The Economy

The value of used vehicles can fluctuate with changes in the economy. For example, a softer-than-expected labor market and a slowdown in economic growth in 2024 drove down the price of new and used vehicles. As of August 2024, the average price of used cars was $25,251 — down from $28,000 in 2022, according to CarEdge.

Rising interest rates can also make borrowing to buy a vehicle more expensive, putting downward pressure on demand, as can a struggling stock market or a recession.

Recommended: What Credit Score Is Needed to Buy a Car?

What Buyers Are Looking For

Ultimately, supply and demand drive the value of used vehicles. If buyers are looking for hybrid vehicles over gasoline-only cars, value for hybrids increases. If a certain color falls out of favor, a car may end up being worth less than an otherwise identical model in a different hue.

How to Prepare Your Car and Your Expectations

Prepare your car for the highest valuation by tackling as many repairs as you can, from fixing a broken brake light to replacing worn out brake pads. A budget planner app can help you figure out how much you have to spend on the fixes. Before an in-person valuation, you’ll also want to have your car washed and detailed to make sure it looks like it’s in the best condition possible.

Manage your expectations for values by doing a bit of research. If you’re looking to sell your car, check out valuation estimates from multiple sources, including Edmunds, Kelley Blue Book, and online dealers. You may even want to bring your car to a local dealership to see what price you might get there.

Similarly, if you’re looking to buy a new or used car, you can look up the value of various makes and models to help you understand whether the price you’re quoted is close to fair market value.

Recommended: Does Net Worth Include Home Equity?

The Takeaway

Good car value estimates will factor in as many as a dozen data points, including geographic and economic influences. Tracking your car’s value is especially important as you plan your budget and save up to buy a used or new car. The reason: Your current car’s value can have a big impact on what you can afford.

SoFi’s money tracker app now has an Auto Tracker feature that can give you a better understanding of your net worth and help you identify good times to sell.

Take control of your finances with SoFi. With our financial insights and credit score monitoring tools, you can view all of your accounts in one convenient dashboard. From there, you can see your various balances, spending breakdowns, and credit score. Plus you can easily set up budgets and discover valuable financial insights — all at no cost.

FAQ

What is the best way to determine the value of a car?

Find out the value of a car through trusted online resources such as Kelley Blue Book or Edmunds. Enter the VIN, license plate number, or the year, make, model, and mileage of your car or truck to get an idea of what it may be worth.

Which car value estimator is most accurate?

Kelley Blue Book and Edmunds are two of the most trusted car value estimators.

How do you know if a car deal is too good to be true?

Red flags that may suggest a car deal is too good to be true include a seller who is rushing you, a seller who won’t give you an accident report, signs of rust or disrepair, and a price that is much too low compared to fair market price.

Photo credit: iStock/Talaj

SoFi Relay offers users the ability to connect both SoFi accounts and external accounts using Plaid, Inc.’s service. When you use the service to connect an account, you authorize SoFi to obtain account information from any external accounts as set forth in SoFi’s Terms of Use. Based on your consent SoFi will also automatically provide some financial data received from the credit bureau for your visibility, without the need of you connecting additional accounts. SoFi assumes no responsibility for the timeliness, accuracy, deletion, non-delivery or failure to store any user data, loss of user data, communications, or personalization settings. You shall confirm the accuracy of Plaid data through sources independent of SoFi. The credit score is a VantageScore® based on TransUnion® (the “Processing Agent”) data.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SORL-Q324-017

Paying off a car loan can help your credit profile by reducing your debt-to-income ratio. But closing out a loan can also have several negative effects on your credit history. And paying off a loan early isn’t the best decision when there are better ways you can use that money — or save it for an emergency.

We’ll discuss how much paying off a car loan helps your credit and when paying it off early really does pay off.

How Credit Scores Are Calculated

The fact that you got a car loan means you know a little something about your credit score. But it’s always helpful to learn more about how those scores are calculated. According to FICO®, your credit rating is made up of five parts:

•   Payment history (timely payments): 35%

•   Amounts owed (credit utilization): 30%

•   Length of credit history: 15%

•   New credit requests: 10%

•   Credit mix (installment versus revolving): 10%

Whether you’re applying for a personal loan or a car loan, the same factors are used to determine your creditworthiness.

Recommended: What Credit Score Is Needed to Buy a Car?

Does Paying Off a Credit Card Help Your Credit?

For the sake of comparison, let’s say you buy a car with a credit card. (In real life, this is usually a bad idea because credit card interest rates are considerably higher than for auto loans.) How would paying off the credit card balance affect your credit score?

No matter what you’ve heard, maintaining a credit card balance doesn’t help your score. That’s because the amount you owe, also called credit utilization, accounts for 30% of your score. To calculate your credit utilization, add up the credit limits on your cards. Then divide that figure by your outstanding balance(s).

Let’s say your credit limit is $20,000. If you buy a used car for $10,000, you’re utilizing 50% of your available credit. So paying down your balance — or paying off the whole $20K — will improve your credit utilization factor.

But there’s a key difference between paying off a credit card and paying off a car loan. After you pay off the credit card balance, the account remains open (unless you take action to close it). This is called revolving credit: You can repeatedly use the funds up to your credit limit, as long as you continue to make payments.

How Paying Off Your Car Loan Early May Affect Your Credit Score

A car loan is considered an installment loan, one with a starting balance that’s paid down each time you make a monthly payment. According to credit reporting agency Experian, paying off an installment loan can briefly cause your score to dip.

That’s because the loan is no longer “active,” so your timely payment history is no longer contributing to your overall credit score. Paying off an installment loan can also affect a person’s credit mix and the average age of their open accounts.

How To Decide Whether to Pay Off Your Car Loan Early

There’s no one answer that fits every borrower. See which pros and cons below apply to your situation.

When It’s a Good Idea to Pay Off Your Car Loan Early

If any of these statements resonate with you, paying off your car loan early is likely the right decision.

•   You have trouble juggling your monthly bills and would be glad to have one fewer to deal with.

•   You hate the idea of continuing to pay interest on the loan.

•   The money you free up can be used to pay down another debt, add to your savings, or spend on pursuits you’re passionate about.

•   You’re considering taking out another loan, and paying off this one could help you qualify.

But wait! Check out the drawbacks to paying off a loan below before you decide.

When It’s Better to Keep the Loan

Even if you’re eager to pay down some debt, sometimes you’re better off financially keeping a loan. See if any of these disadvantages affect your cost-benefit analysis.

•   Instead of paying off the loan, investing the lump sum might net you more profits than you’ll save in loan interest.

•   If you’re using savings to pay off the loan, you may find yourself short in an emergency.

•   Some loans come with prepayment penalties. Make sure you won’t be charged for paying off your loan ahead of schedule.

•   As noted above, paying off an installment loan can have a negative impact on your credit mix, payment history, and length of credit history.

Recommended: Does Net Worth Include Home Equity?

About to Make Your Last Scheduled Loan Payment?

Now is the perfect time to test how much paying off the loan will impact your credit score. You may be able to find your credit score for free through various channels, such as banks, credit card companies, and credit counselors. Check your score before you make your final payment and again a few months later.

Or you can sign up for a service that monitors your credit score for you. What qualifies as credit score monitoring varies from service to service. Look for one that will alert you whenever your score changes.

You’ll also want to decide how you’re going to use those funds going forward. You may decide to pay off other debts (especially credit cards), build your savings, or invest the funds. A money tracker app can give you a helpful overview of your finances.

Paying off a car loan can sometimes lower your auto insurance premium. Check with your insurance carrier, and shop around to make sure you’re getting the best deal.

The Takeaway

The reality is that paying off a car loan may cause your credit score to dip. But it can still be the right decision if you have plenty of savings to cover the balance due. After all, you’ll save money on interest, lower your debt-to-income ratio, and have one fewer monthly bill to juggle. Whether you should pay off a car loan early depends on your financial circumstances and if you have other, higher-interest debt that should be paid off first.

Take control of your finances with SoFi. With our financial insights and credit score monitoring tools, you can view all of your accounts in one convenient dashboard. From there, you can see your various balances, spending breakdowns, and credit score. Plus you can easily set up budgets and discover valuable financial insights — all at no cost.

FAQ

How much will my credit score go up if I pay off my car?

Your credit score may actually dip after paying off a car, but it depends on your specific financial situation. That’s because paying off an installment loan can have a negative impact on your credit mix, payment history, and length of credit history.

Will paying off a car loan early improve credit?

Each situation is unique. Paying off a loan will improve your debt-to-income ratio, which lenders look at to determine your creditworthiness. However, it can also have a negative impact on your credit mix, payment history, and length of credit history.

Why did my credit score drop when I paid off my car early?

Credit score algorithms are complex, and every borrower’s situation is different. If your car loan was your only installment loan, closing it reduces your credit mix, which accounts for 10% of your score. Paying off a loan can also reduce the overall length of your open credit accounts, another factor used to calculate your score.

Photo credit: iStock/Pofuduk Images

SoFi Relay offers users the ability to connect both SoFi accounts and external accounts using Plaid, Inc.’s service. When you use the service to connect an account, you authorize SoFi to obtain account information from any external accounts as set forth in SoFi’s Terms of Use. Based on your consent SoFi will also automatically provide some financial data received from the credit bureau for your visibility, without the need of you connecting additional accounts. SoFi assumes no responsibility for the timeliness, accuracy, deletion, non-delivery or failure to store any user data, loss of user data, communications, or personalization settings. You shall confirm the accuracy of Plaid data through sources independent of SoFi. The credit score is a VantageScore® based on TransUnion® (the “Processing Agent”) data.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SORL-Q324-037

Thanks to high demand and inflation, the cost of home repairs has been on the rise in recent years. In 2023, the average household spent $2,458 on maintenance and $1,667 on emergency repairs, according to Angi’s State of Home Spending Report. The report also found that total spending across home improvement, maintenance, and emergency repairs increased 6% compared to 2022.

The most common home repairs include the usual suspects: electrical, plumbing, HVAC, water damage, and termite damage. Keep reading to learn more about these issues and the cost of repair or replacement, so you can be prepared when reality bites.

Estimated Cost of the Most Common Home Repairs

Low-cost preventive measures — like cleaning your gutters or getting your heating and cooling systems serviced annually — can help keep common home repair costs down. But even with the best preparation, surprises (like a busted pipe or roof leak) happen, and when they do, you can be on the hook for thousands of dollars. Whether you’re a new or longtime homeowner, it’s a good idea to plan for — and budget for — home repairs.

Below is a roundup of the most common home repairs and average costs.

Recommended: How to Pay for Emergency Home Repairs

Foundation Repair

A number of different issues can occur with foundations, some of which are more serious (aka, costly) than others. Among the most common problems are foundation cracks, which can be caused by house settling or changes in soil pressure around the home. Cracks can lead to water damage or cause the walls in your foundation or home to bow. Foundations can also begin to sink, due to changing weather patterns, nearby tree roots, or erosion.

Since the foundation is the footprint of your home, repairs can be complicated and expensive. According to Angi, foundation repair costs can range anywhere from $2,196 to $7,921.

Average cost of foundation repair: $5,056

Electrical Issues

While there are many home repairs you can safely DIY, electrical issues and wiring are generally best left to professional electricians. Working with live wires can be dangerous and faulty electrical work can be a significant fire hazard. Some signs you may need to call an electrician include:

•   Burning smell coming from an outlet

•   Buzzing or sizzling noises coming from an outlet

•   Flickering lights

•   Outlets feel hot to the touch

•   You have 2- rather than 3-prong outlets

•   Circuit breaker continually trips

•   Appliances spark when plugged in

Depending on the length and complexity of the job, the cost of hiring an electrician ranges between $163 and $535. Installing a new outlet can run $200 to $300, for example, while replacing a breaker panel can cost anywhere from $520 to $2,120.

Average cost of electrical repairs: $348

Recommended: What Is the Cost to Rewire a House?

Roof Repair

Your roof protects your home from the elements, so it’s important to keep it in top condition. If you notice any damage or signs of wear and tear, you’ll want to address them sooner rather than later. This can help prevent small problems from becoming serious and expensive. Signs that your roof may be compromised include broken, cracked, curling, or missing shingles, and any interior signs of water damage (such as dark spots or discoloration on walls or ceiling and/or mold or rotting wood in the attic).

The cost of a roof repair will depend on your home’s location, roofing material, size of your home, and the type of roof. On average, costs run between $391 and $1,901. By contrast, a full roof replacement can run between $5,900 to $12,900. Due to the significant price difference, you would generally only invest in a new roof if the damage to your existing roof is extensive or the roof is near the end of its life.

Average cost of roof repairs: $1,133

Repair or Replace a Water Heater

Due to mineral buildup and the routine breakdown of components, water heaters do not last forever. Depending on how extensive the repairs your water heater requires, you can be on the hook for a new unit entirely. And if you’ve ever taken a cold shower in the middle of winter, you know this is one repair that is essential to your quality of life.

On average, homeowners spend anywhere from $221 to $980 on water heater repairs. Your actual bill will depend on the cost of the part needed for the fix, how much your local water heater professional charges for labor, and the length of the job. Where you live and where the water heater is located in your home can also impact costs.

Average cost of water heater repairs: $600

Water Damage

Water damage is fairly common. It can result from a crack in an old pipe, a leaky roof, an unusually strong storm, or sewage backup. To prevent mold growth and further damage, it’s best to fix the issue and clear out moisture as soon as you spot it.

Water damage restoration can involve replacing wallboard, flooring, and/or ceilings, as well as ensuring that no mold spores are left behind to spread once the repairs are complete. Two important factors influencing price are the square footage affected and the type of water (i.e., whether it’s clean or has been contaminated with potentially harmful substances). The cost of water damage restoration generally ranges between $1,300 and $5,600.

Average cost to fix water damage: $3,300

Replacing Pipes

Replacing older pipes is a common home repair often needed after a home inspection. Common problems include dated construction materials with a known problem in their manufacturing, signs of corrosion, clogs, and leaks. And because pipes run behind walls and underground, repair costs often include patching up interior holes and dug-up yards.

The good news is that not all leaks, burst pipes, and signs of corrosion require replacing large amounts of plumbing. Often, a plumber can replace a small section of the pipe affected by the damage. The cost to install pipes for a repair ranges from $370 to $2,108, though it can run higher if the damaged pipes are difficult to access.

Average cost to install pipes: $1,237

Recommended: Renovation vs Remodel: What’s the Difference?

Septic System Repair

A septic tank contains and filters household wastewater. If it is damaged or not functioning properly, it’s important to deal with the problem quickly — otherwise, you could be dealing with a smelly and costly mess. Sewage backups can occur when the septic tank becomes clogged or full, there’s a problem with devices within the tank, or there’s a blockage in the home’s main drain line leading to the tank.

Depending on the type of repair, tank size, permits, and other factors, the cost of a septic tank repair runs, on average, between $630 and $3,035. A small fix like repairing a septic tank lid could cost less ($150 to $500); but if you need to replace the tank, you could be looking at a bill as high as $9,500.

Average cost to repair a septic system: $1,831

Heating or Air Conditioning Repair

Your home’s HVAC (which stands for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system plays a key role in keeping your home comfortable to live in. Though there are many different types of HVAC systems, they generally all work by using energy to heat or cool the air to a desired temperature. The system may also add/remove moisture and filter your home’s indoor air.

An HVAC system typically has two main components: a heater (which could be a furnace, boiler, or heat pump) and an air conditioning (AC) unit. The type of system you have and the component that’s broken will significantly influence the cost of repairs. For example, an AC system repair can run anywhere from $450 to $2,000, while a furnace repair tends to run between $130 and $1,200. On average, homeowners spend between $130 and $2,000 on HVAC repairs.

Average cost to fix a heating or air conditioning system: $350

Mold Removal

Mold develops inside homes as a result of moisture and can lead to health problems. Signs that you may have a mold problem include:

•   Musty odor in a specific area

•   Discoloration on the walls

•   Peeling, cracking, or warping of floors or walls

•   Leaks or water damage

•   Darkening around tile grout

•   Worsening of allergy symptoms

While you may be able to remove small amounts of mold yourself (provided you’re certain the mold isn’t toxic), often the best option is to hire a mold remediation professional.

The cost for mold removal will vary widely depending on where it is located in your home. Mold growth in hard-to-reach areas, like drywall or your HVAC system, generally costs more to remediate since it can require more time, materials, and labor. The size of the infestation and the type of mold that is growing also influence costs. On average, mold removal runs between $373 and $7,000.

Average cost of mold removal: $2,362

Termite Damage

The problem with termites is that they literally eat away at your house. They can also eat through your budget: The cost to repair termite damage can range anywhere from $1,000 to $10,000 or even more.

Generally, the longer termites chew on the wooden structure of your home, the more costly the repair will be, so it’s key to recognize — and deal with — any signs of a termite infestation early. If you catch a termite problem early, for example, you may only need to replace a few damaged boards or joists, which can run from $250 to $1,000. If the problem goes on for a while, however, you may need to replace damaged walls, framing, or floors — at a cost of $1,000 to $3,000. Worst-case scenario: Termites do enough damage to your home’s infrastructure (like beams or load-bearing walls) that it becomes structurally unsound. A major termite repair job can run from $3,000 to $10,000-plus.

Average cost to repair termite damage: $3,000

Average Cost of Home Repairs

Trying to predict — and budget for — home repairs can be challenging. However, there are several rules of thumb that can help homeowners:

•   The 1% Rule. One common guideline is to set aside approximately 1% of your home’s value annually for home maintenance. So if your home is worth $500,000, you’d want to have $5,000 tucked away in savings to cover general upkeep and repairs for the year.

•   The Square Foot Rule. Since a larger home typically costs more to maintain than a smaller one, another formula is to use the square footage of your home to estimate maintenance and repair costs. With this approach, you set aside $1 for every square foot of livable space. So if your home is 2,300 square feet, you would want to have $2,300 in savings earmarked for home repair costs.

•   The 10% Rule. With this rule of thumb, you put aside 10% of all your main monthly expenses (such as mortgage, taxes, and insurance) for your monthly home maintenance budget. For example, if your mortgage is $1500/month, taxes are $300/month, and insurance is $150/month (a total of $1950), your budget for home maintenance would be roughly $195 per month or $2,340 a year.

If you don’t have enough savings to cover the cost of a necessary home repair, there are financing options, including home equity lines of credit (HELOC) and credit cards (though this can be an expensive choice).

You can also use a personal loan to cover the cost of home repairs or improvements. Available through banks, credit unions, and online lenders, this type of loan (sometimes called a home improvement loan) typically doesn’t require any type of collateral or home equity. However, you usually need good to excellent credit to qualify.

💡 Quick Tip: Check out SoFi’s home improvement loan rates to find competitive options for financing your next repair or renovation project.

The Takeaway

It’s tough to predict the cost of home repairs. Different budgeting standards suggest putting aside 1% of your home’s value or $1 per square foot annually. In 2023, the average household spent $2,458 on maintenance costs and $1,667 on emergency repairs. Among the priciest home repairs are major foundation work (up to $7,921), roof replacement (as much as $12,900), and septic tank replacement (which can run $9,500). Even expenses like fixing termite damage or replacing a broken water heater can all but consume your savings.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. See your rate in minutes.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

SOPL-Q324-035

Although Experian is the largest credit bureau in the U.S., TransUnion and Equifax are widely considered to be just as accurate and important. When it comes to credit scoring models, however, there is a clear winner: FICO® Score is used in roughly 90% of lending decisions.

It’s crucial that consumers understand at least the basics of how credit reports work and credit scores are calculated. After all, a high credit score can get borrowers the best deals on loans and credit cards, potentially saving them many thousands of dollars over a lifetime. Read on to learn how you can build a credit history that lenders will swoon over.

Will My Credit Score Be the Same Across the Board?

In a word, no. Credit scores vary depending on the company providing the score, the data on which the score is based, and the method used to calculate the score.

In an ideal world, all credit bureaus would have the same information. But lenders don’t always report information to every bureau, so there will be variations in your credit file — usually minor — from bureau to bureau.

How Are Credit Scores Calculated?

Regardless of the scoring model used, most credit scores are calculated with a similar set of information. This includes information like how many and what types of accounts you have, the length of your credit history, your payment history, and your credit utilization ratio.

Lenders like to see evidence that you have successfully managed a variety of accounts in the past. This can include credit cards, student loans, personal loans, and mortgages, in addition to other types of debts. As a result, scoring models sometimes include the number of accounts you have and will also note the different types of accounts.

The length of your credit history shows lenders that you have a record of repaying your debts responsibly over time. Scoring models will factor in how recently your accounts have been opened.

Your payment history allows lenders to see how you’ve repaid your debts in the past. It will show details on late or missed payments and any bankruptcies. Scoring models typically look at how late your payments were, the amount you owed, and how often you missed payments.

Each scoring model will place a different weight of importance on each factor. As an example, here are the weighting figures for your base FICO Score:

Recommended: Can You Get a First-Time Personal Loan With No Credit History?

Which Credit Score Matters the Most?

As noted earlier, the credit score that matters the most is generally your FICO Score, since it’s used in the vast majority of lending decisions. There’s really no way to determine which credit score is most accurate, though, because they all use slightly different scoring models to calculate those precious three digits.

Even within your FICO Score, there’s variation. The most widely used FICO Score is FICO 8 (though the company has released a FICO 9 and FICO 10). This differs from previous versions in key ways:

•   Credit utilization is given greater weight.

•   Isolated late payments are given less weight than multiple late payments.

•   Accounts gone to collections for amounts less than $100 are ignored.

In addition, FICO can tweak their algorithm depending on the type of loan you’re applying for. If you’re looking to get an auto loan, your industry-specific FICO Score may emphasize your payment history with auto loans and deemphasize your credit card history.

As you can see, slight differences in method can result in different credit scores even given the same source data.

What Are the Largest Three Credit Bureaus?

The three major credit bureaus are Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion. These bureaus collect and maintain consumer credit information and then resell it to other businesses in the form of a credit report. While the credit bureaus operate outside of the federal government, the Fair Credit Reporting Act allows the government to oversee and regulate the industry.

It’s worth noting that not all lenders report to the credit bureaus. You may have seen advertisements for loans with no credit check. Lenders that offer this type of loan won’t check your credit, and typically don’t report your new loan or your loan payments to the credit bureaus. Because these loans are riskier for the lender, they can justify high interest rates (possibly as much as 1000%) and faster repayment schedules. Consumers should beware of predatory lenders, especially risky payday loans and other fast-cash loans.

How To Find Your Credit Score

Your credit history and score play a large role in your personal finances. They can impact everything from taking out a mortgage or renting an apartment to buying a car and refinancing your student loans. Having an idea of what your credit score is can help you determine what your loan may look like and how much you can afford to borrow.

You can request a free copy of your credit report from each of the major credit bureaus at AnnualCreditReport.com. Typically, your credit reports will not contain your credit scores. However, you may be able to access your FICO Score for free through your bank or credit card company (it may be on your statement or you may be able to see it by logging into your account online). You can also purchase credit scores from one of the three major credit bureaus or FICO. Some credit score services offer free scores to any user, while others only offer sores to customers who pay for credit monitoring services.

Be careful when you pull your free credit reports not to accidentally opt in to an add-on service that will charge you for special tools or credit monitoring.

Building Strong Credit

Credit scores aren’t set in stone. They evolve constantly as new financial information comes in, both positive and negative. Here are some strategic steps to consider for those trying to build a positive credit history:

Make Payments on Time

This includes credit card payments, rent, loans, utilities, and any other monthly bills or payments. Lenders often consider past behavior to be a predictor of future behavior and want to avoid lending money to individuals with a history of missed payments.

Pay Down Revolving Credit

Revolving credit refers to credit cards and credit lines, such as home equity lines of credit (HELOCs). Lenders generally like to see that you use no more than 30% of the total revolving credit available to you. It’s an indicator that you are able to effectively manage your credit.

One popular way to pay down high-interest revolving debt, is to use a debt consolidation loan. These are unsecured personal loans that typically offer lower fixed interest rates compared to credit cards. Getting approved for a personal loan is fairly straightforward, and you can usually shop around for the best personal loan interest rates without it affecting your credit score.

Be Selective About New Accounts

Opening a new credit card or applying for a loan generally involves a hard credit inquiry. Too many hard credit inquiries can have a negative impact on the applicant’s score. So while having a diverse mix of credit is a good thing in the eyes of lenders, opening a number of new accounts at once may be counter-productive.

The Takeaway

All three major credit bureaus — Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion — are more alike than they are different, and any variations in their data are usually minor. Equifax is the largest credit bureau in the U.S., but TransUnion and Equifax are thought to be just as important. When it comes to credit scores, however, lenders prefer FICO Score by a wide margin.

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SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

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A “secured” personal loan is backed by an asset, called collateral, such as a home or car. An unsecured loan, on the other hand, is not collateralized, which means that no underlying asset is necessary to qualify for financing. Whether someone should pursue a secured or unsecured loan depends on a number of factors, such as their credit score and whether they have assets to put up as collateral.

If you’re planning to take out a loan, it’s important to do your research and find one that best fits your needs and financial situation. Learn more about when someone can and should take out a collateral loan.

Why Secured Loans Require Collateral

With a secured personal loan, a lender is typically able to offer a larger amount, lower interest rate, and better terms. That’s because if the loan isn’t repaid as agreed, the lender can take possession of the collateral. This is not the case with an unsecured personal loan.

Collateral allows secured personal loans to be offered to a wider range of consumers, including those who are considered higher risk. The reason is that the lender’s risk is offset by the borrower’s assets.

Fixed Rate vs Variable Rate Loans

There are other types of personal loans beyond secured versus unsecured. One important distinction is whether a loan has a fixed or variable interest rate. A fixed rate is just as it sounds: The interest rate stays fixed throughout the duration of the loan’s payback period, which means that each payment will be the same.

The interest on a variable-rate loan, on the other hand, fluctuates over time. These loans are tied to a benchmark interest rate — often the prime rate — that changes periodically. Usually, variable rates start lower than fixed rates because they come with the long-term risk that rates could increase over time.

Installment Loans vs Revolving Credit

A personal loan is a type of installment loan. These loans are issued for a specific amount, to be repaid in equal installments over the duration of the loan. Installment loans are generally good for borrowers who need a one-time lump sum.

An installment loan can be either secured or unsecured. A mortgage — another type of installment loan — is typically a secured loan that uses your house as collateral.

Revolving credit, on the other hand, allows a borrower to spend up to a designated amount on an as-needed basis. Credit cards and lines of credit are both forms of revolving credit. If you have a $10,000 home equity line of credit (HELOC), for example, you can spend up to that limit using what is similar to a credit card.

Lines of credit are generally recommended for recurring expenses, such as medical bills or home improvements, and also come in secured and unsecured varieties. A HELOC is often secured, using your house as collateral.

What Can Be Used as Collateral on Personal Loans?

Lenders may accept a variety of assets as collateral on a secured personal loan. Some examples include:

House or Other Real Estate

For many people, their largest source of equity (or value) is the home they live in. Even if someone doesn’t own their home outright, it is possible to use their partial equity to obtain a collateral loan.

When a home is used as collateral on a personal loan, the lender can seize the home if the loan is not repaid. Another downside is that the homeowner must supply a lot of paperwork so that the bank can verify the asset. As a result, your approval can be delayed.

Bank or Investment Accounts

Sometimes, borrowers can obtain a secured personal loan by using investment accounts, CDs, or cash accounts as collateral. Every lender will have different collateral requirements for their loans. Using your personal bank account as collateral can be very risky, because it ties the money you use every day directly to your loan.

Recommended: Secured vs Unsecured Personal Loans — What’s the Difference?

Vehicle

A vehicle is typically used as collateral for an auto title loan, though some lenders may consider using a vehicle as backing for other types of secured personal loans. A loan backed by a vehicle can be a better option than a short-term loan, such as a payday loan. However, you run the risk of losing your vehicle if you can’t make your monthly loan payments.

Pros and Cons of Using Collateral on a Personal Loans

Using collateral to secure a personal loan has pros and cons. While it can make it easier to get your personal loan approved by a lender, it’s important to review the loan terms in full before making a borrowing decision. Here are some things to consider:

Pros of Using Collateral

•   It can help your chance of being approved for a personal loan.

•   It can help you get approved for a larger sum, because the lender’s risk is mitigated.

•   It can help you secure a lower interest rate than for an unsecured loan.

Cons of Using Collateral

•   The application process can be more complex and time-consuming, because the lender must verify the asset used as collateral.

•   If the borrower defaults on the loan, the asset being used as collateral can be seized by the lender.

•   Some lenders restrict how borrowers can use the money from a secured personal loan.

Qualifying for a Personal Loan

Common uses for personal loans include paying medical bills, unexpected home or car repairs, and consolidating high-interest credit card debt. With secured and unsecured personal loans, you’ll have to provide the lender with information on your financial standing, including your income, bank statements, and credit score. With most loans, the better your credit history, the better the rates and terms you’ll qualify for.

If you’re considering taking out a loan — any kind of loan — in the near future, it can be helpful to work on building your credit while making sure that your credit history is free from any errors.

Shop around for loans, checking out the offerings at multiple banks, credit unions, and online lenders. Each lender will offer different loan products that have different requirements and terms.

With each prospective loan and lender, make sure you understand all of the terms. This includes the interest rate, whether the rate is fixed or variable, and all additional fees (sometimes called “points”). Ask if there is any prepayment fee that will discourage you from paying back your loan faster than on the established timeline.

The loan that’s right for you will depend on how quickly you need the loan, what it’s for, and your desired payback terms. If you opt for an unsecured loan, it might allow you to expedite this process — and you have the added benefit of not putting your personal assets on the line.

Recommended: Is There a Minimum Credit Score for Getting a Personal Loan?

The Takeaway

Using collateral to secure a personal loan can help borrowers qualify for a lower interest rate, a larger sum of money, or a longer borrowing term. However, if there are any issues with repayment, the asset used as collateral can be seized by the lender.

The right choice for you will depend on your financial situation, including factors like your credit score and history, how much you want to borrow, and what assets you can use as collateral.

Looking for a personal loan that doesn’t require collateral? Check out SoFi Personal Loans, which have competitive rates and no-fee options. Apply for loans from $5K to $100K.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

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