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Refinancing federal student loans can either help you pay down your loans sooner (by shortening your term) or lower your monthly payment (by extending your term). However, when you refinance federal student loans with a private lender, you lose federal benefits and protections.

Refinancing is not a simple decision. Keep reading to learn more about federal student loan refinancing and whether or not it’s right for you.

What Is Federal Student Loan Refinancing?

If you graduated with student loans, you may have a combination of private and federal student loans. The latter are loans funded by the federal government. Direct Subsidized Loans and Direct PLUS Loans are both examples of federal student loans.

Interest rates on federal student loans are fixed and set by the government annually. The current rate for the 2024-25 school year is 6.53% for undergraduate students. Private student loan rates are set by individual lenders. If you’re unhappy with your current interest rates, you may be able to refinance your student loans with a private lender and a new — ideally lower — interest rate.

Recommended: Types of Federal Student Loans

Can I Refinance My Federal Student Loans?

It is possible to refinance federal student loans with a private lender. However, you lose the benefits and protections that come with a federal loan, like income-based repayment plans and public service-based loan forgiveness. On the plus side, refinancing may allow you to pay less interest over the life of the loan and pay off your debt sooner.


💡 Quick Tip: Ready to refinance your student loan? With SoFi’s no-fee loans, you could save thousands.

How Are Refinancing and Consolidation Different?

Student loan consolidation and student loan refinancing are not the same thing, but it’s easy to confuse the two. In both cases, you’re signing different terms on a new loan to replace your old student loan(s).

Consolidation takes multiple federal student loans and bundles them together, allowing borrowers to repay with one monthly bill. Consolidation does not typically get you a lower interest rate (you’ll see why in the next paragraph). Refinancing, on the other hand, rolls your old federal and private loans into a new private loan with a different loan term and interest rate.

When you consolidate federal student loans through the Direct Consolidation Loan program, the resulting interest rate is the weighted average of the original loans’ rates, rounded up to the nearest one-eighth of a percent. This means you don’t usually save any money. If your monthly payment goes down, it’s usually the result of lengthening the loan term, and you’ll spend more on total interest in the long run.

When you refinance federal and/or private student loans, you’re given a new interest rate. That rate can be lower if you have a strong credit history, which can save you money. You may also choose to lower your monthly payments or shorten your payment term (but not both).

Recommended: Student Loan Consolidation vs Refinancing

What Are Potential Benefits of Refinancing Federal Student Loans?

Potential Savings in Interest

The main benefit is potential savings. If you refinance federal loans at a lower interest rate, you could save thousands over the life of the new loan.

Plus, you may be able to switch out your fixed-rate loan for a variable rate loan if that makes more financial sense for you (more on variable rates below).

Lower Monthly Payments

You can also lower your monthly payments. That typically means lengthening your term and paying more in interest overall. (Shortening your term usually results in higher monthly payments but more savings in total interest.)

Streamlining Repayments

Refinancing multiple loans into a single loan can help simplify the repayment process. Instead of multiple loan payments with potentially different servicers, refinancing allows you to combine them into a single monthly payment with one lender.

What Are Potential Disadvantages of Refinancing Federal Loans?

When you refinance federal loans with a private lender, you lose the benefits and protections that come with government-held student loans. Those benefits fall into three main categories:

Deferment / Forbearance

Most federal loans will allow borrowers to put payments on hold through deferment or forbearance when they are experiencing financial hardship. Student loan deferment allows you to pause subsidized loan payments without accruing interest, while unsubsidized loans will still accrue interest.

Student loan forbearance allows you to reduce or pause payments, but interest usually accrues during the forbearance period. Some private lenders do offer forbearance — check your lender’s policies before refinancing.

Special Repayment Plans

Federal loans offer extended, graduated, and income-driven repayment plans (such as Pay As You Earn, or PAYE), which allow you to make payments based on your discretionary income. It’s important to note that these plans typically cost more in total interest over the life of the loan. Private lenders do not offer these programs.

Another plan called REPAYE was phased out and replaced by the SAVE Plan, which promises to cut payments in half for low-income borrowers. According to the Department of Education, SAVE is the most affordable repayment plan, with some borrowers not having to make payments at all.

Student Loan Forgiveness

The Supreme Court has blocked President Joe Biden’s mass forgiveness plan for federal student loan borrowers. However, other loan forgiveness options are still available.

•   Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF). Teachers, firefighters, social workers, and other professionals who work for select government and nonprofit organizations may apply for this program. Changes made by the Biden Administration will make qualifying easier — even for borrowers who were previously rejected. Learn more in our guide to PSLF.

•   Teacher Loan Forgiveness. This program is available to full-time teachers who complete five consecutive years of teaching in a low-income school. Find out more in our Teacher Loan Forgiveness explainer.

•   Income-Based Repayment Plans. With some repayment plans, you may be eligible for forgiveness if your student loans aren’t paid off after 20 to 25 years (and in some cases under the new SAVE plan, after 10 years).

Private student loan holders are not eligible for these programs.

When Should You Consider Refinancing Your Student Loans Again?

You can refinance your student loans for a second time, and in fact, there is no limit to how many times you can refinance. Each time you refinance, you essentially take out a new loan to pay off the old one, ideally with better terms. However, it’s crucial to ensure that refinancing again is beneficial for your financial situation. Here are some key considerations:

Improved Financial Situation

•   Credit Score: If your credit score has improved, you may qualify for a lower interest rate.

•   Income: A higher or more stable income can make you eligible for better loan terms.

•   Debt-to-Income Ratio: A lower ratio can also help secure more favorable terms.

Market Conditions

•   Interest Rates: If market interest rates have decreased since your last refinancing, you might get a better rate.

•   Promotional Offers: Keep an eye out for new promotional rates or special offers from lenders.

Loan Terms

•   Shorter Terms: Refinancing to a shorter loan term can reduce the overall interest paid.

•   Extended Terms: If you need lower monthly payments, extending the loan term can provide relief, though it may increase the total interest paid over the life of the loan.

•   Consolidation: Refinancing multiple loans into one can simplify your payments and possibly offer better terms.

FAQs on Refinancing Your Federal Loans

Who Typically Chooses Federal Student Loan Refinancing?

Many borrowers who refinance have graduate student loans, since federal unsubsidized and Grad PLUS loans have historically offered less competitive rates than federal student loans for undergraduates.

In order to qualify for a lower interest rate, it’s helpful to show strong income and a history of managing credit responsibly, among other factors. The one thing many refinance borrowers have in common is a desire to save money.

Do I Need a High Credit Score to Refinance Federal Loans?

Generally speaking, the better your history of dealing with debt (illustrated by your credit score), the lower your new interest rate may be, regardless of the lender you choose. While many lenders look at credit scores as part of their analysis, however, it’s not the single defining factor. Underwriting criteria vary from lender to lender, which means it can pay to shop around.

For example, SoFi evaluates a number of factors, including employment and/or income, credit score, and financial history. Check here for current eligibility requirements.

Are There Any Fees Involved in Refinancing Federal Loans?

Fees vary and depend on the lender. That said, SoFi has no application or origination fees.


💡 Quick Tip: Enjoy no hidden fees and special member benefits when you refinance student loans with SoFi.

Should I Choose a Fixed or Variable Rate Loan?

Most federal loans are fixed-rate, meaning the interest rate stays the same over the life of the loan. When you apply to refinance, you may be given the option to choose a variable rate loan.

Here’s what you should know:

Fixed Rate Refinancing Loans Typically Have:

•   A rate that stays the same throughout the life of the loan

•   A higher rate than variable rate refinancing loans (at least at first)

•   Payments that stay the same over the life of the loan

Variable Rate Refinancing Loans Typically Have:

•   A rate that’s tied to an “index” rate, such as the prime rate

•   A lower initial rate than fixed rate refinancing loans

•   Payments and total interest costs that change based on interest rate changes

•   A cap, or maximum interest rate

Generally speaking, a variable rate loan can be a cost-saving option if you’re reasonably certain you can pay off the loan somewhat quickly. The more time it takes to pay down that debt, the more opportunity there is for the index rate to rise — taking your loan’s rate with it.

What Happens If I Lose My Job or Can’t Afford Loan Payments?

Some private lenders offer forbearance — the ability to put loans on hold — in cases of financial hardship. Policies vary by lender, so it’s best to learn what they are before you refinance. For policies on disability forbearance, it’s best to check with the lender directly, as this is often considered on a case-by-case basis.

Do Refinance Lenders Allow Cosigners / Cosigner Release?

Many private lenders do allow cosigners and some allow cosigner release options. SoFi allows cosigners, but no option for cosigner release for refinanced student loans. However, if you have a cosigner and your financial situation improves, you can apply to refinance the cosigned loan under your name alone.

The Takeaway

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

SOSL-Q224-1920991-V1

A financial emergency is any situation that you didn’t anticipate or plan for that affects you financially. Examples of financial emergencies can include a job loss, unexpected car repair, or medical bills resulting from an accidental injury.

Six out of 10 American households experience at least one financial emergency per year, according to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Financial experts recommend planning ahead for life’s curveballs by saving an emergency fund.

Knowing what is a financial emergency–and what isn’t–can help you decide when it makes sense to tap into your cash reserves or turn to credit to cover the gap.

What Is Considered a Financial Emergency?

FEMA defines a financial emergency as “any expense or loss of income you do not plan for.” There are a number of different scenarios that could fit the definition of a financial emergency, which is why it’s a good idea to make sure you have enough money in your bank account to cover them, if possible.

Here are some of the most common financial emergencies that a typical household may encounter that could cause financial hardship.

Home Emergencies or Repairs

In addition to the regular costs of home ownership, it’s also important to be prepared for unexpected expenses that may crop up from time to time. For example, you may need to replace your HVAC system if it stops working or get a new roof if yours springs an unfixable leak. Other financial emergencies examples include appliance repairs or needing to pay your deductible if you have to file a homeowner’s insurance claim for damages.

Car Emergencies or Repairs

If you own at least one vehicle for long enough, odds are that you’ll have a financial emergency at some point. Your transmission might give out, for example, or you find out that you need to replace all four tires in order to pass inspection. These are costs that you may not plan for that but need to pay to keep your car on the road.

Loss of Income

There are different scenarios where a loss of income might constitute a financial emergency. If you’re the sole breadwinner for your household, for instance, and you get laid off, fired, quit, or can’t work because of an illness or injury, this situation can directly impact your ability to pay the bills.

Emergencies That Affect Your Health

A health issue, major or minor, could end up being a financial emergency if it affects your ability to collect a paycheck. This kind of situation may also trigger a money emergency if you have to pay for some or all of your medical care out of pocket. Health insurance may cover some of your care if you get sick or injured, but it doesn’t always cover all of your costs. And a financial emergency of this nature can be made worse if you’re unable to work.

Unexpected Loss of a Loved

Losing a loved one can be upsetting enough on its own, but it can also create financial pressure. If you need to travel to attend the funeral or you’re expected to contribute to final expenses, you can find yourself in a scenario that’s a financial emergency.

Natural Disasters

Storms, droughts, floods, and earthquakes seem to be in the news more frequently these days. Any one of these events can disrupt your life and cause loss of income as well as unexpected expenses. If a huge storm floods your town, your home might suffer damage and, even if you’re insured, other expenses could quickly pile up. Also, if your place of business were to be flooded, you might be out of work and therefore out of income for a while.

What Is Not Considered a Financial Emergency?

Now you know what a financial emergency is. There are some things, however, you might spend money on that don’t meet the strict definition of an emergency. Here are some examples of the kinds of situations that may feel necessary or urgent but aren’t actually financial emergencies.

Taking a Vacation

A vacation might feel like a “need,” especially if you could use some time away from a stressful job. But vacations generally are not considered to be examples of financial emergencies because they are not unexpected. Instead, you can plan and save for a trip at a pace that works for your budget.

Going to or Planning a Wedding

Being a guest at a wedding is optional, though you may feel social pressure to RSVP that you’ll be there. The costs of attending can add up, once you factor in gifts, new clothes to wear to the event, and other expenses. Still, those are not financial emergencies since you can always say no. Likewise, the cost of your own wedding is not a financial emergency either in that sense that you can plan and save for it.

Purchasing Gifts for Someone

Birthdays, holidays, graduations, and other special occasions might call for you to present someone with a gift. But a gift is not classified as a financial emergency since you usually have some advance notice that an occasion is coming up. Plus, it’s up to you how much you spend. While you might want to purchase something lavish, something more affordable (a book, going out for coffee or a drink) or simply a heartfelt card can suffice when money is tight.

Putting Down a Down Payment

If you plan to buy a car or a home, putting money down can reduce the amount you need to finance. This will then save you money on interest over the life of the loan. Down payments are money that you save over time, not funds that you have to come up with on short notice. While it may feel like an emergency when you find your dream house but haven’t yet saved enough money to buy it, this doesn’t meet the definition of a true financial emergency.

Replacing Items in the House That Are Not Essential

There are some things in your home that you may need to replace right away, especially if they break down. That includes HVAC systems and roofing that fails to do its job. As mentioned above, these common home repair costs can indeed qualify as financial emergencies. But other household expenditures, like new kitchen countertops or new furniture, are items you can budget and save for, so they’re not financial emergencies.

Determining How Much Emergency Savings to Have

The financial emergency examples listed above underscore why having an emergency fund is important. When you have ample emergency savings in place, it’s easier to handle unexpected expenses without stress and without having to use high-interest credit cards or loans to pay for them.

So if you’re thinking, Should I have an emergency fund? the answer is almost always going to be yes. The next question to tackle is how much to save.

One common rule of thumb is to have at least three to six months’ worth of expenses in your emergency fund. So if your monthly expenses are $3,000, you’d aim to save $9,000 to $18,000 for an emergency fund. An emergency fund of that size in a savings account should in theory be able to get you through a financial crisis.

Recommended: Ensure you’re prepared for the unexpected by using our emergency fund calculator.

Whether that amount is too high or too low will depend on several things. A few examples of important factors: the types of financial emergencies you’re most likely to encounter, how much you’d be able to cut expenses if you had to, and how quickly you’d be able to replace lost income should the need arise.

In the case of something like a job loss, for example, a smaller emergency fund might be sufficient if you can live leanly and no one else depends on you financially. Or you’ll likely be okay if you’re able to find a replacement job quickly and have one or more side hustles to supplement your income. On the other hand, if you’re married with three kids, a much larger emergency fund might be needed to sustain you until you can find another job.

Banking With SoFi

An emergency fund can save the day when a true financial emergency comes along. Knowing the difference between what is a financial emergency and what is not and when to use an emergency fund can help you to make the most of the money you’re saving.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

FAQ

What are some real life examples of financial emergencies?

Real life examples of financial emergencies include an unexpected job loss, an illness or injury that prevents you from working, or an unplanned home repair. A financial emergency may be a one-time expense, like a car repair, or an ongoing situation that requires you to rely on savings to cover expenses.

Why might I need an emergency fund?

Having an emergency fund is a good idea if you own a home or vehicle, have concerns about what might happen if you were to lose your job, or simply don’t want to be caught unprepared when an unexpected expense comes along. You may also want to have an emergency fund if other people (such as a partner, spouse, or children) depend on you for income.

Is it recommended that I build an emergency fund?

Yes, it is generally recommended that most people have some type of emergency fund in place to cover unanticipated expenses. Going without an emergency fund may only make sense for people who have already accumulated substantial savings or investments they can draw on to cover unplanned events.

Photo credit: iStock/Talaj

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2024 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
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As an alternative to direct deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving a Direct Deposit or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 4.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until you have Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Direct Deposit.

Members without either Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, will earn 1.20% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 12/3/24. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at https://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.

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