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On the popular credit score spectrum of 300 to 850, a credit score of 579 or lower is usually classified as poor, and a score between 580 and 669 is considered fair. Only when a score is 670 or higher does it typically count as good. That said, each lender makes its own determination of which credit scores are considered risky.

Here, you’ll learn more about the different credit score requirements and the factors that can build your score so you can work toward better financial habits.

What Is Considered a Bad Credit Score?

The definition of a bad credit score is having a history of late or nonpayment of bills or borrowing too much money. This past behavior can indicate that you are a poor credit risk.

To be more specific, a bad or poor credit score, as noted above, is one that is between 300 (the lowest possible score) and 579 on the popular FICO® Score system. The next highest category, fair, ranges from 580 to 669.

Scores are categorized somewhat differently depending on the credit-scoring model being used. Here’s a closer look at two popular systems, FICO and VantageScore®, so you can see how lower scores are ranked in terms of credit score ranges.

To complicate matters, lenders may choose from multiple scoring models and industry-specific scoring models. This can make it tricky to know which one you’re being evaluated on. And your credit scores vary — so, yes, you have multiple scores.

What’s the nationwide average? As of this writing, Americans had an average FICO Score of 715 and a VantageScore of 705. Both of these scores are in the good range of their respective scales.

It’s also worth noting that you might have a low credit score if you are new to credit. When you first start accessing credit, however, you don’t start at zero (or 300). Rather, once you have several months of credit usage in your history and have managed it fairly well, you are likely to have a score between 500 and 700.

Consequences of a Bad Credit Score

Having a bad credit score can impact you in several ways:

•   Difficulty in obtaining loans and credit: With a score in a lower range, you will likely look like a poor credit risk to lenders. You will therefore probably not have access to a full array of products, such as conventional mortgages and rewards credit cards, which are usually available to those with higher scores.

•   Higher interest rates and fees: For the forms of credit that you do qualify for, you will likely pay a higher interest rate and more in fees. For instance, as of this writing, those with excellent credit scores would pay an average of 17.71% in credit card interest, while those with fair credit would pay an average of 26.76%.

•   Impact on renting and employment: Some employers and landlords may check credit scores to see how responsible a candidate for a job or rental unit has been with their finances in the past. A poor score could indicate that an individual does not manage their money and deadlines well, which could be a negative mark on an application.
To look at it from a different angle, here are some of the things that take your credit history into consideration and can be negatively impacted by a bad score:

•   Credit cards

•   Car loans

•   Home loans

•   Personal loans

•   Private student loans

•   Federal PLUS loans

•   Car insurance premiums (in some states)

•   Homeowners insurance

•   Job or rental applications

How to Build Your Credit Score

If you currently have a credit score that is lower than you’d like, there are steps you can take to help build it and enjoy greater access to credit products with more favorable terms. Here are factors that affect your credit score and how to manage them better:

Pay Bills on Time and in Full

Paying your bills on time and in full is the single biggest contributing factor to your credit card, so take it seriously. If you have been late with any payments, consider getting caught up.

If you tend to forget bills, consider brushing up on how autopay works and set up payments through an app, an online bank account, or the entity billing you. Putting reminders on a paper or electronic calendar can help as well.

Reduce Credit Card Balances

Another important factor when it comes to building your credit is to be aware of your credit utilization ratio. Credit utilization involves credit card and other revolving debts, not installment loans like mortgages or student loans. The ratio expresses how your current balances relate to your overall credit limit. Most financial experts recommend that this should be no more than 30%, but under 10% is better still.

Here’s an example: If you have two credit cards, each with a credit limit of $5,000, you have a total credit limit of $10,000. You would want your combined balances to be no more than $3,000, or ideally no more than $1,000.

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), says that paying off credit card balances in full each month helps to keep the ratio low and positively impact a credit score.

Closing and Opening Credit Cards Carefully

The average age of your accounts plays a role in your credit score, so you may want to keep some of your oldest cards open, even if you don’t use them often. Remember that closing cards also reduces your available credit, affecting your credit utilization ratio.

Opening credit cards affects your credit score as well. Every time you apply, the credit card company runs a hard inquiry on your credit, and your score takes a slight hit. Applying for a bunch of cards in quick succession can lower your score in this way and make it look like your financial situation has taken a turn for the worse.

Timeline to Build Your Credit Score

You’ve just learned about some key factors that can help you build your credit quickly. Here’s a little intel about how changes to your score happen: Three major credit reporting agencies — Equifax®, Experian®, and TransUnion® — compile the information on your history of borrowing, and then a company like FICO or VantageScore translates that data into a number.

It’s important to keep in mind that the data contributing to your credit score updates regularly, but you likely won’t see tremendous movement in just one month. You might start to see an uptick in 30 to 45 days, but it can take several months or even years for your good credit habits to pay off. For instance, if you have a credit score of 560, it’s unlikely to surge to a 760 in just a month or two.

There are some other strategies you might consider if you are eager to build your score:

•   Millions of Americans have no credit score because they don’t have enough of a history to calculate one. If this is your situation, you have a couple of options. You may want to consider taking out a secured credit card that will allow you to access a modest line of credit by putting down a deposit.

•   You can also ask a friend or family member to add you as an authorized user to their credit card account. An authorized user can use the account but does not have any liability for the debt. A positive payment history on the card you are added to can help build your score.

Recommended: Secured vs Unsecured Personal Loans

Maintaining a Good Credit Score

As you build your score into a range you’re happy with, you’ll want to maintain it to stay in good standing. Some tips:

•   Regularly check your credit report to look for errors. Report any that you find.

•   Avoid excessive credit applications. Each hard inquiry typically lowers your score by several points for a few months. Think twice before biting when various credit card offers come your way.

•   Use credit responsibly. Keep an eye on your credit utilization ratio and bill payment due dates. If your credit card balances are rising, prioritize paying them down with, say, the debt snowball or avalanche method. Or you might consider a personal loan known as a debt consolidation loan, that may offer a lower interest rate (and therefore more affordable payments) and the convenience of just paying one bill per month.

Recommended: What Credit Score Is Needed for a Personal Loan?

The Takeaway

A bad credit score is defined differently by individual lenders and credit bureaus. But a score below 580 on the FICO scale can be deemed bad and make it difficult to qualify for a conventional mortgage and other important financial products. Those forms of credit that you do qualify for will likely cost you money through higher interest rates. But with time and dedication, you can build your bad credit score and maintain a higher number.

Think twice before turning to high-interest credit cards. Consider a SoFi personal loan instead. SoFi offers competitive fixed rates and same-day funding. See your rate in minutes.

FAQ

Is 600 a bad credit score?

A credit score of 600 falls into the category that’s considered fair credit, which is less than good. As such, it could be considered bad by some lenders, though it is above the poor classification (300 to 579). A 600 credit score can make it harder to get approved for loans and credit cards, and, if you are approved, you will probably have to pay higher interest rates.

Is under 700 a bad credit score?

A 700 credit score usually falls in the good category, which typically runs from 670 to 739. A fair score is typically from 580 to 669, and a poor score ranges from 300 to 579.

Can you get approved with a 500 credit score?

Depending on what you are applying for, it is possible to get approved with a 500 credit score. For instance, you might qualify for certain government-backed mortgages, and you might get approved for, say, a personal loan, but likely at a higher interest rate than if you had a score in a higher range.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

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A certificate of deposit (or CD) is considered a type of savings account, but a CD locks up your money for a fixed time period in exchange for a higher rate of interest than a standard savings account.

While a savings account allows you to access your cash at any time, you typically purchase a CD for a set period of time during which you can’t withdraw the funds without paying a penalty. Typical CD terms can vary from one month to five years, but can be even longer.

Here’s a closer look at how CDs work, how they compare to other savings vehicles, and their pros and cons.

Is a Certificate of Deposit Just a Savings Account?

A CD has some similarities to a savings account, but several differences. It’s a financial product designed to help consumers save their money, and because CDs typically pay a fixed rate of interest, they can offer savers a predictable return over time.

However, unlike a savings account, CD holders aren’t able to access the funds in their account whenever they feel like it — at least not without paying an early withdrawal penalty, (in most cases). CD holders are also not allowed to deposit more money into an existing CD, generally speaking, although they can buy another CD.

In exchange for giving up the ability to freely withdraw the money in a CD, the institution rewards CD holders with higher interest rates than they’d see in a typical savings account.

What Is APY vs Interest Rate?

An annual percentage yield, or APY, on a CD or savings account tells you how much interest you’ll earn on your money over one year. It includes the interest on the initial deposit, plus the interest on the interest that accumulates, which is called compound interest. An interest rate, on the other hand, only accounts for interest earned on the original amount.

An APY helps you avoid complicated calculations and compare different savings options to find the best yield. Longer term CDs generally pay higher APYs. However, that is not always the case, so it’s important to shop around and compare APYs and terms to find the best CD for your needs.

What Is a Jumbo CD?

A jumbo CD requires a higher minimum deposit than that required by regular CDs, typically $100,000 or more. In return for tying up a large sum of money, jumbo CDs tend to pay higher rates.

Like regular CDs, jumbo CDs are considered risk-free investments, as they’re typically insured up to $250,000 by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC). CDs offered by credit unions have the same protection under the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA).

Recommended: Are Certificates of Deposit Worth It?

How Does a Certificate of Deposit Work?

When a customer goes to open a CD they’ll be asked to put down a lump sum, often a minimum of $500 to $1,000.

The initial deposit placed in a CD is called the principal, because it is essentially a loan the consumer is offering to the bank. The interest the customer collects is what the bank pays for the privilege of borrowing their money.

Certificates of deposit also carry a “term,” much like a loan does; the term is the amount of time the funds must be left in the CD in order to glean the advertised interest rate. The term might be as short as a few months or as long as a decade. The day the term is over is also known as the CD’s maturity date.

Long story short: When opening a CD, a customer deposits a set amount of money for a set amount of time and agrees to leave it untouched in return for a relatively high fixed APY they’ll earn on the principal once the CD matures.

But how high, exactly, are the rates we’re talking about?

Certificate of Deposit Rates

Certificates of deposit are attractive savings options because they usually offer higher rates than the traditional savings accounts, but are also a lower-risk option than, for example, investing in the stock market.

Since funds in CDs are FDIC-insured, account holders can rest with some assurance that their cash won’t simply disappear (as it might when invested in shares of a company).

As of February 2025, the national average rate for a normal savings account is 0.61% APY, whereas the national average rate for a 12-month CD is 1.83% APY. The national average rate for a 60-month CD is about 1.53%. Online banks typically offer higher rates for savings accounts, and it’s possible to find CDs with higher than the average rates by shopping around.

But it’s possible to find CDs with even higher rates than that by shopping around.

Certificate of Deposits: Fine Print

There are a few more things it’s important to know about CDs before deciding to open one.

Generally, CDs automatically renew once the term is up if the account holder doesn’t take the money out. The bank will typically roll over the existing CD into a new CD with the same term, though the APY may be different. (For example, a one-year CD whose funds aren’t collected on the maturity date would be rolled over into a new one-year CD.)

Most financial institutions offer CD holders a grace period, or a fixed amount of days after the maturity date, during which the account holder can decide whether to withdraw the funds, transfer them to a new account or CD, or allow them to roll over.

Finally, but importantly, most CDs are generally subject to an early withdrawal penalty, which is incurred if the money is accessed prior to the maturity date. Early withdrawal penalties are determined by each financial institution. Depending on the policy, account holders could lose out on interest, or even lose some of their principal deposit.

Recommended: Reasons Why It’s So Hard to Save Money Today

Certificates of Deposit: Pros and Cons

CDs can play an important role in an overall savings strategy because they balance growth and risk management. But as with any financial product, CDs have both drawbacks and benefits, which should be considered carefully before opening one.

Pros of CDs

•   Because CDs are FDIC-insured, they’re a relatively low risk account. The FDIC insures up to $250,000, which means if an FDIC-insured institution goes out of business, account holders with a CD would receive their principal and interest, up to $250,000.

•   Higher interest rates are available for CDs than for traditional savings accounts, making it easier to see a higher return on investment.

•   For savers who are worried about spending down their savings, a CD provides a safe place to place cash, where it’s locked up for a certain period of time.

Cons of CDs

•   Although CDs carry higher interest rates than some other types of savings vehicles, they don’t have the same kind of earning potential that stock market investments can have. By investing your money in a CD you’re losing out on potentially much higher market returns (but you’re also protected from market risk).

•   CD holders generally don’t have the ability to withdraw their money at any time, at least without being subject to a penalty. That makes a certificate of deposit a poor choice for certain savings goals, like an emergency fund, which should be readily available.

•   Savers will owe taxes on the earnings in the account, which effectively lowers the amount you earn. Be sure to take this into consideration shopping around for the best APY.

Where to Open a Certificate of Deposit

Certificates of deposit are available from a wide variety of financial institutions, including national and regional banks, credit unions, and some online-only financial institutions.

Shopping around can help ensure consumers find the best rates and most favorable terms for their needs.

That said, there are also some alternatives to opening a certificate of deposit that are worth considering carefully.

Alternatives to Opening a Certificate of Deposit

Although CDs can be a great way to earn interest, they’re far from the only high-interest account option out there. Here are a few options to mull over.

High-Yield Savings Accounts

Although typical savings accounts offer a relatively low interest rate, high-yield savings accounts are available from some banks. This option helps consumers combine growth potential with the ability to access their money as they need it, and can be a good alternative to CDs for those who aren’t ready to lock away their money for many months or years.

Certain high-yield accounts may offer a higher APY. However, there may be fine print involved requiring that savers meet certain terms in order to maintain that rate, such as making a minimum number of transactions per month or maintaining a minimum account balance.

It’s a good idea to review all the account terms carefully before opening any kind of financial account.

Money Market Accounts

Money market accounts are another option which, similarly to CDs, tend to offer higher interest rates than your typical savings account does. And unlike CDs, money market account holders are generally allowed to write checks or process debit transactions against their funds, which are still covered by FDIC insurance.

While money market accounts can earn higher interest rates than traditional savings accounts, there may be monthly restrictions on the number of deposits and withdrawals. Money market accounts may also require a high minimum balance in order to avoid monthly fees.

Stock Market Investments

Finally, for consumers focused on growing their money in the long-term, investing in the stock market can provide a lot of potential for growth. Historically, the S&P 500 — an index tracking 500 of the largest corporations in the U.S. — has seen an average annual return of 11.7% over the last decade.

Of course, an investment account is very different from a savings account or CD in that there is no FDIC insurance on the funds. Investments in the stock market are vulnerable to market fluctuation, and there’s no guarantee that investments will be safe and make money. It is important to remember that investments have no guarantee and are subject to potential losses.

That said, many financial professionals and advisors still recommend long-term investing as one of the best ways to grow wealth over time and as a part of an overall plan for long-term financial goals like retirement.

The Takeaway

A CD is a type of savings account that pays a fixed interest rate on money held for an agreed-upon period of time. Investing in a CD can be a good choice if you’re looking to put aside money for a set period of time and earn more than you could in a regular savings account. If you’d prefer to have more access to your funds, however, a money market account or high-yield savings account could be a better choice.

Interested in opening an online bank account? When you sign up for a SoFi Checking and Savings account with direct deposit, you’ll get a competitive annual percentage yield (APY), pay zero account fees, and enjoy an array of rewards, such as access to the Allpoint Network of 55,000+ fee-free ATMs globally. Qualifying accounts can even access their paycheck up to two days early.

SoFi® Checking and Savings is offered through SoFi Bank, N.A. ©2025 SoFi Bank, N.A. All rights reserved. Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender.
The SoFi Bank Debit Mastercard® is issued by SoFi Bank, N.A., pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated and can be used everywhere Mastercard is accepted. Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated.

SoFi members with Eligible Direct Deposit activity can earn 3.80% annual percentage yield (APY) on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Eligible Direct Deposit means a recurring deposit of regular income to an account holder’s SoFi Checking or Savings account, including payroll, pension, or government benefit payments (e.g., Social Security), made by the account holder’s employer, payroll or benefits provider or government agency (“Eligible Direct Deposit”) via the Automated Clearing House (“ACH”) Network during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below).

Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning 3.80% APY, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit arrives. If your APY is not showing as 3.80%, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning 3.80% APY from the date you contact SoFi for the rest of the current 30-day Evaluation Period. You will also be eligible for 3.80% APY on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

Deposits that are not from an employer, payroll, or benefits provider or government agency, including but not limited to check deposits, peer-to-peer transfers (e.g., transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc.), merchant transactions (e.g., transactions from PayPal, Stripe, Square, etc.), and bank ACH funds transfers and wire transfers from external accounts, or are non-recurring in nature (e.g., IRS tax refunds), do not constitute Eligible Direct Deposit activity. There is no minimum Eligible Direct Deposit amount required to qualify for the stated interest rate. SoFi members with Eligible Direct Deposit are eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

As an alternative to Direct Deposit, SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits can earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. Qualifying Deposits means one or more deposits that, in the aggregate, are equal to or greater than $5,000 to an account holder’s SoFi Checking and Savings account (“Qualifying Deposits”) during a 30-day Evaluation Period (as defined below). Qualifying Deposits only include those deposits from the following eligible sources: (i) ACH transfers, (ii) inbound wire transfers, (iii) peer-to-peer transfers (i.e., external transfers from PayPal, Venmo, etc. and internal peer-to-peer transfers from a SoFi account belonging to another account holder), (iv) check deposits, (v) instant funding to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, (vi) push payments to your SoFi Bank Debit Card, and (vii) cash deposits. Qualifying Deposits do not include: (i) transfers between an account holder’s Checking account, Savings account, and/or Vaults; (ii) interest payments; (iii) bonuses issued by SoFi Bank or its affiliates; or (iv) credits, reversals, and refunds from SoFi Bank, N.A. (“SoFi Bank”) or from a merchant. SoFi members with Qualifying Deposits are not eligible for other SoFi Plus benefits.

SoFi Bank shall, in its sole discretion, assess each account holder’s Eligible Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits throughout each 30-Day Evaluation Period to determine the applicability of rates and may request additional documentation for verification of eligibility. The 30-Day Evaluation Period refers to the “Start Date” and “End Date” set forth on the APY Details page of your account, which comprises a period of 30 calendar days (the “30-Day Evaluation Period”). You can access the APY Details page at any time by logging into your SoFi account on the SoFi mobile app or SoFi website and selecting either (i) Banking > Savings > Current APY or (ii) Banking > Checking > Current APY. Upon receiving an Eligible Direct Deposit or receipt of $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits to your account, you will begin earning 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% on checking balances on or before the following calendar day. You will continue to earn these APYs for (i) the remainder of the current 30-Day Evaluation Period and through the end of the subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period and (ii) any following 30-day Evaluation Periods during which SoFi Bank determines you to have Eligible Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits without interruption.

SoFi Bank reserves the right to grant a grace period to account holders following a change in Eligible Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits activity before adjusting rates. If SoFi Bank grants you a grace period, the dates for such grace period will be reflected on the APY Details page of your account. If SoFi Bank determines that you did not have Eligible Direct Deposit activity or $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits during the current 30-day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, then you will begin earning the rates earned by account holders without either Eligible Direct Deposit or Qualifying Deposits until SoFi Bank recognizes Eligible Direct Deposit activity or receives $5,000 in Qualifying Deposits in a subsequent 30-Day Evaluation Period. For the avoidance of doubt, an account holder with both Eligible Direct Deposit activity and Qualifying Deposits will earn the rates earned by account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit.

Separately, SoFi members who enroll in SoFi Plus by paying the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee every 30 days can also earn 3.80% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances. For additional details, see the SoFi Plus Terms and Conditions at https://www.sofi.com/terms-of-use/#plus.

Members without either Eligible Direct Deposit activity or Qualifying Deposits, as determined by SoFi Bank, during a 30-Day Evaluation Period and, if applicable, the grace period, or who do not enroll in SoFi Plus by paying the SoFi Plus Subscription Fee every 30 days, will earn 1.00% APY on savings balances (including Vaults) and 0.50% APY on checking balances.

Interest rates are variable and subject to change at any time. These rates are current as of 1/24/25. There is no minimum balance requirement. Additional information can be found at http://www.sofi.com/legal/banking-rate-sheet.
*Awards or rankings from NerdWallet are not indicative of future success or results. This award and its ratings are independently determined and awarded by their respective publications.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

We do not charge any account, service or maintenance fees for SoFi Checking and Savings. We do charge a transaction fee to process each outgoing wire transfer. SoFi does not charge a fee for incoming wire transfers, however the sending bank may charge a fee. Our fee policy is subject to change at any time. See the SoFi Checking & Savings Fee Sheet for details at sofi.com/legal/banking-fees/.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

 
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