While it’s unlikely that Social Security will ever run out completely, it is possible, and current predictions are that Social Security will be able to pay out 100% of scheduled benefits until 2033. After that, benefits could be reduced.
Why Social Security is vulnerable to “running out” requires a bit of background into how Social Security works. It’s a good idea to have an idea as to what could happen if Social Security were to run out, too.
How Social Security Works
To get a sense of how Social Security works, it may be helpful to think of the Social Security system as a bucket of water. Current workers pay Social Security tax that’s added to the bucket, while retired workers withdraw their benefits from the resources in the bucket. Throughout Social Security’s history, there was always a surplus of funds – meaning that more people were paying into the system than were withdrawing from it.
Over time, for various reasons — including a smaller pool of younger workers and a longer-living pool of retirees — those excess resources have been slowly depleted. Given the demands on the system, it’s unclear how to keep Social Security functioning unless benefit payouts are reduced, or the government takes some kind of action to remedy the situation.
Social Security can often be described as a “pay-as-you-go” system, meaning that the contributions made by workers now (through the Social Security payroll tax) are actually used to pay the benefits of today’s retirees. Currently some 182 million workers pay into the system, which provides Social Security and Disability benefits for tens of millions people.
When today’s workers retire, the idea is that they will receive benefits based on what the next generation contributes. Any money that’s left over goes into one of two Social Security trust funds.
According to the Social Security Trustees report published in 2024, total costs of the OASI and DI Trust Funds (Old Age and Survivors Insurance, and Disability Insurance) the system began to outstrip total income in 2021, and the reserves of the OASI and DI Trust Funds started declining after that.
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Understanding Social Security Tax
The amount each individual worker contributes to Social Security depends on their income. Employees who work for a traditional employer split the Social Security tax payment with their employer at 6.2% each up to $168,600 in annual salary, and self-employed workers are responsible for the entire 12.4%.
As employees contribute to the tax, they earn Social Security “credits” — with a max of four per year.
Those employees become eligible for benefits when they reach 40 credits, which equals roughly 10 working years, or they reach full retirement age. For Americans born in 1960 or later, that’s 67 years old.
At What Age Are You Eligible for Social Security?
Getting the most out of Social Security benefits becomes a numbers game as workers get close to retirement age, because workers are technically eligible at age 62. But for each month previous to full retirement age that someone starts drawing benefits, they’re reduced by one-half of one percent.
The benefits stop increasing at age 70, which is generally when workers would be able to get the biggest return on their contributions into the system. But individual decisions should be made on a number of factors, including employment outlook and health.
Recommended: When Can I Retire?
Social Security Trust Funds
After all the contributions have been paid in and benefits paid out, any remaining funds are divided up between two trust funds, divided up between the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Trust Fund and the Disability Insurance (DI) Trust Fund, where they earn interest in government-guaranteed Treasury bonds.
The larger of the two funds, the OASI, pays benefits to retired workers, their surviving spouses and eligible children, and covers administrative and other expenses. It’s the largest fund that takes care of retirees who don’t face special circumstances, and deposits are made daily. It’s been around since 1940.
The smaller DI Trust Fund handles monthly benefit payments to disabled workers and their spouses and children until they’re eligible for full benefits through the OASI.
Even though both funds are a part of the overall federal budget, they’re handled separately and the SSA isn’t allowed to pay out more than what’s in the trust fund.
The Risk of Social Security Running Out
Media headlines in recent years have highlighted concerns over a potential Social Security funding shortfall. But it’s important to separate fact from fiction when understanding how Social Security works.
Myth 1: There Won’t be any Money to Pay Benefits
As mentioned, the odds of Social Security running out of money completely are low. Remember, Social Security is pay as you go with today’s workers paying in funds that are used to provide retirement benefits for today’s retirees.
When you retire, your benefits would be paid by those still working. So unless the system itself is abolished, Social Security benefits would continue to exist and be funded by workers.
Reality: Social Security Surplus Funds May be Exhausted
While workers pay into Social Security, the program also has a surplus of trust funds that it can use to pay benefits, as described earlier. The program has begun using those funds to pay some benefits as of 2021, with payroll taxes continuing to pay the majority of benefits to retirees.
While Social Security itself is unlikely to end, the trust funds may eventually be spent down to $0, which presents the possibility of a reduction in future benefits.
Myth 2: People Who Aren’t Eligible for Social Security can Receive It
Another concern about the possibility of Social Security running out stems from the mistaken belief that undocumented individuals can illegally claim Social Security benefits.
The idea is that some people might unfairly claim benefits they’re not entitled to, putting a burden on the system and reducing benefits for eligible workers.
Reality: Documentation is Required to Obtain Benefits
A Social Security number or Individual Taxpayer Identification Number is required for the Social Security Administration to create a benefits record for a citizen or non-citizen who’s authorized to work in the U.S. Someone who has either could legally obtain benefits through Social Security since they’ve technically paid into the system.
Myth 3: The Current System Can’t Support an Aging Population
As life expectancies increase and the birth rate declines, it’s natural to assume that living longer may affect Social Security’s ability to continue paying out benefits. Someone who’s 25 now, for example, may be wondering what year will Social Security run out, and how will it time up with my retirement?
Reality: Social Security Can Adapt
While there’s little the government can do to change the demographic makeup of the population, lawmakers can be proactive in proposing changes to Social Security. That includes measures that can help to preserve benefits for as many workers as possible while minimizing the odds of running out of funding.
Problems With Social Security
Because benefit payouts are tied to the SSA’s reserve balance, it begs a question for many working Americans — what happens when that balance hits zero? The SSA itself acknowledges that benefits will likely only be available in full until 2033.
Reasons for the depletion of fund reserves are attributed to a number of challenges, including a rise in program costs. Cost-of-living adjustments, or COLA, have been steadily increasing. Life expectancy for Americans has grown longer, while the number of workers hasn’t kept pace with the number of retirees.
How to Avoid Social Security Running Out
Lawmakers, financial experts, and retirement advocates are starting to float ideas for how to save the program. To date, the two ideas that have been floated include raising the Social Security tax or reducing the benefit — two options that are likely to be unpopular with both workers and retirees.
In effect, it would mean that workers either pay more in, or get less out – or some combination of the two.
Another proposed fix that was proposed in 2023, called the Social Security 2100 Act, would make a number of changes to the current system, such as changing the formula for COLA to use a Consumer Price Index for the Elderly (versus its current price index for wage earners).
It would also involve setting the new minimum benefit at 25% above the poverty line. Advocates say the result would be like getting a 2% raise of the average benefit.
But given that any big changes to the system are likely to be politically unpopular and difficult to pass into law, there are few practical, concrete options on the table as of 2024.
History of Early Social Security
The need to secure a financial future for ourselves and our loved ones isn’t new — or uniquely American. Across the pond, the English passed a series of “Poor Laws” around 1600 intended to ensure that the state provided for the welfare of its poorest citizens.
Americans were quick to embrace the idea that the country should take care of its people, but at first it wasn’t society at large. In 1862, for example, a post Civil War-era program offered pensions to disabled Civil War soldiers, and widows and children of the deceased.
Around the late 1800s, some private companies were starting to offer pension plans too. The first company to offer a real pension plan was the Alfred Dolge Company, which made pianos and organs. They took 1% of an employee’s salary and put it into a pension plan, and then added 6% interest per year.
In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed into law the Social Security Act. The government then started collecting Social Security taxes two years later. Then on January 31, 1940, the first monthly retirement check of $22.54 was issued to Ida May Fuller in Ludlow, Vermont.
This Isn’t the First Social Security Shortfall
The mass retirement of the Baby Boomer generation and parallel decline in birth rate is taking the blame for Social Security’s current problems. But this isn’t the first time the fund has been in trouble.
When the program first began phasing in, for example, workers were contributing but no one was retiring yet, so the fund grew a nice little surplus. Congress, seeing those nice big numbers, were generous with increasing benefits every time they had the chance.
When the 1970s rolled around, however, and those workers reached retirement age, that upward momentum came to a screeching halt. On top of that, a flaw in the program’s COLA formula caused benefits to double-index, or increase at twice the rate of inflation rather than matching it.
It became such a mess that task forces were created, the error got its own name “The Notch Issue,” and instead of making changes to Social Security during even years, because increases and expansions were good for election campaigns, Congress made changes on odd-numbered years.
Social Security Amendments of 1983
Amendments in 1983 addressed the financing problems to the Social Security system. These changes were the last major ones to the program and were based on recommendations from a commission chaired by Alan Greenspan.
The Greenspan Commission adjusted benefits and taxes. The resulting reforms have generated surpluses and the buildup of a trust fund. However, many experts project that the retirement of the baby boomers, along with other demographic factors, will exhaust the trust.
What Can I Do About Social Security?
The SSA allows contributors to keep track of their Social Security accounts online, work with retirement and benefits estimation tools, and even apply for retirement benefits online.
Perhaps the two most important tools in the journey toward retirement are education and planning — knowing where you are, where you want to be, and what you need. Understanding the ins and outs of the ideal retirement age, whether that’s through Social Security or private retirement savings plans, and how to avoid penalties can help form a solid plan.
Aside from government benefits, one of the easiest steps for traditionally employed workers is to take full advantage of their employer’s 401(k) matching plans. These are programs in which the employer can match what you contribute to the 401(k).
If your employer doesn’t offer a 401(k) or matching plan, consider setting up an IRA or Roth IRA. Regular IRAs are tax-deductible like 401(k)s, meaning you’re not taxed until your withdrawal in retirement. Meanwhile, contributions to Roth IRAs are not tax-deductible, but you can withdraw money tax-free in retirement.
The Takeaway
Without fixes, the cash reserves of the SSA will become depleted and workers who reach full retirement age after 2033 will likely receive a reduced benefit amount. But again, that assumes that the government does not step in to make any changes – and as of 2024, there are no popular, concrete ideas for doing so, though many proposals are floating around.
It can be a scary proposition for some, but knowing that the deadline is approaching is a huge advantage for members of the workforce who have time to take measures to counter the expected shortfall by saving more and adjusting their financial plans.
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