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How Long Do You Have to Pay Off Student Loans?

The standard time to pay off federal student loans is 10 years, but terms can range from five to more than 20 years, depending on the type of loan and repayment program. Your specific situation will also determine how long you have to pay off student loans, including the amount of student loan debt you have and how high a payment you can afford to make each month.

Here’s what you need to know about paying off student loans.

Key Points

•   The standard repayment term for federal student loans is 10 years, but terms can range from 5 to over 20 years, depending on the repayment plan chosen.

•   Longer repayment terms result in lower monthly payments but higher total interest costs.

•   Shorter repayment terms lead to higher monthly payments but lower total interest costs.

•   Refinancing may offer lower interest rates and potentially shorter repayment terms to borrowers who qualify.

•   Paying extra toward student loans each month or making a lump sum payment could make it faster to reduce the total amount of debt and interest a borrower owes.

Understanding Student Loan Repayment Timelines

First, you may be wondering when to start paying student loans. You need to begin loan repayment after you graduate from college, withdraw, or drop below half-time enrollment. Most federal loans, including Direct Subsidized and Direct Unsubsidized Loans, and many private loans, come with a six-month grace period, meaning that your payments won’t be due for six months after leaving school.

When it comes time to pay back your student loans, one of the most important things you can do is keep track of student loan payment due dates, to make sure your payments are on time each month. Late payments or failure to make payments can have serious consequences, including student loan default.

How Repayment Terms Affect Payoff Time

How long are student loan terms? It depends on the repayment plan you choose.

Once your loans become due, you can pick a student loan repayment plan. Student loan repayment options for federal loans include the Standard Repayment Plan, Extended Repayment Plan, Graduated Repayment Plan, and income-driven repayment (IDR) plans. These various repayment options come with their own pros and cons, so it’s important to understand your needs to determine which one makes the most financial sense.

If you don’t make a choice, your federal loans will automatically be enrolled in the Standard Repayment Plan, where the length of your repayment period is set to 10 years.

With private student loans, your repayment period is the term you agreed to when you signed for the loan. These will vary by lender and your personal situation.

Standard Repayment Plan: 10-Year Term

You have 10 years to pay off your student loans under the Standard Repayment Plan. You’ll pay a set amount every month, and you may pay less overall for the student loan because of the relatively short term.

For most federal student loans, the standard option includes a six-month grace period that allows recent graduates to get a head start on finding a job. The clock starts ticking the moment you graduate, leave school, or fall below half-time enrollment. Loans that offer a student loan grace period include:

•   Direct Subsidized Loans

•   Direct Unsubsidized Loans

•   Subsidized Federal Stafford Loans

•   Unsubsidized Federal Stafford Loans

Just be aware that interest continues to accrue on unsubsidized loans during those six months, and it will be added back into the loan, increasing the principal. Direct Subsidized Loans do not accrue interest during the grace period.

Public Service Loan Forgiveness

The Standard Repayment Plan might not be a good choice for you if you’re trying to qualify for Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF). Borrowers pursuing this program agree to work in underserved areas for a government entity or certain nonprofits and must meet specific requirements to have their loan forgiven after 120 qualifying payments. To be eligible for this program, you need to be enrolled in an income-driven repayment plan as opposed to the Standard Repayment Plan.

Direct Loan Consolidation

Combining your federal student loans on the Standard Repayment Plan into a Direct Consolidation Loan could open up several repayment options. Consolidation combines your federal loans into one loan with a single interest rate, which may simplify the repayment process. The interest rate is the weighted average of the loans you are consolidating, rounded up to the nearest one-eighth of a percentage.

Your loan term, ranging from 10 to 30 years, will depend on the amount of student loan debt you have. Extending your loan term may lower your monthly payment, but keep in mind that you’ll most likely end up paying more in interest over the life of the loan.

Recommended: Student Loan Repayment Calculator

Alternative Repayment Plans: Graduated and Extended Options

Graduated Repayment Plan: 10 to 30 Years

Generally, all federal loan borrowers can opt for the Graduated Repayment Plan. This plan could be an option for borrowers who expect their income to rise over time. It begins with low monthly payments that gradually increase at two-year intervals. The idea is that recent graduates’ salaries at entry-level positions may start off low, but will rise over 10 years through promotions or job changes.

The downsides of the Graduated Repayment Plan are that you could be paying more over the life of the loan, and if your salary doesn’t increase as anticipated, the later payments can become burdensome.

So how long do you have to pay back your student loan under the Graduated Repayment Plan? Borrowers have 10 years to repay their loans, or 10 to 30 years if they have Direct Consolidation Loans.

Extended Repayment Plan: Up to 25 Years

The Extended Repayment Plan allows qualified applicants to extend the term of the loan to 25 years, making monthly payments smaller. Borrowers may end up paying more in interest over the longer loan term, but there are options for a fixed monthly payment or a graduated payment that will rise throughout the term.

The Extended Repayment Plan is geared toward borrowers who owe sizable sums. To qualify, you must owe $30,000 or more in federal student loan debt.

Neither the Graduated Repayment Plan nor the Extended Repayment Plan qualify for Public Service Loan Forgiveness.

Income-Driven Repayment Plans

Income-driven repayment (IDR) plans are designed to make repayment easier if you can prove that paying back your student loans is a significant financial burden. Payments are based on factors including your discretionary income and family size.

However, as of March 2025, access to IDR plans for new borrowers is currently on hold while the Trump administration reevaluates these plans. Borrowers who are already enrolled in an IDR plan are barred from recertifying for three months. You can find out more about this and any new developments on the Federal Student Aid website.

In the meantime, here is a quick look at how long borrowers have to pay back student loans under income-driven repayment plans. Each of the following plans has a different repayment period.

Typically, the remaining balances on eligible student loans are forgiven after making a certain number of qualifying on-time payments, but currently, forgiveness on three of the plans is paused, as detailed below. Borrowers who achieve the payment milestones on any of these plans will be placed in interest-free forbearance.

Saving On A Valuable Education (SAVE) — 10 to 25 Years

As noted previously, as of March 2025, the SAVE plan, which replaced the Revised Pay As You Earn (REPAYE) program, is no longer available after being blocked by a federal court. Forgiveness has been paused for borrowers who were already enrolled in the plan, and they have been placed in interest-free forbearance.

Pay As You Earn (PAYE) — 20 Years

A borrower’s monthly payment on PAYE is roughly 10% of their discretionary income, and they’ll make 20 years of payments. As of March 2025, forgiveness has been paused for borrowers who were already enrolled in the plan, and they have been placed in interest-free forbearance.

Income-Based Repayment (IBR) — 20 or 25 Years

On this plan, borrowers’ monthly payments are about 10% of their discretionary income. They will have 20 years to pay back the loan if they’re a new borrower on or after July 1, 2014. If an individual borrowed student loans before that date, they will have 25 years to finish making payments.

It’s important to note that on the IBR plan, forgiveness after the 20- to 25-year repayment term has been met is still proceeding as of March 2025, since the IBR plan was separately enacted by Congress.

Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR) — 25 Years

Under ICR, the monthly payment amount is either 20% of a borrower’s discretionary income divided by 12, or the amount they would pay on a repayment plan with a fixed payment over 12 years, whichever is less. As of March 2025, forgiveness has been paused for borrowers who were already enrolled in the plan, and they have been placed in interest-free forbearance.

How to Choose the Right Student Loan Repayment Plan

Choosing a student loan repayment plan is a personal decision that will depend on factors such as the amount of student loan debt you have, the industry you work in, your current income and expenses, your estimated future income, and your career goals.

For example, if you are working in a field in which starting salaries are low but income typically rises within a few years as you advance in your career, the Graduated Repayment Plan may make the most sense for you.

How Private Student Loan Repayment Differs From Federal Loan Repayment

Private student loans are not required to offer the same benefits or repayment plans as federal student loans. The term and repayment plan available to you will be determined by the private lender at the time you borrow the loan. This is based on your credit history, among other factors. If you have questions about the terms of your private student loans, you can contact your lender directly.

Ways to Pay Off Student Loans Faster

It is possible to fast-track your student loan payments. Here are some strategies to potentially pay off what you owe faster.

•   Put extra money toward the loan principal. By paying extra on your student loans each month (or whenever you can), you can help shrink your debt and reduce the total amount of interest you’ll pay over the life of the loan. Just be sure to specify to your lender or loan servicer that the extra money you’re paying should be applied to the principal. Otherwise, they might deduct the money from next month’s payment, rather than the loan balance.

•   Make a lump sum payment. Another option is to put a chunk of “found money” toward your student loans. This could be something like your tax refund or a bonus you get at work. Instead of spending the money, dedicate it to the principal on your student loans to help reduce your loan balance.

•   Refinance your student loans. To pay off your loans faster, you can also refinance student loans and select a shorter loan term. Shortening the term of the loan can also decrease the total amount a borrower spends on interest over the life of the loan, especially if they also qualify for a lower interest rate.

However, keep in mind that refinancing federal loans means you are no longer eligible for federal protections or programs such as federal deferment.

Pros and Cons of Long vs. Short Repayment Terms

When choosing a repayment option for your student loan, consider the benefits and drawbacks of long-term and short-term repayments. And then compare all the pros and cons to see what repayment strategy is a better fit for your situation.

Pros of Long Repayment Terms:

•   With a longer loan term, your monthly payments may be lower.

•   If you’re struggling to pay your monthly expenses, smaller student loan payments may help free up extra money in your budget.

•   Paying less on your student loans each month may help you work toward other financial goals, such as saving up for a car or a house.

Cons of Long Repayment Terms:

•   A longer loan term means you may pay more in interest over the life of the loan.

•   You’ll be in debt for a greater period of time with a longer loan term.

•   Lenders consider longer loan terms riskier than shorter terms and they may charge higher interest rates for student loans with longer loan terms.

Pros of Short Repayment Terms:

•   By paying off your student loans faster, you’ll repay your debt faster and free up your money for other purposes.

•   You’ll likely pay less in total interest costs over the life of the loan.

•   With a shorter repayment term on a private student loan, you might qualify for a lower interest rate on the loan if your credit is strong.

Cons of Short Repayment Terms:

•   Your monthly payment will be higher with a shorter loan term.

•   Larger payments mean your monthly budget will be tighter.

•   If unexpected expenses arise, such as emergency car repairs or a surprise medical bill, you may have trouble paying them.

Refinancing Options to Shorten Your Loan Term

If you’re considering refinancing your student loans, you could opt for a shorter repayment term, if you qualify. With a shorter loan term, your monthly payments will be higher, but you can pay off your debt faster, which may help you save on total interest over the life of the loan.

Another option is to refinance to a loan with a shorter repayment term and a lower interest rate, if you qualify. That way, you’ll generally pay less in interest each month and overall, and you’ll also pay off your loan faster. But again, your monthly payments will be higher.

The Takeaway

How long you have to pay off student loans depends on the types of loans you have, the student loan repayment option you choose, and how large an amount you can afford to pay each month. Options for paying off student loans include the Standard Repayment Plan, Extended Repayment Plan, and Graduated Repayment Plan. You can also choose to consolidate your federal loans into one loan with one monthly payment, or refinance federal and/or private student loans into a new loan with a new interest rate.

If you choose to refinance your student loans, the benefits include the potential of a lower interest rate or a lower monthly payment. If you choose a shorter loan term, your monthly payment will be higher but you’ll likely pay less in interest over the life of the loan. A longer loan term will get you a lower monthly payment, but you’ll pay more in interest overall. Just remember that refinancing federal student loans makes them ineligible for federal benefits.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.


With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Is there a time limit to pay off student loans?

There is a time limit for paying off student loans. The time limit is determined by the loan term and repayment plan selected by the borrower. For example, under the Standard Repayment Plan, borrowers repay their student loans over a period of 10 years. On the Extended Repayment Plan, the repayment period is extended up to 25 years.

Do student loans go away after 25 years?

Student loans don’t just go away after 25 years. However, for borrowers enrolled in the Income-Based Repayment Plan, which is one of several income-driven repayment plans, the remaining balance is forgiven or canceled at the end of the loan term, which may be 20 or 25 years. This forgiven balance may be considered taxable income by the IRS, so be sure to understand if that is the case for you.

With other income-driven plans, as of March 2025, forgiveness is currently paused. Borrowers who reach the payment milestone on any of these plans will be placed in interest-free forbearance.

Are student loans forgiven after 7 years?

No, student loans are not just forgiven after seven years. There are no federal programs offering loan forgiveness after seven years.

Can you switch repayment plans if your financial situation changes?

With federal student loans, you can change your repayment plan at any time by requesting a new plan from your loan servicer. You will likely have to submit an application. While applications for income-driven repayment plans are on hold as of March 2025, you can explore other repayment plans such as the Standard, Graduated, or Extended Repayment Plan, depending on your situation.

If you have private student loans, you may be able to change your loan repayment terms through student loan refinancing, if you qualify for new terms. You can also contact your current lender to see if they might be able to work with you to make your payments more manageable if you are struggling financially.

What happens if you pay off student loans early?

There are generally no penalties for paying off federal or private student loans early. In fact, lenders are banned by law from charging prepayment penalties on private or federal student loans. If you pay off your student loans early, you’ll typically save money by paying less in interest over the life of the loan and eliminate a source of monthly debt.


SoFi Student Loan Refinance
Terms and conditions apply. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are private loans. When you refinance federal loans with a SoFi loan, YOU FORFEIT YOUR ELIGIBILITY FOR ALL FEDERAL LOAN BENEFITS, including all flexible federal repayment and forgiveness options that are or may become available to federal student loan borrowers including, but not limited to: Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF), Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, extended repayment plans, PAYE or SAVE. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers.
Learn more at SoFi.com/eligibility. SoFi Refinance Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. We encourage you to evaluate all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.

Terms and conditions apply. SOFI RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MODIFY OR DISCONTINUE PRODUCTS AND BENEFITS AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE. SoFi Private Student loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, such as completion of a loan application and self-certification form, verification of application information, the student's at least half-time enrollment in a degree program at a SoFi-participating school, and, if applicable, a co-signer. In addition, borrowers must be U.S. citizens or other eligible status, be residing in the U.S., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, and must meet SoFi’s underwriting requirements, including verification of sufficient income to support your ability to repay. Minimum loan amount is $1,000. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change. This information is current as of 4/22/2025 and is subject to change. SoFi Private Student loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891 (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org).

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SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.


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Are Mutual Funds Good for Retirement?

Are Mutual Funds Good for Retirement?

Mutual funds are one option investors may consider when building a retirement portfolio. A mutual fund represents a pooled investment that can hold a variety of different securities, including stocks and bonds. There are different types of mutual funds investors may choose from, including index funds, target date funds, and income funds.

But how do mutual funds work? Are mutual funds good for retirement or are there drawbacks to investing in them? What should be considered when choosing retirement mutual funds?

Those are important questions to ask when determining the best ways to build wealth for the long term. Here’s what you need to know about mutual funds and retirement.

Key Points

•   Mutual funds offer exposure to a wide range of asset classes, and thus may fit well in a retirement portfolio.

•   Approximately 53.7% of U.S. households owned mutual funds in 2024, according to industry research.

•   Target-date funds adjust their asset allocation as retirement approaches, offering a tailored solution.

•   Income funds focus on generating steady income, and may be suitable for retirement needs.

•   Potential drawbacks of mutual funds include high fees, portfolio overweighting, and tax inefficiency.

Understanding Mutual Funds

A mutual fund pools money from multiple investors, then uses those funds to invest in a number of different securities. Mutual funds can hold stocks, bonds, and other types of securities.

How a mutual fund is categorized depends largely on what the fund invests in and what type of investment strategy it follows. For example, index funds follow a passive investment strategy, as these funds mirror the performance of a stock market benchmark. So a fund that tracks the S&P 500 index would attempt to replicate the returns of the companies included in that index.

Target-date funds utilize a different strategy. These funds automatically adjust their asset allocation based on a target retirement date. So a 2050 target-date fund, for example, is designed to shift more of its asset allocation toward bonds or fixed-income and away from stocks as the year 2050 approaches.

How Mutual Funds Work

Mutual funds allow investors to purchase shares in the fund. buying shares makes them part-owner of the fund and its underlying assets. As such, investors have the right to share in the profits of the fund. So if a mutual fund owns dividend-paying stocks, for example, any dividends received would be passed along to the fund’s investors.

•   Understanding dividend payments. Depending on how the fund is structured or what the brokerage selling the fund offers, investors may be able to receive any dividends or interest as cash payments or they may be able to reinvest them. With a dividend reinvestment plan or DRIP, investors can use dividends to purchase additional shares of stock, often bypassing brokerage commission fees in the process.

•   Understanding fund fees. Investors pay an expense ratio to invest in mutual funds. This reflects the annual cost of owning the fund, expressed as a percentage. Passively managed mutual funds tend to have lower expense ratios.

   Actively managed funds, on the other hand, tend to be more expensive, but the idea is that higher fees may seem justified if the fund produces above-average returns.

It’s also important to know that mutual funds are priced and traded just once a day, after the market closes. This is different from exchange-traded funds, or ETFs, for example, which are similar to mutual funds in many ways, but trade on an exchange just like stocks, and typically require a lower initial investment than a mutual fund.

Investors interested in opening an investment account can learn more about how a particular mutual fund works, what it invests in, and the fees involved by reading the fund’s prospectus.

Types of Mutual Funds for Retirement

There are some mutual funds designed for people who are saving for retirement. These funds typically combine portfolio diversification, often with a greater emphasis on bonds and fixed income, and the potential for moderate gains.

For instance, retirement income funds (RIFs) are intended to be more conservative with moderate growth. RIFs may be mutual funds, ETFs, or annuities, among other products.

Target-rate funds, as mentioned, adjust their asset allocation based on an investor’s intended retirement date, and get more conservative as that date approaches. This automated strategy may help some retirement savers who are less experienced at managing their portfolios over time.

Recommended: What is Full Retirement Age for Social Security?

Mutual Funds for Retirement Planning

Mutual funds are arguably one of the most popular investment options for retirement planning. According to the Investment Company Institute, 53.7% of U.S. households totaling approximately 121.6 million individual investors owned mutual funds in 2024. Fifty-three percent of individuals who own mutual funds are ages 35 to 64 — in other words, those who may be planning for retirement — the research found.

There are also many investors living in retirement who own mutual funds. According to the Investment Company Institute, 58% of households aged 65 or older owned mutual funds in 2024.

So are mutual funds good for retirement? Here are some of the pros and cons to consider.

Pros of Using Mutual Funds for Retirement

Investing in mutual funds for retirement planning could be attractive for investors who want:

•   Convenience

•   Basic diversification

•   Professional management

•   Reinvestment of dividends

Investing in a mutual fund can offer exposure to a wide range of securities, which could help with diversifying a portfolio. And it may be easier and less costly to purchase a single fund that holds hundreds of stocks than to purchase individual shares in each of those companies.

The majority of mutual funds are actively managed (and sometimes called active funds). Actively managed mutual funds are professionally managed, so investors can rely on the fund manager’s expertise and knowledge. And if the fund includes dividend reinvestment, investors can increase their holdings automatically which can potentially add to the portfolio’s growth.

Cons of Using Mutual Funds for Retirement

While there are some advantages to using mutual funds for retirement planning, there are also some possible disadvantages, including:

•   Potential for high fees

•   Overweighting risk

•   Under-performance

•   Tax inefficiency

As mentioned, mutual funds carry expense ratios. While some index funds may charge as little as 0.05% in fees, there are some actively managed funds with expense ratios well above 1%. If those higher fees are not being offset by higher than expected returns (which is never a guarantee), the fund may not be worth it. Likewise, buying and selling mutual fund shares could get expensive if your brokerage charges steep trading fees.

While mutual funds generally make it easier to diversify, there’s the risk of overweighting one’s portfolio — owning the same holdings across different funds. For example, if you’re invested in five mutual funds that hold the same stock and the stock tanks, that could drag down your portfolio.

Something else to keep in mind is that an actively managed mutual fund is typically only as good as the fund manager behind it. Even the best fund managers don’t always get it right. So it’s possible that a fund’s returns may not live up to your expectations.

You may also have to contend with unexpected tax liability at the end of the year if the fund sells securities at a gain. Just like other investments, mutual funds are subject to capital gains tax. Whether you pay short- or long-term capital gains tax rates depends on how long you held a fund before selling it.

If you hold mutual funds in a tax-advantaged retirement account, then capital gains tax doesn’t enter the picture for qualified withdrawals

Pros of Mutual Funds

Cons of Mutual Funds

•   Mutual funds offer convenience for investors

•   It may be easier and more cost-effective to diversify using mutual funds vs. individual securities

•   Investors benefit from the fund manager’s experience and knowledge

•   Dividend reinvestment may make it easier to build wealth

•   Some mutual funds may carry higher expense ratios than others

•   Overweighting can occur if investors own multiple funds with the same underlying assets

•   Fund performance may not always live up to the investor’s expectations

•   Income distributions may result in unexpected tax liability for investors

Investing in Mutual Funds for Retirement Planning

The steps to invest in mutual funds for retirement are simple and straightforward.

1.    Start with an online brokerage account, individual retirement account (IRA) such as a traditional IRA, or a 401(k). You can also buy a mutual fund directly from the company that created it, but a brokerage account or retirement account is usually the easier way to go.

2.    Set your budget. Decide how much money you can afford to invest in mutual funds. Keep in mind that the minimum investment can vary for different funds. One fund may allow you to invest with as little as $100 while another might require $1,000 to $3,000 or even more to get started. In some cases, setting up automatic contributions may lower the required minimum.

3.    Choose funds. If you already have a brokerage account or an IRA like a SEP IRA, this may simply mean logging in, navigating to the section designated for buying funds, selecting the fund or funds and entering in the amount you want to invest.

4.    Submit your order. You may be asked to consent to electronic delivery of the fund’s prospectus when you place your order. If your brokerage charges a fee to purchase mutual funds, that amount will likely be added to the order total. Once you submit your order to purchase mutual funds, it may take a few business days to process.

Tips for Selecting Retirement-Ready Mutual Funds

If you’re considering investing in mutual funds for retirement, here are some strategies to keep in mind.

•   Determine your risk tolerance and retirement goals. As discussed previously, the closer you are to retirement, the more conservative you may want to be. For example, you might want to consider target-date or bond funds.

•   Analyze the fund’s performance. You can look for funds that have a history of consistent returns for the past three, five, and 10 years.

•   Check out expense ratios. If a mutual fund’s fees are high, you may want to consider other funds instead.

•   Evaluate the possible tax implications. Mutual funds are subject to capital gains tax, as mentioned. Index funds may be more tax efficient. You can read more about this below.

Determining If Mutual Funds Are Right for You

Whether it makes sense to invest in mutual funds for retirement can depend on your time horizon, risk tolerance, and overall investment goals. If you’re leaning toward mutual funds for retirement planning, here are a few things to consider.

Investment Strategy

When comparing mutual funds, it’s important to understand the overall strategy the fund follows. Whether a fund is actively or passively managed may influence the level of returns generated. The fund’s investment strategy may also determine what level of risk investors are exposed to.

For example, index funds are designed to mirror the market. Growth funds, on the other hand, typically have a goal of beating the market. Between the two, growth funds may produce higher returns — but they may also entail more risk for the investor and carry higher expense ratios.

Choosing funds that align with your preferred strategy, risk tolerance, and goals matters. Otherwise, you may be disappointed by your returns or be exposed to more risk than you’re comfortable with.

Cost

Cost is an important consideration when choosing mutual funds for one reason: Higher expense ratios can eat away more of your returns.

When comparing mutual fund expense ratios, it’s important to look at the amount you’ll pay to own the fund each year. But it’s also important to consider what kind of returns the fund has produced historically. A low-fee fund may look like a bargain, but if it generates low returns then the cost savings may not be worth much.

It’s possible, however, to find plenty of low-cost index funds that produce solid returns year over year. Likewise, you shouldn’t assume that a fund with a higher expense ratio is guaranteed to outperform a less expensive one.

Fund Holdings

It’s critical to look under the hood, so to speak, to understand what a particular mutual fund owns and how often those assets turn over. This can help you to avoid overweighting your portfolio toward any one stock or sector.

Reading through the prospectus or looking up a stock’s profile online can help you to understand:

•   What individual securities a mutual fund owns

•   Asset allocation for each security in the fund

•   How often securities are bought and sold

If you’re interested in tech stocks, for example, you may want to avoid buying two funds that each have 10% of assets tied up in the same company. Or you may want to choose a fund that has a lower turnover rate to minimize your capital gains tax liability for the year.

Tax Efficiency of Mutual Funds in Retirement

As mentioned, when held in a taxable account mutual funds are subject to capital gains tax. Dividend income from mutual funds is also taxed. When mutual funds are held in a tax-advantaged retirement account, investors need to consider the tax treatment of those accounts rather than capital gains.

With actively managed mutual funds, fund managers typically need to constantly rebalance the fund by
selling securities to reallocate assets, among other things. Those sales may create capital gains for investors. While mutual fund managers usually use tax mitigation strategies to help diminish annual capital gains, this is a factor for investors to consider.

Index funds tend to have less turnover of assets than actively managed funds and thus may generally be more tax efficient.

Managing Risk with Mutual Funds in a Retirement Portfolio

Generally speaking, mutual funds offer diversification and less risk compared to some other investments. That’s why they are often part of a retirement portfolio. However, it’s important to remember risk is inherent in investing whether you’re investing in mutual funds or another asset class.

Investors can select mutual funds that align with their risk tolerance, financial goals, and the amount of time they have before retirement (the time horizon). A younger investor may choose funds that potentially offer higher growth but also have higher risk like stock funds. Those closer to retirement age may opt for more conservative options, such as bond funds, and they might want to consider target rate funds that automatically adjust their asset allocation to be in sync with an investor’s retirement date.

Performance of Mutual Funds Compared to Other Retirement Investments

When considering mutual funds, it’s important to look at a fund’s performance over time. Not all funds hit their benchmarks or deliver consistent returns over the long term.

In 2024, according to Morningstar, of the nearly 3,900 actively managed equity funds tracked, only 13.2% beat the S&P 500 SPX index. The average gain was 13.5% compared to the 25% return of the S&P 500.

Historically, index funds have generally performed better overall than actively managed funds.

Other Types of Funds for Retirement

Mutual funds, and target date funds in particular, are one of the ways to save for retirement. But there are other options you might consider. Here’s a brief rundown of other types of funds that can be used for retirement planning.

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)

A real estate investment trust isn’t a mutual fund. But it is a pooled investment that allows multiple investors to own a share in real estate. REITs pay out 90% of their income to investors as dividends.

An investor might consider a REIT, which is considered a type of alternative investment, if they’d like to reap the potential benefits of real estate investing without actually owning property.

Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs)

Exchange-traded funds are another retirement savings option. Investing in ETFs — for instance, through a Roth or traditional IRA — may offer more flexibility compared to mutual funds. They may carry lower expense ratios than traditional funds and be more tax-efficient if they follow a passive investment strategy.

Income Funds

An income fund is a specific type of mutual fund that focuses on generating income for investors. This income can take the form of interest or dividend payments. Income funds could be an attractive option for retirement planning if an individual is interested in creating multiple income streams or reinvesting dividends until they’re ready to retire.

Bond Funds

Bond funds focus exclusively on bond holdings. The type of bonds the fund holds can depend on its objective or strategy. For example, you may find bond funds or bond ETFs that only hold corporate bonds or municipal bonds, while others offer a mix of different bond types. Bond funds could potentially help round out the fixed-income portion of your retirement portfolio.

IPO ETFs

An initial public offering or IPO represents the first time a company makes its shares available for trade on a public exchange. Investors can invest in multiple IPOs through an ETF. IPO ETFs invest in companies that have recently gone public so they offer an opportunity to get in on the ground floor. However, IPO ETFs are relatively risky and are generally more suitable for experienced investors.

The Takeaway

Mutual funds can be part of a diversified retirement planning strategy. Regardless of whether you choose to invest in mutual funds, ETFs or something else, the key is to start saving for your pos-work years sooner rather than later. Time can be one of your most valuable resources when investing for retirement.

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FAQ

Are mutual funds safer than individual stocks for retirement?

Generally speaking, mutual funds tend to carry less risk than individual stocks for retirement. Mutual funds provide diversification by investing in a mix of stocks, bonds, and other assets, which may help reduce overall risk. Individual stocks, on the other hand, depend on the performance of one company, which makes them riskier.

What percentage of my retirement portfolio should be in mutual funds?

There is no one single approach to asset allocation. The percentage of your portfolio that’s in mutual funds depends on your individual goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon. Younger investors with retirement far in the future may want to consider a more aggressive strategy that’s heavier on stocks, with more possibility for growth, but also involves more risk. Conversely, an investor near retirement age will likely want to be more conservative, and they might choose less risky options such as fixed income and bond funds.

How often should I review my mutual fund holdings?

There is no fixed rule for how often to review mutual fund holdings. Some investors may prefer biannual or annual reviews, while others might feel more comfortable with quarterly reviews. Reviewing a portfolio can help you monitor mutual fund performance, track your returns, and manage risk, so choose the schedule you are most comfortable with.

Can mutual funds provide steady income in retirement?

Certain types of mutual funds, such as retirement income funds (RIFs), are designed to provide a steady source of income in retirement. Ideally, an investor may want to have a mix of stocks, bonds, and cash investments that provide streams of income and growth in retirement and help preserve their money.

What are the tax implications of mutual fund investments in retirement?

Mutual funds are subject to capital gains tax when held in a taxable account. Actively managed funds must report capital gains every time a share is sold or purchased and may result in more capital gains tax. Index funds tend to have less turnover of assets and are generally more tax efficient. However, you may wish to consult a tax professional about your specific situation.

Photo credit: iStock/kali9


About the author

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake

Rebecca Lake has been a finance writer for nearly a decade, specializing in personal finance, investing, and small business. She is a contributor at Forbes Advisor, SmartAsset, Investopedia, The Balance, MyBankTracker, MoneyRates and CreditCards.com. Read full bio.



INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Mutual Funds (MFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or clicking the prospectus link on the fund's respective page at sofi.com. You may also contact customer service at: 1.855.456.7634. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.Mutual Funds must be bought and sold at NAV (Net Asset Value); unless otherwise noted in the prospectus, trades are only done once per day after the markets close. Investment returns are subject to risk, include the risk of loss. Shares may be worth more or less their original value when redeemed. The diversification of a mutual fund will not protect against loss. A mutual fund may not achieve its stated investment objective. Rebalancing and other activities within the fund may be subject to tax consequences.

Investment Risk: Diversification can help reduce some investment risk. It cannot guarantee profit, or fully protect in a down market.

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs): Investors should carefully consider the information contained in the prospectus, which contains the Fund’s investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other relevant information. You may obtain a prospectus from the Fund company’s website or by emailing customer service at [email protected]. Please read the prospectus carefully prior to investing.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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401(k) Withdrawal Rules to Know

If you’re enrolled in a 401(k) plan and you need to get your hands on some money, you may have wondered, when can you withdraw from a 401(k)?

It’s a common question, and there are some important rules to be aware of, as well as tax implications and possible penalties. Read on to find out about the rules for withdrawing from a 401(k).

Key Points

•   Withdrawals from a 401(k) can be made penalty-free starting at age 59 1/2.

•   Aside from some possible exceptions, early withdrawals before 59 1/2 face a 10% penalty and are taxable.

•   The rule of 55 permits penalty-free withdrawals at 55 or older for those who separate from their employer at 55 or older.

•   Hardship withdrawals without penalty are available for urgent financial needs for those who qualify, but the withdrawals are subject to income taxes.

•   Some 401(k) plans allow for 401(k) loans, which must be repaid in full with interest within five years.

What Are The Rules For Withdrawing From a 401(k)?

Because 401(k) plans are retirement savings plans, there are restrictions on when investors can make withdrawals. Typically, plan participants can withdraw money from their 401(k) without penalty when they reach the age of 59 ½. These are called qualified distributions. But if an individual takes out funds before that age, they may face penalties.


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At What Age Can You Withdraw From a 401(k) Without Penalty?

There are certain circumstances in which people can take an early withdrawal from their 401(k) without penalty before age 59 ½.

Under the Age of 55

If a 401(k) plan participant is under the age of 55 and still employed at the company that sponsors their plan, they have two options for withdrawing from their 401(k) penalty-free:

1.   Taking out a 401(k) loan.

2.   Taking out a 401(k) hardship withdrawal.

If they’re no longer employed at the company that sponsors their 401(k), individuals might choose to roll their funds into a new employer’s 401(k) plan or do an IRA rollover.

Between Ages 55–59 1/2

The IRS provision known as the rule of 55 allows account holders to take withdrawals from their 401(k) without penalty if they’re age 55 or older and leave or lose their job at age 55 or older. However, they must still pay taxes on the money they withdraw.

There are a few guidelines to consider regarding the rule of 55:

•  A 401(k) plan must permit early withdrawals before age 59 ½ for individuals to take advantage of the rule of 55.

•  The withdrawals must be from the 401(k) the person was contributing to at the time they left their job, and not a previous employer’s 401(k).

•  The rest of the funds must remain in the 401(k) until the individual reaches age 59 ½.

•  If someone rolls their 401(k) plan into an individual retirement account (IRA) such as a traditional IRA, the rule of 55 no longer applies.

After Age 73

In addition to penalties for withdrawing funds too soon, you may also face penalties if you take money out of a retirement plan too late. When you turn 73 (as long as you turned 72 after December 31, 2022), you must withdraw a certain amount of money every year, known as a required minimum distribution (RMD). If you don’t, you’ll face a penalty of up to 25% of that distribution.

The RMD amount you need to take is based on a specific IRS calculation that generally involves dividing the account balance of your 401(k) at the end of the prior year with your “life expectancy factor,” which you can find more about on the IRS website.

Withdrawing 401(k) Funds When Already Retired

If a 401(k) plan holder is retired and still has funds in their 401(k) account, they can withdraw them penalty-free at age 59 ½. The same age rules apply to retirees who rolled their 401(k) funds into an IRA.

Withdrawing 401(k) Funds While Still Employed

If a 401(k) plan holder is still employed, they can access the funds from a 401(k) account with a previous employer once they turn 59 ½. However, they may not have access to their 401(k) funds at the company where they currently work.

401(k) Hardship Withdrawals

Under certain circumstances, some 401(k) plans allow for hardship distributions. If your plan does, the criteria for eligibility should appear in the plan documents.

Hardship distributions are typically offered penalty-free in the case of an “immediate and heavy financial need,” and the amount withdrawn cannot be more than what’s necessary to meet that need. The IRS has designated certain situations that can qualify for hardship distributions, including:

•  Medical expenses for the employee or their spouse, children, or beneficiary

•  Cost related to purchasing a principal residence (aside from mortgage payments)

•  Tuition and related educational expenses

•  Preventing eviction or foreclosure on a primary residence

•  Funeral costs for the employee or their spouse, children, or beneficiary

•  Certain repair expenses for damage to the employee’s principal residence

Hardship distributions are typically subject to income taxes.

Recommended: What is Full Retirement Age for Social Security?

Taking Out a 401(k) Loan

Some retirement plans allow participants to take loans from their 401(k). The amount an individual can borrow from an eligible plan is capped at 50% of their vested account balance or $50,000 — whichever is less.

The borrower has to pay the money back plus interest, usually within five years. As long as they repay the money on time, they won’t have to pay taxes or penalties on a 401(k) loan. However, if a borrower can’t repay the loan, that’s considered a loan default and they will owe taxes and a 10% penalty on the outstanding balance if they are under age 59 ½.

IRA Rollover Bridge Loan

If you need money for a short period of time and you also happen to be doing an IRA rollover, you may be able to use that money as a loan — provided that you follow the 60-day rule. In short, the 60-day rollover rule requires that all funds withdrawn from a retirement plan be deposited into a new retirement plan within 60 days of distribution, Thus, within that 60-day window, you could potentially use the money you’re rolling over as a “bridge” loan.

401(k) Withdrawals vs Loans

While it’s generally wise to keep your retirement funds in your 401(k) for as long as possible to keep saving for your future, withdrawals and loans are possible if you need money. If you find yourself considering a 401(k) withdrawal vs. a loan, be sure to weigh the choices carefully. You’ll need to repay a loan plus interest within five years, and with an early withdrawal, you’ll either need to qualify for a hardship withdrawal and then pay income taxes on the withdrawal, or if you’re age 55, you may be able to take advantage of the rule of 55.

Cashing Out a 401(k)

Cashing out a 401(k) occurs when a participant liquidates their account. While it might sound appealing, particularly if an individual needs money right now and has no other options, cashing out a 401(k) has drawbacks. For example, if they are younger than 59 ½, the cashed-out funds will be subject to income taxes and an additional 10% penalty. That means a significant portion of their 401(k) withdrawal might be paid in taxes.

Rolling Over a 401(k)

If you’re leaving your job you may choose to roll over your 401(k) to continue saving for retirement.

This strategy allows you to roll the money into an IRA that you open and manage yourself by choosing investments — which may be things like stocks, mutual funds, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) — and you won’t have to pay taxes or early withdrawal penalties.

With an IRA rollover, you might have a wider range of investment options than with an employer-sponsored plan (think of it as a kind of self-directed investing), and your money has a chance to potentially continue to grow tax-deferred.

The Takeaway

While it may be possible to withdraw money from a 401(k), certain factors like age and hardship distribution eligibility determine whether you can make a withdrawal without incurring taxes and penalties. You might also consider a 401(k) loan, but you’ll need to repay the money you borrow plus interest within five years.

If you are leaving or changing your job, you could opt to roll over your 401(k) into an IRA to continue saving for retirement. With a rollover, you won’t pay penalties or taxes.

Review your options carefully to decide the best course for your situation.

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FAQ

Can you take out 401(k) funds if you only need the money short term?

It’s possible to take out 401(k) funds if you only need the money short term. For example, you could take out a 401(k) loan if your plan allows it. There are limits on how much you can take out, however, and you need to repay the amount you borrow plus interest within five years. Just be sure you can repay the loan so it doesn’t go into default.

How long does it take to cash out a 401(k) after leaving a job?

The length of time it takes to cash out a 401(k) after leaving a job depends on your employer and the company that administers your 401(k) plan. The process generally takes anywhere from a few days to a few weeks.

What are other alternatives to taking an early 401(k) withdrawal?

One alternative to taking an early 401(k) withdrawal is to take out a 401(k) loan instead. You will need to repay the amount you borrow plus interest within five years. As long as you do that, you won’t owe taxes on the money you borrow with a 401(k) loan.

At what age can I withdraw from my 401(k) without penalty?

You can withdraw from your 401(k) without penalty at age 59 ½. However, if you are 55 or older, and you leave or lose your job in the same calendar year that you’re 55 or older, you may be able to take out money without taxes or penalties if your 401(k) plan allows it. This is thanks to a provision called the rule of 55.

When can I access my 401(k) funds if I’m already retired?

If you are already retired, you can access your 401(k) funds anytime you like as long as you are at least 59 ½ years old. Just remember that you will owe income tax on the money you withdraw, so plan accordingly.



INVESTMENTS ARE NOT FDIC INSURED • ARE NOT BANK GUARANTEED • MAY LOSE VALUE

SoFi Invest is a trade name used by SoFi Wealth LLC and SoFi Securities LLC offering investment products and services. Robo investing and advisory services are provided by SoFi Wealth LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser. Brokerage and self-directed investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC.

For disclosures on SoFi Invest platforms visit SoFi.com/legal. For a full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest please view our fee schedule.

Brokerage and Active investing products offered through SoFi Securities LLC, member FINRA(www.finra.org)/SIPC(www.sipc.org). For all full listing of the fees associated with Sofi Invest, please view our fee schedule.
Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

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12 Tips for the Cheapest Way to Rent a Car

There’s nothing like the convenience and freedom of having a car at your disposal when traveling, but it can definitely add to the cost of a trip.

What’s more, it can be hard to know just how much a car rental will add to the bottom line because the daily rate you see advertised may wind up not reflecting the amount you will pay once surcharges are added to the bill.

But with some smart strategies, you can control the costs of renting a car. These include uncovering special offers and deals, knowing which day of the week is cheapest to rent a car, and avoiding those pricey add-ons that you don’t truly need.

Key Points

•   Booking car rentals early and being flexible with travel dates can lead to better deals and lower rates.

•   Joining loyalty programs can provide discounts, free upgrades, and other perks.

•   Noting pre-existing damage on the rental vehicle helps avoid unnecessary charges and disputes.

•   Understanding add-on costs is essential to avoid unexpected expenses and keep the total rental cost under control.

•   Choosing smaller cars and avoiding unnecessary add-ons can help save money on car rentals.

12 Tips to Save Money on Car Rentals

These tactics can help you save money the next time you rent some wheels while traveling.

1. Understanding All Those Add-On Costs

At first glance, advertised deals on car rentals can seem inexpensive.

The sticker shock may come once you’re actually at the counter. That’s because, in addition to the base rate of a rental car, costs may include:

•   Additional driver cost. Are you going to be the only driver or will you be sharing driving duties with someone else? If someone else will be driving, it’s a good idea to add them to the rental to potentially avoid liability if something were to happen if someone else were behind the wheel.

•   Fuel Purchase Option (FPO). This option allows a renter to pay for the full tank of gas at the time of rental and return the tank empty. It may be cheaper to fill the tank yourself. However, if you are the kind of person who likely returns a car close to the deadline and is racing to catch a flight, the FPO can save time and might be worth it.

•   Fuel and Service. If you forgo the FPO and don’t return the car with a full tank, you will likely be charged for the cost of fuel, as well as a fee for the refueling service.

•   Insurance. Insurance can include Loss Damage Waiver, Liability Insurance, Personal Accident Insurance, and Personal Effects Coverage. This insurance may or may not be necessary, depending on your existing car insurance coverage or the possibility of coverage via the credit card used for the reservation.

•   Premium Emergency Roadside Service. This service can provide roadside assistance in the event of an emergency.

•   Additional fees and taxes. Fees and taxes are not optional and can add up. Taxes and fees are dependent on where you rent your vehicle (different states have different taxes). There is typically an additional fee for cars rented at an airport or a hotel, which can add to your bill and take a bite out of your checking account.

•   Toll fees. This typically includes not only the cost of driving on toll roads, but also convenience fees for having a transponder included in your rental to seamlessly pay those charges.

By knowing which charges can crop up and scanning for them, you may be able to avoid those extra costs. (Think of how many people opt for online banks vs. traditional ones to save on fees; it’s the same “do your research and save” principle at work.)

Recommended: How to Save Money on Gas

2. Considering Your Insurance Coverage

One way to get the cheapest possible deal on a rental car is to make sure you’re not doubling up on insurance coverage.

Find out what your car insurance covers. It may cover collision damage, and your homeowner’s or renter’s insurance may cover personal items that could be stolen from your vehicle.

But the disadvantage would be that if the worst were to happen, you would need to file a claim through your personal insurance, which could cause your rate to increase.

As noted above, your credit card’s car rental coverage may be a money-saving option. This can be a good travel hack that allows you to waive the insurance offerings from a rental car company yet not need to use your personal car insurance to file a claim.

Some pointers:

•   If you are renting a car with a credit card, as many people do, find out if your card has the coverage you need. You can check your card’s benefits to see if it includes primary car rental coverage. If it does, it’s a good idea to read the fine print for exactly what the insurance covers, as well as any coverage limits.

•   Calling your credit card company, as well as your car and home insurance companies, with any questions can give you a full picture of whether or not added car rental insurance is necessary for your situation.

You may also be able to waive roadside service if you have a membership to another roadside assistance company.

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3. Looking Beyond Airports and Hotels

Because of the fees associated with renting from an airport or hotel — which can add as much as 26% to your total bill — it may be cheaper to rent from an outpost within the city.

The flip side is that it’s less convenient, and you may need to take a taxi or use a rideshare service to get to and from the car rental agency.

Comparing costs of rentals both at the airport and within 20 miles (adding in the cost of getting to that other location) can help you assess whether giving up some convenience will pay off.

4. Signing Up for Loyalty Programs

Before you rent a car, it can be helpful to sign up for several loyalty programs across rental companies. (To avoid junk mail, consider creating a separate email address to register for loyalty programs.)

Some rental car programs will give you an automatic percentage off just for being a member. Other rental car programs may give additional perks, such as upgrades or separate lines at the agency, which can help you avoid the hassle.

5. Using Your Memberships

There are various ways to snag a reduced price on your car rental, including working your memberships.

Many big-box stores and wholesale clubs have ties with rental car companies that can net you significant discounts if you’re a member. Auto clubs (like AAA), trade associations, unions, as well as AARP, may also offer rental car perks and discounts, including insurance on rental cars.

Shop around, and don’t be surprised if the most enticing deals and ways to spend less emerge from an unexpected source.

6. Booking Early

Reserving a car as soon as you know your travel dates can be a money-wise move. Here’s why: Rental car companies often keep a limited number of cars in their fleets. As a result, they need to estimate demand several weeks ahead of time. To encourage customers to book early and help them manage their pool of vehicles, they may offer lower rates when you reserve in advance vs. last-minute.

Booking a car in advance can help you not only get a better deal but also help to ensure you’ll get the car you want. This can help you avoid paying for a Suburban when all you need is an economy car.

If you do book early, consider searching prices again right before your trip.

•   If you find a better deal last-minute, you may be able to request a price adjustment from your original agency.

•   Or you may be able to cancel your current reservation and book a cheaper reservation at another company.

Before you book, you may want to read through the cancellation policy and make sure there is no penalty for canceling.

7. Shifting Your Dates

Prices of rental cars can fluctuate based on demand, and these fluctuations can sometimes be significant.

Of course, you can’t always change the days of your trip. But as a frugal traveler, you may want to weigh the cost-benefit of not having a rental car for a few days to score a lower rate.You could reap significant savings.

The cheapest day to rent a car can vary depending on market demand, but you may see lower rates on weekdays versus weekends, according to AAA.

8. Noting Any Damage Before You Drive Away

You may be eager to get on the road, but it’s a good idea to do your due diligence and make sure you point out and/or document any damage to the car when you receive it. Consider the following:

•   No matter how minor a scratch or ding, you could get charged for the damage unless you account for it on your rental agreement prior to driving away.

•   You may be asked to mark damage on the car rental agreement, but you may also want to take photos as well. That way, there is less likely to be any dispute about the extent of any damage or markings.

Recommended: Different Ways to Earn More Interest on Your Money

9. Paying Tolls in Cash if You Can

Rental car companies commonly tack on fees for using their transponder (the gizmo that lets you whiz past toll booths), in addition to the toll itself.

You may also have to pay a daily convenience fee for having the transponder even if you don’t use it.

To avoid using the rental company’s transponder, try these hacks:

•   Pay cash at tolls that still accept it. For cashless tolls, you may be able to pay online later.

•   It may also be possible to use your own transponder. Some transponders (such as E-ZPass) can be used in multiple states, so it could be worth doing your research beforehand to see if your personal transponder is accepted.

•   For a longer-term rental, you might consider buying a transponder or toll pass that is accepted in the state where you’ll be driving. In many cases, the fee for the pass goes into your account as credit for tolls.

10. Bringing Your Own Car Seat

Rental car companies may offer infant and child car seat rental options, but the additional charges can add up. You might pay $10 to $15 per day, per seat, plus tax, up to a cap of $84, give or take.

In addition to the cost, you may not necessarily know the size and reliability of a rental car seat.

Obviously, it is not always convenient to bring your own seat, but it may be a better bet when possible. Even though car seats are bulky, airlines typically don’t charge baggage fees on them.

11. Think Small and Simple

This one may be obvi, but renting a larger or premium car will likely jack up your costs considerably. Though this is a no-brainer, it’s easy to creep into higher pricing tiers as you scroll through the options and see a cool SUV or convertible next to that economy sedan you originally thought you wanted to book.

For example, a recent search on Kayak found that rental cars can range from $22 to $150 a day or more in Los Angeles, depending on the company, location, and car itself (from compacts to SUVs, from minivans to luxurious convertibles). That’s a major difference!

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12. Let One Person Do the Driving

It’s not always possible, of course, to have a single driver (say, if you’re criss-crossing the United States), but for shorter distances, having just one driver can help you save money.

Many rental car agencies will add $3 to $11 or more a day for an additional driver who is not a spouse, domestic partner, or business partner. This can vary by state and have a maximum charge per rental period So, if you are on a trip with a friend and the distances are fairly short (perhaps zipping between Miami and the Florida Keys), having just one driver can help cut rental car costs.

The Takeaway

Car rentals often end up costing more than you expect, due to add-on costs and the details of when and where you rent a vehicle. To get the best deal on a rental, it’s a good idea to do some research in advance so you can get the best rates and opt out of the extras you don’t need.

You can also explore other ways to get a good deal, such as looking for discounts through clubs and organizations you already belong to, shifting your dates slightly, and trying other clever hacks. This can help you keep more money in the bank vs. overspending on your wheels.

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FAQ

How can you get a discount on a rental car?

Strategies for getting a discount on a rental car include comparing prices using online aggregator sites, booking early, being flexible about when and where you pick up and drop off the vehicle, and looking for memberships (like AAA) and perks (like credit card points) that can help you lower costs.

Is it cheaper to rent a car by the week or by the day?

It’s typically cheaper to rent a car by the week. You may even find that paying to rent a car for a week when you only need the vehicle for five days is more affordable than renting it for five single days.

How can you get around car rental fees?

It’s important to do your research about what fees may be added and see how you can minimize them. For instance, does your car insurance or your credit card offer insurance coverage when you rent a car? Can you bring your own car seat vs. renting one if traveling with a child? Can you avoid the surcharge often charged when you rent at the airport by instead taking a short cab or bus ride to another location? These moves can help lower costs.


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Although we do our best to recognize all Eligible Direct Deposits, a small number of employers, payroll providers, benefits providers, or government agencies do not designate payments as direct deposit. To ensure you're earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, we encourage you to check your APY Details page the day after your Eligible Direct Deposit posts to your SoFi account. If your APY is not showing as the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit, contact us at 855-456-7634 with the details of your Eligible Direct Deposit. As long as SoFi Bank can validate those details, you will start earning the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit from the date you contact SoFi for the next 31 calendar days. You will also be eligible for the APY for account holders with Eligible Direct Deposit on future Eligible Direct Deposits, as long as SoFi Bank can validate them.

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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

This content is provided for informational and educational purposes only and should not be construed as financial advice.

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How to Buy a Starter Home: Pros, Cons, and Tips

Buying your first house is a major move, even if the home itself is tiny. Becoming a homeowner can be a great way to start putting down some roots and building equity. And just because it’s called a “starter home” doesn’t necessarily mean you’re twenty-something when you go shopping for one. For many people, the purchase of a first, maybe-not-forever house can come years or decades later.

Key Points

•   Purchasing a starter home can be a smart entry into homeownership.

•   Assess your financial status and future goals before making a purchase.

•   Investigate various mortgage types and down payment requirements.

•   Owning a starter home can offer stability and equity growth.

•   Recognize possible drawbacks, including increased expenses and upkeep.

What exactly makes a good starter home? How do you know when to jump into the housing market? There are many variables to factor in, such as price, location, type of home, the sort of mortgage you’ll get, your personal finances, and more.

Read on to learn answers to such questions as:

•   Why should you buy a starter home?

•   Should you buy a starter home or wait?

•   How do you buy a starter home?

What Is a Starter Home?

The first step in deciding “Should I buy a starter home?” is understanding what exactly that “starter home” term means. A starter home is loosely defined as a smaller property — usually under 1,500 square feet — that a first-time buyer expects to live in for just a few years.

The home could be a condo, townhouse, or single-family home. But generally, when you purchase a starter home, you anticipate outgrowing it — maybe when you get married or have a couple of kids, or because you want more space, a bigger yard, or additional amenities.

A starter house could be brand-new, a fixer-upper, or somewhere in between, but it’s usually priced right for a buyer with a relatively modest budget.

That modest budget, though, may need to be loftier than in years past. From 2019 to 2024, starter home values increased 54.1%, according to USA Today. In more than 200 U.S. cities, the typical starter home on the market is now worth $1 million or more.

That might sound a little intimidating, but remember, that’s the mid-range price. Depending on where you live, there may be entry-level homes selling at significantly lower price points.

Recommended: What Is Housing Discrimination?

How Long Should You Stay in a Starter Home?

Unless you’re a big fan of packing and moving — not to mention the often-stressful process of selling one home and then buying another, or buying and selling a house at the same time — you may want to stay in your starter home for at least two to five years.

There can be significant financial reasons to stick around for a while:

•   Home sellers are typically responsible for paying real estate agents’ commissions and many other costs. If you haven’t had some time to build equity in the home, you might only break even or even lose money on the sale.

•   You could owe capital gains taxes if you’ve owned the home for less than two years and you sell it for more than you paid.

Of course, if there’s a major change in your personal or professional life — you’re asked to relocate for work, you grow your family, or you win the lottery (woo-hoo!) — you may need or want to sell sooner.

What Is a Forever Home?

A forever home is one that you expect to tick all the boxes for many years — maybe even the rest of your life. It’s a place where you plan to put down roots.

A forever home can come in any size or style and at any cost you can manage. It might be new, with all the bells and whistles, or it could be a 100-year-old wreck that you plan to renovate to fit your home decorating style and vision.

Your forever home might be in your preferred school district. It might be close to friends and family — or the golf club you want to join. It’s all about getting the items on your home-buying wish list that you’ve daydreamed about and worked hard for.

At What Age Should You Buy Your Forever Home?

There’s no predetermined age for finding and moving into a forever home. Some buyers plan to settle in for life when they’re 25 or 30, and some never really put down roots.

But according to data from the 2024 Home Buyers and Sellers Generational Trends Report from the National Association of Realtors® Research Group, buyers in the 59 to 68 age range, referred to as younger baby boomers, said they expected to live in their newly purchased home longer than buyers from other age groups, with an expectation of 20 years of residence.

Younger Millennials (ages 25 to 33) and Gen Z buyers (18 to 24) bought the oldest homes, typically referred to as “fixer-uppers.” Both groups said they expected to stay in the starter home for around 10 years.

The median expectation for buyers of all ages was 15 years.

Recommended: First-Time Homebuyer’s Guide

Benefits of Buying a Starter Home

Are you contemplating “Should I buy a starter home?” Here are some of the main advantages of buying a starter home:

•   Becoming a homeowner can bring stability to life. A starter home comes with a feeling of “good enough for now” that, for some buyers, is just the right amount of commitment without feeling stuck in the long term.

•   Buying a starter home is also a great way to try on aspects of homeownership that renters take for granted, like making your own repairs and mowing your own yard. The larger the house, the more work it usually brings. With a starter home, you can start small.

•   Buying a starter home is also an investment that could see good returns down the road, if you can find a relative deal when you buy. While you live in the home, you’ll be putting monthly payments toward your own investment instead of your landlord’s. Depending on market conditions, you could make some money when you decide to trade up, either through the equity you’ve gained when you sell or recurring income if you choose to turn it into a rental property.

•   Homeowners who itemize deductions on their taxes may take the mortgage interest deduction. Most people take the standard deduction, which for tax year 2022 (filing by Tax Day 2023) is:

◦   your home mortgage interest on the first $750,000 of indebtedness if you are a couple filing jointly

◦   your home mortgage interest on the first $375,000 of indebtedness if you are a single taxpayer or a married individual filing separately

•   Some homeowners who itemize may be able to do better than these percentages. For instance, in some states, a homestead exemption gives homeowners a fixed discount on property taxes. In Florida, for example, the exemption lowers the assessed value of a property by $50,000 for tax purposes.

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.

Questions? Call (888)-541-0398.


Downsides of Starter Homes

Next, consider the potential disadvantages of snagging a starter home:

•   While the idea of buying a home just big enough for one or two is a romantic one, the reality of finding a starter home that’s affordable has gotten tougher.

   The outlook has been so bleak, especially in some larger cities, that some Millennials are opting out of the starter-home market altogether, choosing instead to rent longer or live with their parents and save money.

   Who can blame Millennials for taking a different approach to homeownership than their parents? The older members of this generation came of age during the financial crisis of 2008-09, which included a bursting housing bubble that put many of their parents — and even some of them — underwater on a mortgage they may not have been able to afford in the first place.

•   When thinking about whether you should buy a starter home, know that it may require a lot of sweat equity and cash. If you buy a bargain-priced first home, you may be on the hook for spending much of your free time and cash to restore it.

•   Another con of buying a starter home is the prospect of having to go through the entire home-buying process again, possibly while trying to sell your starter home, too. Keeping your house show-ready, paying closing costs, going through the underwriting process, packing, moving, and trying to time it all so you avoid living in temporary lodging is a big endeavor that, when compared with the relative ease of moving between apartments, can be seen as not worth the effort.

•   In some circumstances, you may have to pay capital gains taxes on the sale of your starter home when you move up.

If you aren’t ready to jump into a starter home, an alternative could be a rent-to-own home.

How to Find Starter Homes for Sale

Are you ready to start the hunt? Here are some tips for finding a starter home:

•   Work with an experienced real estate agent who knows your market and spends their days finding homes in your price range.

•   Rethink your house criteria. If you are buying a starter home and figured you’d shop for a three-bedroom, you may find more options and less heated competition if you go for a two-bedroom house.

•   Take a big-picture view. If you’re a young couple with no kids yet, maybe you don’t need to purchase in the tip-top school district. After all, you are at least several years away from sending a little one to their first day of school Or, if prices are super-high for single-family houses, could buying a condo or a townhome work well for a number of years?

   You might also look into purchasing a duplex or other type of property.

Average U.S. Cost of a Starter Home

The typical value of a starter home in the U.S. was $196,611 in late 2024. Keep in mind, however, that there is a huge variation in costs. A rural home may be much less expensive than shopping for a starter home that’s within short commuting distance of a major city, like New York or San Francisco.

Is Buying a Starter Home Worth It?

Deciding whether a starter home is worth it is a very personal decision. One person might be eager to stop living with their parents and be ready to plunk down their savings for a home. Another person might have a comfortable rental in a great town and be reluctant to take on a home mortgage loan as they continue to pay down their student loan debt.

When you consider the pros and cons of starter homes listed above, you can likely decide whether buying a starter home is worth it at this moment of your life.

Tips on Buying a Starter Home

If you’re tired of renting or living with your parents but don’t have the cash flow necessary for anything more than a humble abode, a starter home could be a great way to get into real estate without breaking the bank. Some pointers on how to buy a starter home:

•   Before you buy any home — starter or otherwise — it’s important to sit down and crunch the numbers to see how much home you can realistically afford. Lenders look at your debt when considering your debt-to-income ratio (DTI), but they aren’t privy to other regular monthly expenses, such as child care or kids’ activity fees. Be sure to factor those in.

•   You also may want to look at how much you can afford for a down payment. While a 20% down payment isn’t required to purchase a home, most non-government home loan programs do require some down payment.

   It’s possible to buy a home with a small down payment: The average first-time homebuyer puts down about 6% of a home’s price as a down payment, according to the latest data from the National Association of Realtors (NAR).

   In addition, putting down less than 20% means you may have to pay private mortgage insurance (PMI).

•   You’ll want to explore different mortgage loan products as well, possibly with a mortgage broker. You’ll have to decide between adjustable and fixed rate offerings, 20-year vs. 30-year mortgages, and different rates. You may also be in a position to buy down your rate with points. Getting a few offers can help you see how much house you can afford, as can using an online mortgage calculator.

•   The decision to purchase a starter home is about more than just money, though. You may also want to consider your future plans and how quickly you might grow out of the house, whether you’re willing to live where the affordable houses are, and if you’ll be happy living without the amenities you’ll find in a larger house.

•   Other factors to consider are your current state of financial health and your mental readiness for a DIY lifestyle (which includes your willingness to fix your own leaky toilet or pay a plumber.)

•   If you’re ready to make the leap, there are plenty of home ownership resources available to help you get started on the path to buying your starter home. Your first step might be to check out a few open houses and to research mortgage loans online.

The Takeaway

Buying a starter home can be a good way to get your foot in the door of homeownership, but it’s important to consider your financial situation and your plans for the next two to five years or more before buying a starter house.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% - 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It's online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

FAQ

How much money should you have saved to buy a starter home?

The average down payment is about 6% of the home purchase price. That number can help you see how much you want to have in the bank, though mortgage loans may be available with as little as 3% down or even zero down if you are shopping for a government-backed mortgage. Worth noting: If your down payment is under 20%, you may have to pay private mortgage insurance.

What is considered a good starter home?

A good starter home will likely check off some of the items on your wish list (square footage, location, amenities, etc.) and will not stretch your budget too much. You want to be able to keep current with other forms of debt you may have as well as pay your monthly bills (which will likely include mortgage, property tax, home maintenance, and more). That financial equation may help you decide whether to buy a starter home or wait.

How much do people spend on a starter home?

As of Summer 2024, the typical starter home was worth $196,611. However, prices will vary greatly depending on location, size, style, and condition.


Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SoFi Mortgages
Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information.


SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.



*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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